Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
neural substrate of working memory
A
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1
Q
neural substrate for procedural memory
A
basal ganglia
1
Q
neural substrate for nonassociative learning
A
reflex pathways
1
Q
Stealing an electron from DNA, lipids in cell membranes, and proteins does what to the cell?
A
It damages it
2
Q
declarative and non-declarative memory operate…
A
in parallel
3
Q
- Type of non-associative learning
- increase in responsiveness due to repeated exporue or an aversive stimulus
A
sensitization
4
Q
2 categories of long term memory
A
- declarative
- nondeclarative
4
Q
- long term potentiation (LTP)
- Synapses are strengthened
- requires strong neural stimulation via
- repetition
- salient event
A
memory formation
4
Q
variables that impact cognitive aging
A
- education
- innate intelligence
- sensory abilities
5
Q
How does increasing oxidative stress over the lifespan lead to aging?
A
- more free radicals produced
- fewer antioxidants available
6
Q
decreased smell sensation
A
hyposmia
7
Q
- category of long term memory
- neither true nor false
- expressed through performance
- acquired through conscious awareness
A
nondeclarative
7
Q
A&O x 4
A
understanding the situation
7
Q
molecule of oxygen with an uneven number of electrons
A
free radicals
8
Q
includes both basic knowledge and skills that accumulate over the course of a life
A
crystalized intelligence
9
Q
changes in normal aging- orientation
A
stays in tact, some difficulty with exact date and time just due to retirement
9
Q
Which personality trait tends to decrease in typically aging older people?
A
neuroticism
10
Q
What do antioxidants do?
A
they donate an electron, thereby stabilizing the free radical without doing any harm
11
Q
- widespread
- memory skills that are lower than average
- not serious
- may or may not relate to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
A
Age-associated memory impairment (AAMI)
11
Q
A&O x 3
A
having an adequate understanding of time
12
Q
How do free radicals achieve stability?
A
by stealing the electron they need
13
Q
Genetic theory of aging (2)
A
- randomly occurring gene mutations progressively destroy DNA
- DNA destruction effects cell reproduction
14
Q
changes due to normal aging- fluid intelligence (3)
A
- declines to a degree
- trouble with multi-step tasks
- learning doesn’t stop, but it may slow
15
Q
What does the paradox of aging refer to?
A
A high quality of life despite the problems of aging
15
What is the amount of cognitive reserve related to?
* education
* occupational attainment
* leisure activities later in life
16
Types of attention (5)
* selective
* divided
* alternating
* exdogenous
* exogenous
17
the ability of a joint to move through its natural pattern of movement
range of motion
18
* Supports processing (manipulation)
* Holds Information transiently through rehearsal (maintenance)
Working Memory (WM)/ Short Term Memory (STM)
19
3 types of non-associative learning
* habituation
* sensitization
* dishabituation
20
Alternative genetic theory of aging (2)
* mutations are not random
* mutations are programmed and highly ordered
21
* theory regarding factors underlying cognitive changes with age
* cognitive effects of aging are affected by when you were born
cohort hypothesis
22
neural substrate for skeletal classical conditioning
cerebellum
22
What is the only well documented way to increase average lifespan?
caloric restriction
23
Where do free radicals steal the electron they need from to achieve stability? (3)
* from our DNA
* from lipids in cell membranes
* from our proteins
24
neural substrate of declarative long term memory (2)
* medial temoral lobe structures
* diencephalon
25
* type of non-associative learning
* restoration of habituated response
dishabituation
26
changes due to normal aging- memory (3)
* decline in accuity is normal
* more difficulty with short term memory
* more difficulty forming memories of recent episodes
27
2 types of classical conditioning
* emotional
* skeletal
29
the ability to make sense of incoming sensory information
perception
30
an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants
oxidative stress
31
neuropathologic changes underlying cognitive aging (4)
* neuritic plaques
* neurofibrillary tangles
* lewy bodies
* found in brains with and without dementia
32
* The ability to
* select some information for further processing
* inhibit information from further processing
attention
33
Executive function- high order skills built from the three basic skills (3)
* reasoning
* problem solving
* planning
34
* Type of long term memory
* does not require associating different stimuli
* 3 types
Non associative learning
35
3 processess of executive functioning
* coordination and monitoring (or working memory)
* Inhibition
* Cognitive flexibility
37
* difficult to define
* develops over time
* most agree on three basic proceses
* higher order skills built from the three basic skills
* skills interact with and are dependent on one another
* neural substrate is prefrontal cortex
* trainable and can be improved
executive function
38
* theory regarding factors underlying cognitive changes with age
* use the skill or lose it
* long term depression (LTD)?
