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Cognitive Communication Disorders > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • principle of experience dependent plasticity
  • sufficient repetition
A

repetition matters

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2
Q
  • adjunct to behavioral therapy
  • coil placed on the skull induces current in the cerebral cortex
  • the current suppresses/enhances cortical excitability
A

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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3
Q
  • used to diagnose neuromuscular disease
  • measure electrical activity of muscles at rest and during movement
  • used to diagnose ALS and myasthenia gravis
A

Electromyography (EMG)

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4
Q
  • the number of synapses is reduced
  • stronger synapses retained, while weaker are eliminated
A

synaptic pruning

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5
Q

What is the gold standard for tumor detection?

A

PET scan

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6
Q
  • measures metabolic rates for oxygen or glucose or blood flow
  • radioactive tracer injected into vein
  • tracer collects in organs/tissues
  • “gold standard” for tumor detection
  • can aid in differential diagnosis of moement disorders
A

Positron Emission computed Tomography (PET)

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7
Q
  • CSF drawn from the lumbar cistern
  • examined for
    • white blood cells- infection, tumor, demyelinating disease
    • red blood cells- bleeding
    • excess protein- tumor, infection, diabetes
    • glucose- increase, decrease
A

Spinal tap

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8
Q

used to code and classify mortality data from death certificates

A

ICD-10

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9
Q
  • provides 3-D images (all 3 anatomical planes)
  • used with or without contrast
  • often used in the ER
  • this without contrast is less sensitive to acute stroke than MRI
  • More tolerant of patient motion than MRI
A

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT/CAT Scan)

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10
Q
  • principle of experience dependent plasticity
  • plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behaviors
A

transference

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11
Q

used outside the US for assigning codes to diagnoses

A

ICD-10

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12
Q
  • study of electrical activity of the brain
  • uses surface electrodes
  • used to most often diagnose seizures
A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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13
Q

imaging techniques that use ionizing radiation (4)

A
  • x-rays
  • CT
  • PET
  • flouroscopy
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14
Q
  • The follow are types of…
    • T1 weighted
    • T2 weighted
    • diffusion/perfusion weighted (DWI/PWI)
    • diffusion tractography imaging (DTI)
    • flair
A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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15
Q
  • principle of experience dependent plasticity
  • plasticity in response to one training experience can interfere with the acquisition of other behaviors
A

interference

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16
Q

takes advantage of the body’s own contrasts

A

endogenous contrast agent/medium

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17
Q

the execution of a task or action by an individual

A

activity

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18
Q

Neuron regeneration

peripheral nervous system (2)

A
  • regeneration does occur
  • schwann cells support cell regeneration and new axonal connections
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19
Q

What do most of our evaluation tools measure?

A

body structure and function domains

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20
Q

ICF

A

international classification of functioning, disability and health

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21
Q

Physiological bases of plasticity in the normal brain (2)

A
  • dendritic spines expand allowing more interaction with other neurons
  • axons develop new connections mostly in passing, but some sprouting
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22
Q

Order of synaptogenesis/pruning (2)

A
  • senosry systems develop first
  • language develops next, followed by cognition
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23
Q

increased/exaggerated feeling

A

hyperesthesia

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24
Q
  • principle of experience dependent plasticity
  • must be sufficiently rewarding to induce plasticity
A

Saliency matters

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25
Q
  • new synapses created
  • occurs as a result of experience
  • about 700 new synapses/second in early years
A

synaptogenesis

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26
Q

something introduced into the body to create/enhance visibility

A

exogenous contrast agent/medium

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27
Q

True or false learning organizes the damaged brain only with treatment

A

False

Learning organizes the damaged brain even without treatment

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28
Q
  • comes from natural sources- soil, water
  • also used in some imaging techniques
A

ionizing radiation

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29
Q

reduced feeling

A

hypoesthesia

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30
Q

the official system of assigning codes to diagnoses and procedures associated with hospital utilization in the US

A

ICD-9-CM

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31
Q

Neuron regeneration

Central Nervous system (5)

A
  • oligodendrocytes do not support cell regeneration
  • damage tends to be more extensive in the CNS
  • glial cells form scar tissue that acts as a barrier to new axonal growth
  • some regeneration occurs in the CNS, but not sufficient to make up for large cell losses
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32
Q
  • different brain regions’ BOLD signals fluctuate in synchrony in the absence of a task
  • areas that fluctuate together are called resting state networks (RSNs)
  • several RSNs have been identified- default mode, language, visual, dorsal attention, etc.
  • can acquire data in a short time (10 min)
  • patient does not have to do anything
A

Resting state fMRI (RS-fMRI)

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33
Q
  • principle of experience dependent plasticity
  • sufficient intensity
A

Intensity matters

34
Q

tests that assess both structure and function (2)

A
  • neurological exam
  • nerve conduction
35
Q
  • brain tissue removed, usually through a needle
  • tissue studied
  • usually performed to sample brain tumor
  • may be performed as a last resort for unexplained neurobiological problems
A

Brain Biopsy

36
Q
  • sound waves transmitted into the body
  • reflected sound provides information about blood pressure and flow
A

Doppler Ultrasound (extracranial, transcranial)

37
Q

name of the child and youth version of the ICF

A

ICF-CY

38
Q

tests that assess function only (4)

A
  • EEG
  • EMG
  • fMRI
  • PET
39
Q
  • data sheet based on the ICF
  • designed to be used by a multidisciplinary team
A

