Exam 2 Flashcards
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- sufficient repetition
repetition matters
- adjunct to behavioral therapy
- coil placed on the skull induces current in the cerebral cortex
- the current suppresses/enhances cortical excitability
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
- used to diagnose neuromuscular disease
- measure electrical activity of muscles at rest and during movement
- used to diagnose ALS and myasthenia gravis
Electromyography (EMG)
- the number of synapses is reduced
- stronger synapses retained, while weaker are eliminated
synaptic pruning
What is the gold standard for tumor detection?
PET scan
- measures metabolic rates for oxygen or glucose or blood flow
- radioactive tracer injected into vein
- tracer collects in organs/tissues
- “gold standard” for tumor detection
- can aid in differential diagnosis of moement disorders
Positron Emission computed Tomography (PET)
- CSF drawn from the lumbar cistern
- examined for
- white blood cells- infection, tumor, demyelinating disease
- red blood cells- bleeding
- excess protein- tumor, infection, diabetes
- glucose- increase, decrease
Spinal tap
used to code and classify mortality data from death certificates
ICD-10
- provides 3-D images (all 3 anatomical planes)
- used with or without contrast
- often used in the ER
- this without contrast is less sensitive to acute stroke than MRI
- More tolerant of patient motion than MRI
Computerized Axial Tomography (CT/CAT Scan)
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behaviors
transference
used outside the US for assigning codes to diagnoses
ICD-10
- study of electrical activity of the brain
- uses surface electrodes
- used to most often diagnose seizures
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
imaging techniques that use ionizing radiation (4)
- x-rays
- CT
- PET
- flouroscopy
- The follow are types of…
- T1 weighted
- T2 weighted
- diffusion/perfusion weighted (DWI/PWI)
- diffusion tractography imaging (DTI)
- flair
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- plasticity in response to one training experience can interfere with the acquisition of other behaviors
interference
takes advantage of the body’s own contrasts
endogenous contrast agent/medium
the execution of a task or action by an individual
activity
Neuron regeneration
peripheral nervous system (2)
- regeneration does occur
- schwann cells support cell regeneration and new axonal connections
What do most of our evaluation tools measure?
body structure and function domains
ICF
international classification of functioning, disability and health
Physiological bases of plasticity in the normal brain (2)
- dendritic spines expand allowing more interaction with other neurons
- axons develop new connections mostly in passing, but some sprouting
Order of synaptogenesis/pruning (2)
- senosry systems develop first
- language develops next, followed by cognition
increased/exaggerated feeling
hyperesthesia
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- must be sufficiently rewarding to induce plasticity
Saliency matters
- new synapses created
- occurs as a result of experience
- about 700 new synapses/second in early years
synaptogenesis
something introduced into the body to create/enhance visibility
exogenous contrast agent/medium
True or false learning organizes the damaged brain only with treatment
False
Learning organizes the damaged brain even without treatment
- comes from natural sources- soil, water
- also used in some imaging techniques
ionizing radiation
reduced feeling
hypoesthesia
the official system of assigning codes to diagnoses and procedures associated with hospital utilization in the US
ICD-9-CM
Neuron regeneration
Central Nervous system (5)
- oligodendrocytes do not support cell regeneration
- damage tends to be more extensive in the CNS
- glial cells form scar tissue that acts as a barrier to new axonal growth
- some regeneration occurs in the CNS, but not sufficient to make up for large cell losses
- different brain regions’ BOLD signals fluctuate in synchrony in the absence of a task
- areas that fluctuate together are called resting state networks (RSNs)
- several RSNs have been identified- default mode, language, visual, dorsal attention, etc.
