Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- sufficient repetition
A
repetition matters
2
Q
- adjunct to behavioral therapy
- coil placed on the skull induces current in the cerebral cortex
- the current suppresses/enhances cortical excitability
A
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
3
Q
- used to diagnose neuromuscular disease
- measure electrical activity of muscles at rest and during movement
- used to diagnose ALS and myasthenia gravis
A
Electromyography (EMG)
4
Q
- the number of synapses is reduced
- stronger synapses retained, while weaker are eliminated
A
synaptic pruning
5
Q
What is the gold standard for tumor detection?
A
PET scan
6
Q
- measures metabolic rates for oxygen or glucose or blood flow
- radioactive tracer injected into vein
- tracer collects in organs/tissues
- “gold standard” for tumor detection
- can aid in differential diagnosis of moement disorders
A
Positron Emission computed Tomography (PET)
7
Q
- CSF drawn from the lumbar cistern
- examined for
- white blood cells- infection, tumor, demyelinating disease
- red blood cells- bleeding
- excess protein- tumor, infection, diabetes
- glucose- increase, decrease
A
Spinal tap
8
Q
used to code and classify mortality data from death certificates
A
ICD-10
9
Q
- provides 3-D images (all 3 anatomical planes)
- used with or without contrast
- often used in the ER
- this without contrast is less sensitive to acute stroke than MRI
- More tolerant of patient motion than MRI
A
Computerized Axial Tomography (CT/CAT Scan)
10
Q
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behaviors
A
transference
11
Q
used outside the US for assigning codes to diagnoses
A
ICD-10
12
Q
- study of electrical activity of the brain
- uses surface electrodes
- used to most often diagnose seizures
A
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
13
Q
imaging techniques that use ionizing radiation (4)
A
- x-rays
- CT
- PET
- flouroscopy
14
Q
- The follow are types of…
- T1 weighted
- T2 weighted
- diffusion/perfusion weighted (DWI/PWI)
- diffusion tractography imaging (DTI)
- flair
A
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
15
Q
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- plasticity in response to one training experience can interfere with the acquisition of other behaviors
A
interference
16
Q
takes advantage of the body’s own contrasts
A
endogenous contrast agent/medium
17
Q
the execution of a task or action by an individual
A
activity
18
Q
Neuron regeneration
peripheral nervous system (2)
A
- regeneration does occur
- schwann cells support cell regeneration and new axonal connections
19
Q
What do most of our evaluation tools measure?
A
body structure and function domains
20
Q
ICF
A
international classification of functioning, disability and health
21
Q
Physiological bases of plasticity in the normal brain (2)
A
- dendritic spines expand allowing more interaction with other neurons
- axons develop new connections mostly in passing, but some sprouting
22
Q
Order of synaptogenesis/pruning (2)
A
- senosry systems develop first
- language develops next, followed by cognition
23
Q
increased/exaggerated feeling
A
hyperesthesia
24
Q
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- must be sufficiently rewarding to induce plasticity
A
Saliency matters
25
* new synapses created
* occurs as a result of experience
* about 700 new synapses/second in early years
synaptogenesis
26
something introduced into the body to create/enhance visibility
exogenous contrast agent/medium
27
True or false learning organizes the damaged brain only with treatment
False
Learning organizes the damaged brain even without treatment
28
* comes from natural sources- soil, water
* also used in some imaging techniques
ionizing radiation
29
reduced feeling
hypoesthesia
30
the official system of assigning codes to diagnoses and procedures associated with hospital utilization in the US
ICD-9-CM
31
Neuron regeneration
Central Nervous system (5)
* oligodendrocytes do not support cell regeneration
* damage tends to be more extensive in the CNS
* glial cells form scar tissue that acts as a barrier to new axonal growth
* some regeneration occurs in the CNS, but not sufficient to make up for large cell losses
32
* different brain regions' BOLD signals fluctuate in synchrony in the absence of a task
* areas that fluctuate together are called resting state networks (RSNs)
* several RSNs have been identified- default mode, language, visual, dorsal attention, etc.