RPS form

40
Q

sensation

A

esthesia

41
Q
  • visualization of arteries
  • performed in MR scaner
  • can be performed with or without contrast
  • less invasive than traditional angiography
A

Magnetic resonance angiography

42
Q
  • Adjunct to behavioral therapy
  • surface electrodes are placed on skull
  • electrodes induce current in the brain
  • influences neuronal excitability
A

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

43
Q
  • uses strong magnetic field
  • different elements respond differently to the field
  • different types of these scans provide different types of information
  • may be collected with or without a contrast agent
  • provides greater resolution than a CT
  • patient must not move
  • patient must pass a safety screen
A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

44
Q
  • the individual’s particular background
  • features not part of the health condition/state
  • may include gender, race, fitness level, education, as well as life experiences and personality
  • not coded in ICF due to cultural differences
A

personal factors

45
Q

the ability of the brain to change its structure and function over the course of the lifetime

A

plasticity

46
Q

Tests that assess structure only (6)

A
  • spinal tap
  • angiography
  • CT
  • MRI
  • doppler ultrasound
  • brain biopsy
47
Q

without feeling

A

anesthesia

48
Q
  • many brain networks are chronically inactive due to inhibition
  • these networks are released from inhibition and begin to function
A

Unmasking

49
Q

disability is a problem that needs to be corrected

A

medical model

50
Q
  • Integration of social and medical models
  • provides a view from the biological (structures and function), individual (activity), and societal (participation) perspectives
A

ICF Biopsychosocial model

51
Q
  • Used to diagnose neuromuscular disease
  • often done together
A

electromyography (EMG)/Nerve conduction studies

52
Q
  • affect synaptic transmission
  • coordinate neural activity
  • affect excitability of neurons
A

glial cells

53
Q
  • principle of experience dependent plasticity
  • failure to drive functions results in loss
A

use it or lose it

54
Q
  • remote effects on undamaged parts of the brain caused by losing neural connections with the damaged part of the brain
  • can resolve
A

diaschisis

55
Q

components of a neurological examination (4)

A
  • cranial nerves
  • motor system
  • sensory system
  • reflexes
  • higher cortical functions
56
Q
  • Principle of experience dependent plasticity
  • nature of training dictates nature of plasticity
A

specificity

57
Q

the amount of detail that can be seen in the image

A

resolution

58
Q
  • performed in an MR scanner
  • indirect measure of neural function
  • used for presurgical planning
A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

59
Q
  • used to diagnose neuromuscular disease
  • measure nerve impulse propagation in LMNs
  • used to diagnose Guillain-Barre, Charcot-Marie-Tooth
A

Nerve Conduction study

60
Q

conditions under which neuroplasticity occurs (3)

A
  • normal childhood brain development
  • learning/memory throughout the lifetime
  • reorganization after brain injury
61
Q

Adjuncts to behavioral therapy (2)

A
  • transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
  • transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
62
Q

What is an EEG used to diagnose most often?

A

seizures

63
Q

What is EMG and nerve conduction studies used to diagnose?

A

neuromuscular disease

64
Q

What does EMG measure?

A

electrical activity of muscles at rest and during movement

65
Q

What is EMG used to diagnose? (2)

A
  • ALS
  • Myasthenia Gravis
66
Q

What do nerve conduction studies measure?

A

nerve impulse propagation in lower motor neurons

67
Q

what are nerve conduction studies used to diagnose? (2)

A
  • Guillian-Barre
  • Carcot-Marie-Tooth
68
Q

Where is CSF drawn from during a spinal tap?

A

the lumbar cistern

69
Q

How is the fMRI used for pre-surgical planning? (3)

A
  • patient performs task in scanner- speaking, listening to language, etc.
  • areas involved are mapped
  • the surgeon tries to avoid those areas in surgery
70
Q

What do PET scans measure?

A

metabolic rates for oxygen or glucose or blood flow

71
Q

What can PET scans aid in the diagnosis of?

A
  • aids in the diagnosis of movement disorders
  • also the gold standard for tumor detection
72
Q

About what do doppler ultrasounds provide information?

A

blood pressure and flow

73
Q

What is always done first to begin diagnosing neurological problems?

A

a neurological exam

74
Q
  • visualization of cerebral arteries
  • incision made in an artery (usually the femeral)
  • catheter passed through the arterial system into the carotid
  • contrast medium forced through catheter and thus into cerebral circulation
  • x-rays taken
A

Cerebral Angiography

75
Q

disability is a society created problem (attitudes, social, and physical environments)

A

social model

76
Q
  • created by WHO to provide a standard language and framework for describing health
  • ICF is a classification of health and health-related domains
  • domains are classified from body, individual, and societal perspectives by means of two lists
A

ICF

77
Q
  • principle of experience dependent plasticity
  • younger is better
A

age matters

78
Q
  • principles of experience dependent plasticity
  • different forms of plasticity occur at different times in training
A

Time matters

79
Q
  • principle of experience dependent plasticity
  • training that drives specific function leads to improve it
A

Use it and improve it

80
Q

Presynaptic activity must be consistently followied by post-synaptic activity

A

Hebb’s Rule

81
Q
  • regulates plasticity so that it occurs at the proper time and to the proper extent
  • may be impared in certain populations (e.g. autism)
A

Metaplasticity

Cognitive Communication Disorders (4 decks)

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