Exam 1 Flashcards
neural substrate of working memory
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
neural substrate for procedural memory
basal ganglia
neural substrate for nonassociative learning
reflex pathways
Stealing an electron from DNA, lipids in cell membranes, and proteins does what to the cell?
It damages it
declarative and non-declarative memory operate…
in parallel
- Type of non-associative learning
- increase in responsiveness due to repeated exporue or an aversive stimulus
sensitization
2 categories of long term memory
- declarative
- nondeclarative
- long term potentiation (LTP)
- Synapses are strengthened
- requires strong neural stimulation via
- repetition
- salient event
memory formation
variables that impact cognitive aging
- education
- innate intelligence
- sensory abilities
How does increasing oxidative stress over the lifespan lead to aging?
- more free radicals produced
- fewer antioxidants available
decreased smell sensation
hyposmia
- category of long term memory
- neither true nor false
- expressed through performance
- acquired through conscious awareness
nondeclarative
A&O x 4
understanding the situation
molecule of oxygen with an uneven number of electrons
free radicals
includes both basic knowledge and skills that accumulate over the course of a life
crystalized intelligence
changes in normal aging- orientation
stays in tact, some difficulty with exact date and time just due to retirement
Which personality trait tends to decrease in typically aging older people?
neuroticism
What do antioxidants do?
they donate an electron, thereby stabilizing the free radical without doing any harm
- widespread
- memory skills that are lower than average
- not serious
- may or may not relate to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
Age-associated memory impairment (AAMI)
A&O x 3
having an adequate understanding of time
How do free radicals achieve stability?
by stealing the electron they need
Genetic theory of aging (2)
- randomly occurring gene mutations progressively destroy DNA
- DNA destruction effects cell reproduction
changes due to normal aging- fluid intelligence (3)
- declines to a degree
- trouble with multi-step tasks
- learning doesn’t stop, but it may slow
What does the paradox of aging refer to?
A high quality of life despite the problems of aging
What is the amount of cognitive reserve related to?
- education
- occupational attainment
- leisure activities later in life
Types of attention (5)
- selective
- divided
- alternating
- exdogenous
- exogenous
the ability of a joint to move through its natural pattern of movement
range of motion
- Supports processing (manipulation)
- Holds Information transiently through rehearsal (maintenance)
Working Memory (WM)/ Short Term Memory (STM)
3 types of non-associative learning
- habituation
- sensitization
- dishabituation
Alternative genetic theory of aging (2)
- mutations are not random
- mutations are programmed and highly ordered
- theory regarding factors underlying cognitive changes with age
- cognitive effects of aging are affected by when you were born
cohort hypothesis
neural substrate for skeletal classical conditioning
cerebellum
What is the only well documented way to increase average lifespan?
caloric restriction
Where do free radicals steal the electron they need from to achieve stability? (3)
- from our DNA
- from lipids in cell membranes
- from our proteins
neural substrate of declarative long term memory (2)
- medial temoral lobe structures
- diencephalon
- type of non-associative learning
- restoration of habituated response
dishabituation
changes due to normal aging- memory (3)
- decline in accuity is normal
- more difficulty with short term memory
- more difficulty forming memories of recent episodes
2 types of classical conditioning
- emotional
- skeletal
the ability to make sense of incoming sensory information
perception
an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants
oxidative stress
neuropathologic changes underlying cognitive aging (4)
- neuritic plaques
- neurofibrillary tangles
- lewy bodies
- found in brains with and without dementia
- The ability to
- select some information for further processing
- inhibit information from further processing
attention
Executive function- high order skills built from the three basic skills (3)
- reasoning
- problem solving
- planning
- Type of long term memory
- does not require associating different stimuli
- 3 types
Non associative learning
3 processess of executive functioning
- coordination and monitoring (or working memory)
- Inhibition
- Cognitive flexibility
- difficult to define
- develops over time
- most agree on three basic proceses
- higher order skills built from the three basic skills
- skills interact with and are dependent on one another
- neural substrate is prefrontal cortex
- trainable and can be improved
executive function
- theory regarding factors underlying cognitive changes with age
- use the skill or lose it
- long term depression (LTD)?
disuse hypothesis
- Type of long term memory
- natural stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that elicits response
Classical Conditioning
neural substrates for emotional classical conditioning
amygdala
- type of non-associative learning
- decrease in response with repeated exposure
habituation
- type of long term memory
- exposure to stimulus changes response to it or to related stimulus
Priming
Predictors of age-related cognitive loss (6)
- difficulty identifying odors
- diabetes
- level of education
- size of one’s social network
- history of depression
- cognitive reserve
What is the other name for free radicals?
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
discrimination against someone because of age
ageism
the design of products and environments to be useable by all people, to the greatest extent, without the need for adaptation
universal design
Effects of oxidative stress (3)
- damage to nerve cells (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s)
- Gene mutations (cancer)
- Damage to vascular cells (stroke, heart attack)
neural substrate for executive function
prefrontal cortex
complete loss of smell
anosmia
changes due to normal aging- crystalized intelligence
- remains intact and may continue to improve
neural substrate for priming
neo cortex
- category of long term memory
- models the external world
- is either true or false
- expressed via recollection
- detects and codes what is unique about a single event
declarative memory
A&O x 1
knowing who one is
Zec asserts that cognitive impairments in older adults are primarily caused by what three factors?
- Disease
- Disuse
- Aging
- type of long term memory
- work knowledge
lexical memory
- type of long term memory
- skills, how to do things
procedural memory
knowing who one is, where one is, having an adequate understanding of time, and may include situation as well
orientation
How are free radicals produced?
- when we consume oxygen (e.g., breathing, exercising)
- through exposure to toxins (e.g. radiation, cigarette smoke, etc.
Components of Working Memory (Baddeley) (3)
- Central executive
- visuospatial sketchpad
- phonological loop
A&O x 2
knowing where one is
Process of long term memory (3)
- acquisition
- storage
- access
Types of long term memory (7)
- episodic memory
- semantic memory
- lexical memory
- procedural memory
- priming
- classical conditioning
- non-associative learning
- long term depression
- synapses are weakened
forgetting
the ability to sustain involvement in a physical activity
endurance
- type of long term memory
- knowledge, concepts
semantic memory
a progressive cognitive impairment that eventually interferes with daily functioning
dementia
neural substrate of short term memory
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
the ability to carry out purposeful motor actions
praxis
What does self-efficacy tend to do?
be lowest in older adults for the domain of finances
a transient state of fluctuating cognitive abilities often characterized by hallucinations, decreased ability to focus, increased confusion, and poor memory
Delirium
Theories regarding factors underlying cognitive changes with age (3)
- slowing in neural processing hypothesis
- disuse hypothesis (use it or lose it)
- Cohort hypothesis
- Type of long term memory
- autobiographical
episodic
2 components of memory framework
- working memory (short term)
- Long term memory
2 biological theories of aging
- free radical oxidation
- genetic
the process of physical decline
senescence
- the ability to find meaning in confusion and solve new problems
- draw inferences
- understand relationships of various concepts
- includes executive skills that involve judgement, awareness, and problem solving
fluid intelligence
Why do we need some free radicals in our bodies? (2)
- Normal immune system function
- A variety of cellular functions
Priming results in subsequent responses that are… (3)
- faster
- more accurate
- biased in some way
changes occur through normal aging- attention (3)
- ability to sustain attention without distractions remains intact
- trouble ignoring distractions
- alternating and divided attention becomes more difficult (driving)