* can acquire data in a short time (10 min)
* patient does not have to do anything
Resting state fMRI (RS-fMRI)
33
* principle of experience dependent plasticity
* sufficient intensity
Intensity matters
34
tests that assess both structure and function (2)
* neurological exam
* nerve conduction
35
* brain tissue removed, usually through a needle
* tissue studied
* usually performed to sample brain tumor
* may be performed as a last resort for unexplained neurobiological problems
Brain Biopsy
36
* sound waves transmitted into the body
* reflected sound provides information about blood pressure and flow
Doppler Ultrasound (extracranial, transcranial)
37
name of the child and youth version of the ICF
ICF-CY
38
tests that assess function only (4)
* EEG
* EMG
* fMRI
* PET
39
* data sheet based on the ICF
* designed to be used by a multidisciplinary team
RPS form
40
sensation
esthesia
41
* visualization of arteries
* performed in MR scaner
* can be performed with or without contrast
* less invasive than traditional angiography
Magnetic resonance angiography
42
* Adjunct to behavioral therapy
* surface electrodes are placed on skull
* electrodes induce current in the brain
* influences neuronal excitability
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
43
* uses strong magnetic field
* different elements respond differently to the field
* different types of these scans provide different types of information
* may be collected with or without a contrast agent
* provides greater resolution than a CT
* patient must not move
* patient must pass a safety screen
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
44
* the individual's particular background
* features not part of the health condition/state
* may include gender, race, fitness level, education, as well as life experiences and personality
* not coded in ICF due to cultural differences
personal factors
45
the ability of the brain to change its structure and function over the course of the lifetime
plasticity
46
Tests that assess structure only (6)
* spinal tap
* angiography
* CT
* MRI
* doppler ultrasound
* brain biopsy
47
without feeling
anesthesia
48
* many brain networks are chronically inactive due to inhibition
* these networks are released from inhibition and begin to function
Unmasking
49
disability is a problem that needs to be corrected
medical model
50
* Integration of social and medical models
* provides a view from the biological (structures and function), individual (activity), and societal (participation) perspectives
ICF Biopsychosocial model
51
* Used to diagnose neuromuscular disease
* often done together
electromyography (EMG)/Nerve conduction studies
52
* affect synaptic transmission
* coordinate neural activity
* affect excitability of neurons
glial cells
53
* principle of experience dependent plasticity
* failure to drive functions results in loss
use it or lose it
54
* remote effects on undamaged parts of the brain caused by losing neural connections with the damaged part of the brain
* can resolve
diaschisis
55
components of a neurological examination (4)
* cranial nerves
* motor system
* sensory system
* reflexes
* higher cortical functions
56
* Principle of experience dependent plasticity
* nature of training dictates nature of plasticity
specificity
57
the amount of detail that can be seen in the image
resolution
58
* performed in an MR scanner
* indirect measure of neural function
* used for presurgical planning
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
59
* used to diagnose neuromuscular disease
* measure nerve impulse propagation in LMNs
* used to diagnose Guillain-Barre, Charcot-Marie-Tooth
Nerve Conduction study
60
conditions under which neuroplasticity occurs (3)
* normal childhood brain development
* learning/memory throughout the lifetime
* reorganization after brain injury
61
Adjuncts to behavioral therapy (2)
* transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
* transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
62
What is an EEG used to diagnose most often?
seizures
63
What is EMG and nerve conduction studies used to diagnose?
neuromuscular disease
64
What does EMG measure?
electrical activity of muscles at rest and during movement
65
What is EMG used to diagnose? (2)
* ALS
* Myasthenia Gravis
66
What do nerve conduction studies measure?
nerve impulse propagation in lower motor neurons
67
what are nerve conduction studies used to diagnose? (2)
* Guillian-Barre
* Carcot-Marie-Tooth
68
Where is CSF drawn from during a spinal tap?
the lumbar cistern
69
How is the fMRI used for pre-surgical planning? (3)
* patient performs task in scanner- speaking, listening to language, etc.
* areas involved are mapped
* the surgeon tries to avoid those areas in surgery
70
What do PET scans measure?
metabolic rates for oxygen or glucose or blood flow
71
What can PET scans aid in the diagnosis of?
* aids in the diagnosis of movement disorders
* also the gold standard for tumor detection
72
About what do doppler ultrasounds provide information?
blood pressure and flow
73
What is always done first to begin diagnosing neurological problems?
a neurological exam
74
* visualization of cerebral arteries
* incision made in an artery (usually the femeral)
* catheter passed through the arterial system into the carotid
* contrast medium forced through catheter and thus into cerebral circulation
* x-rays taken
Cerebral Angiography
75
disability is a society created problem (attitudes, social, and physical environments)
social model
76
* created by WHO to provide a standard language and framework for describing health
* ICF is a classification of health and health-related domains
* domains are classified from body, individual, and societal perspectives by means of two lists
ICF
77
* principle of experience dependent plasticity
* younger is better
age matters
78
* principles of experience dependent plasticity
* different forms of plasticity occur at different times in training
Time matters
79
* principle of experience dependent plasticity
* training that drives specific function leads to improve it
Use it and improve it
80
Presynaptic activity must be consistently followied by post-synaptic activity
Hebb's Rule
81
* regulates plasticity so that it occurs at the proper time and to the proper extent
* may be impared in certain populations (e.g. autism)
Metaplasticity