disuse hypothesis
40
* Type of long term memory
* natural stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that elicits response
Classical Conditioning
41
neural substrates for emotional classical conditioning
amygdala
42
* type of non-associative learning
* decrease in response with repeated exposure
habituation
43
* type of long term memory
* exposure to stimulus changes response to it or to related stimulus
Priming
44
Predictors of age-related cognitive loss (6)
* difficulty identifying odors
* diabetes
* level of education
* size of one's social network
* history of depression
* cognitive reserve
45
What is the other name for free radicals?
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
46
discrimination against someone because of age
ageism
48
the design of products and environments to be useable by all people, to the greatest extent, without the need for adaptation
universal design
49
Effects of oxidative stress (3)
* damage to nerve cells (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's)
* Gene mutations (cancer)
* Damage to vascular cells (stroke, heart attack)
51
neural substrate for executive function
prefrontal cortex
53
complete loss of smell
anosmia
54
changes due to normal aging- crystalized intelligence
* remains intact and may continue to improve
55
neural substrate for priming
neo cortex
56
* category of long term memory
* models the external world
* is either true or false
* expressed via recollection
* detects and codes what is unique about a single event
declarative memory
57
A&O x 1
knowing who one is
58
Zec asserts that cognitive impairments in older adults are primarily caused by what three factors?
* Disease
* Disuse
* Aging
59
* type of long term memory
* work knowledge
lexical memory
60
* type of long term memory
* skills, how to do things
procedural memory
61
knowing who one is, where one is, having an adequate understanding of time, and may include situation as well
orientation
62
How are free radicals produced?
* when we consume oxygen (e.g., breathing, exercising)
* through exposure to toxins (e.g. radiation, cigarette smoke, etc.
63
Components of Working Memory (Baddeley) (3)
* Central executive
* visuospatial sketchpad
* phonological loop
64
A&O x 2
knowing where one is
65
Process of long term memory (3)
* acquisition
* storage
* access
66
Types of long term memory (7)
* episodic memory
* semantic memory
* lexical memory
* procedural memory
* priming
* classical conditioning
* non-associative learning
67
* long term depression
* synapses are weakened
forgetting
68
the ability to sustain involvement in a physical activity
endurance
69
* type of long term memory
* knowledge, concepts
semantic memory
70
a progressive cognitive impairment that eventually interferes with daily functioning
dementia
71
neural substrate of short term memory
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
72
the ability to carry out purposeful motor actions
praxis
73
What does self-efficacy tend to do?
be lowest in older adults for the domain of finances
74
a transient state of fluctuating cognitive abilities often characterized by hallucinations, decreased ability to focus, increased confusion, and poor memory
Delirium
75
Theories regarding factors underlying cognitive changes with age (3)
* slowing in neural processing hypothesis
* disuse hypothesis (use it or lose it)
* Cohort hypothesis
76
* Type of long term memory
* autobiographical
episodic
77
2 components of memory framework
* working memory (short term)
* Long term memory
78
2 biological theories of aging
* free radical oxidation
* genetic
79
the process of physical decline
senescence
80
* the ability to find meaning in confusion and solve new problems
* draw inferences
* understand relationships of various concepts
* includes executive skills that involve judgement, awareness, and problem solving
fluid intelligence
81
Why do we need some free radicals in our bodies? (2)
* Normal immune system function
* A variety of cellular functions
82
Priming results in subsequent responses that are... (3)
* faster
* more accurate
* biased in some way
83
changes occur through normal aging- attention (3)
* ability to sustain attention without distractions remains intact
* trouble ignoring distractions
* alternating and divided attention becomes more difficult (driving)