- can acquire data in a short time (10 min)
- patient does not have to do anything
Resting state fMRI (RS-fMRI)
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- sufficient intensity
Intensity matters
tests that assess both structure and function (2)
- neurological exam
- nerve conduction
- brain tissue removed, usually through a needle
- tissue studied
- usually performed to sample brain tumor
- may be performed as a last resort for unexplained neurobiological problems
Brain Biopsy
- sound waves transmitted into the body
- reflected sound provides information about blood pressure and flow
Doppler Ultrasound (extracranial, transcranial)
name of the child and youth version of the ICF
ICF-CY
tests that assess function only (4)
- EEG
- EMG
- fMRI
- PET
- data sheet based on the ICF
- designed to be used by a multidisciplinary team
RPS form
sensation
esthesia
- visualization of arteries
- performed in MR scaner
- can be performed with or without contrast
- less invasive than traditional angiography
Magnetic resonance angiography
- Adjunct to behavioral therapy
- surface electrodes are placed on skull
- electrodes induce current in the brain
- influences neuronal excitability
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
- uses strong magnetic field
- different elements respond differently to the field
- different types of these scans provide different types of information
- may be collected with or without a contrast agent
- provides greater resolution than a CT
- patient must not move
- patient must pass a safety screen
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- the individual’s particular background
- features not part of the health condition/state
- may include gender, race, fitness level, education, as well as life experiences and personality
- not coded in ICF due to cultural differences
personal factors
the ability of the brain to change its structure and function over the course of the lifetime
plasticity
Tests that assess structure only (6)
- spinal tap
- angiography
- CT
- MRI
- doppler ultrasound
- brain biopsy
without feeling
anesthesia
- many brain networks are chronically inactive due to inhibition
- these networks are released from inhibition and begin to function
Unmasking
disability is a problem that needs to be corrected
medical model
- Integration of social and medical models
- provides a view from the biological (structures and function), individual (activity), and societal (participation) perspectives
ICF Biopsychosocial model
- Used to diagnose neuromuscular disease
- often done together
electromyography (EMG)/Nerve conduction studies
- affect synaptic transmission
- coordinate neural activity
- affect excitability of neurons
glial cells
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- failure to drive functions results in loss
use it or lose it
- remote effects on undamaged parts of the brain caused by losing neural connections with the damaged part of the brain
- can resolve
diaschisis
components of a neurological examination (4)
- cranial nerves
- motor system
- sensory system
- reflexes
- higher cortical functions
- Principle of experience dependent plasticity
- nature of training dictates nature of plasticity
specificity
the amount of detail that can be seen in the image
resolution
- performed in an MR scanner
- indirect measure of neural function
- used for presurgical planning
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
- used to diagnose neuromuscular disease
- measure nerve impulse propagation in LMNs
- used to diagnose Guillain-Barre, Charcot-Marie-Tooth
Nerve Conduction study
conditions under which neuroplasticity occurs (3)
- normal childhood brain development
- learning/memory throughout the lifetime
- reorganization after brain injury
Adjuncts to behavioral therapy (2)
- transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
- transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
What is an EEG used to diagnose most often?
seizures
What is EMG and nerve conduction studies used to diagnose?
neuromuscular disease
What does EMG measure?
electrical activity of muscles at rest and during movement
What is EMG used to diagnose? (2)
- ALS
- Myasthenia Gravis
What do nerve conduction studies measure?
nerve impulse propagation in lower motor neurons
what are nerve conduction studies used to diagnose? (2)
- Guillian-Barre
- Carcot-Marie-Tooth
Where is CSF drawn from during a spinal tap?
the lumbar cistern
How is the fMRI used for pre-surgical planning? (3)
- patient performs task in scanner- speaking, listening to language, etc.
- areas involved are mapped
- the surgeon tries to avoid those areas in surgery
What do PET scans measure?
metabolic rates for oxygen or glucose or blood flow
What can PET scans aid in the diagnosis of?
- aids in the diagnosis of movement disorders
- also the gold standard for tumor detection
About what do doppler ultrasounds provide information?
blood pressure and flow
What is always done first to begin diagnosing neurological problems?
a neurological exam
- visualization of cerebral arteries
- incision made in an artery (usually the femeral)
- catheter passed through the arterial system into the carotid
- contrast medium forced through catheter and thus into cerebral circulation
- x-rays taken
Cerebral Angiography
disability is a society created problem (attitudes, social, and physical environments)
social model
- created by WHO to provide a standard language and framework for describing health
- ICF is a classification of health and health-related domains
- domains are classified from body, individual, and societal perspectives by means of two lists
ICF
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- younger is better
age matters
- principles of experience dependent plasticity
- different forms of plasticity occur at different times in training
Time matters
- principle of experience dependent plasticity
- training that drives specific function leads to improve it
Use it and improve it
Presynaptic activity must be consistently followied by post-synaptic activity
Hebb’s Rule
- regulates plasticity so that it occurs at the proper time and to the proper extent
- may be impared in certain populations (e.g. autism)
Metaplasticity
