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Cognitive Communication Disorders > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

neural substrate of working memory

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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1
Q

neural substrate for procedural memory

A

basal ganglia

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1
Q

neural substrate for nonassociative learning

A

reflex pathways

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1
Q

Stealing an electron from DNA, lipids in cell membranes, and proteins does what to the cell?

A

It damages it

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2
Q

declarative and non-declarative memory operate…

A

in parallel

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3
Q
  • Type of non-associative learning
  • increase in responsiveness due to repeated exporue or an aversive stimulus
A

sensitization

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4
Q

2 categories of long term memory

A
  • declarative
  • nondeclarative
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4
Q
  • long term potentiation (LTP)
  • Synapses are strengthened
  • requires strong neural stimulation via
    • repetition
    • salient event
A

memory formation

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4
Q

variables that impact cognitive aging

A
  • education
  • innate intelligence
  • sensory abilities
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5
Q

How does increasing oxidative stress over the lifespan lead to aging?

A
  • more free radicals produced
  • fewer antioxidants available
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6
Q

decreased smell sensation

A

hyposmia

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7
Q
  • category of long term memory
  • neither true nor false
  • expressed through performance
  • acquired through conscious awareness
A

nondeclarative

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7
Q

A&O x 4

A

understanding the situation

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7
Q

molecule of oxygen with an uneven number of electrons

A

free radicals

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8
Q

includes both basic knowledge and skills that accumulate over the course of a life

A

crystalized intelligence

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9
Q

changes in normal aging- orientation

A

stays in tact, some difficulty with exact date and time just due to retirement

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9
Q

Which personality trait tends to decrease in typically aging older people?

A

neuroticism

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10
Q

What do antioxidants do?

A

they donate an electron, thereby stabilizing the free radical without doing any harm

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11
Q
  • widespread
  • memory skills that are lower than average
  • not serious
  • may or may not relate to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
A

Age-associated memory impairment (AAMI)

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11
Q

A&O x 3

A

having an adequate understanding of time

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12
Q

How do free radicals achieve stability?

A

by stealing the electron they need

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13
Q

Genetic theory of aging (2)

A
  • randomly occurring gene mutations progressively destroy DNA
  • DNA destruction effects cell reproduction
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14
Q

changes due to normal aging- fluid intelligence (3)

A
  • declines to a degree
  • trouble with multi-step tasks
  • learning doesn’t stop, but it may slow
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15
Q

What does the paradox of aging refer to?

A

A high quality of life despite the problems of aging

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15
Q

What is the amount of cognitive reserve related to?

A
  • education
  • occupational attainment
  • leisure activities later in life
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16
Q

Types of attention (5)

A
  • selective
  • divided
  • alternating
  • exdogenous
  • exogenous
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17
Q

the ability of a joint to move through its natural pattern of movement

A

range of motion

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18
Q
  • Supports processing (manipulation)
  • Holds Information transiently through rehearsal (maintenance)
A

Working Memory (WM)/ Short Term Memory (STM)

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19
Q

3 types of non-associative learning

A
  • habituation
  • sensitization
  • dishabituation
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20
Q

Alternative genetic theory of aging (2)

A
  • mutations are not random
  • mutations are programmed and highly ordered
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21
Q
  • theory regarding factors underlying cognitive changes with age
  • cognitive effects of aging are affected by when you were born
A

cohort hypothesis

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22
Q

neural substrate for skeletal classical conditioning

A

cerebellum

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22
Q

What is the only well documented way to increase average lifespan?

A

caloric restriction

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23
Q

Where do free radicals steal the electron they need from to achieve stability? (3)

A
  • from our DNA
  • from lipids in cell membranes
  • from our proteins
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24
Q

neural substrate of declarative long term memory (2)

A
  • medial temoral lobe structures
  • diencephalon
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25
Q
  • type of non-associative learning
  • restoration of habituated response
A

dishabituation

26
Q

changes due to normal aging- memory (3)

A
  • decline in accuity is normal
  • more difficulty with short term memory
  • more difficulty forming memories of recent episodes
27
Q

2 types of classical conditioning

A
  • emotional
  • skeletal
29
Q

the ability to make sense of incoming sensory information

A

perception

30
Q

an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants

A

oxidative stress

31
Q

neuropathologic changes underlying cognitive aging (4)

A
  • neuritic plaques
  • neurofibrillary tangles
  • lewy bodies
  • found in brains with and without dementia
32
Q
  • The ability to
    • select some information for further processing
    • inhibit information from further processing
A

attention

33
Q

Executive function- high order skills built from the three basic skills (3)

A
  • reasoning
  • problem solving
  • planning
34
Q
  • Type of long term memory
  • does not require associating different stimuli
  • 3 types
A

Non associative learning

35
Q

3 processess of executive functioning

A
  • coordination and monitoring (or working memory)
  • Inhibition
  • Cognitive flexibility
37
Q
  • difficult to define
  • develops over time
  • most agree on three basic proceses
  • higher order skills built from the three basic skills
  • skills interact with and are dependent on one another
  • neural substrate is prefrontal cortex
  • trainable and can be improved
A

executive function

38
Q
  • theory regarding factors underlying cognitive changes with age
  • use the skill or lose it
  • long term depression (LTD)?
A

disuse hypothesis

40
Q
  • Type of long term memory
  • natural stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that elicits response
A

Classical Conditioning

41
Q

neural substrates for emotional classical conditioning

A

amygdala

42
Q
  • type of non-associative learning
  • decrease in response with repeated exposure
A

habituation

43
Q
  • type of long term memory
  • exposure to stimulus changes response to it or to related stimulus
A

Priming

44
Q

Predictors of age-related cognitive loss (6)

A
  • difficulty identifying odors
  • diabetes
  • level of education
  • size of one’s social network
  • history of depression
  • cognitive reserve
45
Q

What is the other name for free radicals?

A

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

46
Q

discrimination against someone because of age

A

ageism

48
Q

the design of products and environments to be useable by all people, to the greatest extent, without the need for adaptation

A

universal design

49
Q

Effects of oxidative stress (3)

A
  • damage to nerve cells (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s)
  • Gene mutations (cancer)
  • Damage to vascular cells (stroke, heart attack)
51
Q

neural substrate for executive function

A

prefrontal cortex

53
Q

complete loss of smell

A

anosmia

54
Q

changes due to normal aging- crystalized intelligence

A
  • remains intact and may continue to improve
55
Q

neural substrate for priming

A

neo cortex

56
Q
  • category of long term memory
  • models the external world
  • is either true or false
  • expressed via recollection
  • detects and codes what is unique about a single event
A

declarative memory

57
Q

A&O x 1

A

knowing who one is

58
Q

Zec asserts that cognitive impairments in older adults are primarily caused by what three factors?

A
  • Disease
  • Disuse
  • Aging
59
Q
  • type of long term memory
  • work knowledge
A

lexical memory

60
Q
  • type of long term memory
  • skills, how to do things
A

procedural memory

61
Q

knowing who one is, where one is, having an adequate understanding of time, and may include situation as well

A

orientation

62
Q

How are free radicals produced?

A
  • when we consume oxygen (e.g., breathing, exercising)
  • through exposure to toxins (e.g. radiation, cigarette smoke, etc.
63
Q

Components of Working Memory (Baddeley) (3)

A
  • Central executive
  • visuospatial sketchpad
  • phonological loop
64
Q

A&O x 2

A

knowing where one is

65
Q

Process of long term memory (3)

A
  • acquisition
  • storage
  • access
66
Q

Types of long term memory (7)

A
  • episodic memory
  • semantic memory
  • lexical memory
  • procedural memory
  • priming
  • classical conditioning
  • non-associative learning
67
Q
  • long term depression
  • synapses are weakened
A

forgetting

68
Q

the ability to sustain involvement in a physical activity

A

endurance

69
Q
  • type of long term memory
  • knowledge, concepts
A

semantic memory

70
Q

a progressive cognitive impairment that eventually interferes with daily functioning

A

dementia

71
Q

neural substrate of short term memory

A

ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

72
Q

the ability to carry out purposeful motor actions

A

praxis

73
Q

What does self-efficacy tend to do?

A

be lowest in older adults for the domain of finances

74
Q

a transient state of fluctuating cognitive abilities often characterized by hallucinations, decreased ability to focus, increased confusion, and poor memory

A

Delirium

75
Q

Theories regarding factors underlying cognitive changes with age (3)

A
  • slowing in neural processing hypothesis
  • disuse hypothesis (use it or lose it)
  • Cohort hypothesis
76
Q
  • Type of long term memory
  • autobiographical
A

episodic

77
Q

2 components of memory framework

A
  • working memory (short term)
  • Long term memory
78
Q

2 biological theories of aging

A
  • free radical oxidation
  • genetic
79
Q

the process of physical decline

A

senescence

80
Q
  • the ability to find meaning in confusion and solve new problems
  • draw inferences
  • understand relationships of various concepts
  • includes executive skills that involve judgement, awareness, and problem solving
A

fluid intelligence

81
Q

Why do we need some free radicals in our bodies? (2)

A
  • Normal immune system function
  • A variety of cellular functions
82
Q

Priming results in subsequent responses that are… (3)

A
  • faster
  • more accurate
  • biased in some way
83
Q

changes occur through normal aging- attention (3)

A
  • ability to sustain attention without distractions remains intact
  • trouble ignoring distractions
  • alternating and divided attention becomes more difficult (driving)

Cognitive Communication Disorders (4 decks)

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