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Bio-M200 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tetracycline

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

Block tRNA binding site

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2
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

Block peptide formation

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2
Q

Gramicidin

A

Disrupts cytoplasmic membrane of gram +

Skin only

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3
Q

Lincomycin

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

Prevent ribosome movement, stop translation

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4
Q

Polymyxin

A

Disrupts cytoplasmic membrane of gram -
Toxic: kidney and nerve damage
Antibiotic of last resort

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6
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Disrupt cytoplasmic membrane of fungi

Attaches to ergosterol

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7
Q

Nystatin

A

Disrupt cytoplasmic membrane of fungi

Attaches to ergosterol

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8
Q

Sulfonide

A

Targets metabolism
Structurally mimic PABA
Interacts with and then shuts down an enzyme needed for folic acid biosynthesis.

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9
Q

Consequences of broad spectrum

A

Secondary infection

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10
Q

gene

A

unit of inheritance that determines traits that are passed on

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11
Q

allele

A

variation of a gene

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12
Q

genome

A

collection of all genetic material in a microbe is here

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13
Q

Transcription and Translation path

A

Replication / Genes (DNA) –> transcription –> RNA message –> translation –> protein / products

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14
Q

enzyme for replication

A

DNA polymerase

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15
Q

replication initiation

A

For a cell to divide it must first replicate it’s DNA. This process is initiated at the origins of the DNA which are targeted by the initiator protein
Initiator proteins tend to use A-T rich sequences
pre-replication complex “unzips” the DNA

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16
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio (base Pair Rule)

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17
Q

DNA is read in the (___) direction, but synthesized in the (___) direction

A

3 to 5

5 to 3

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18
Q

DNA replication in cellular life requires a free what? (___) is used to synthesize a short RNA primer with a free (___) which is elongated by DNA polymerase

A

3’ hydroxyl group
Primase
3’ OH group

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19
Q

The replication fork

A

After elongation helicases break the H bonds hold both strands together in DNA. The forks become the leading and lagging strand

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20
Q

How is the lagging strand different from the leading strand?

A

The lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction

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21
Q

Leading strand

A

Polymerase (sigma) reads the leading strand template and adds complementary nucelotides to the nascent (new) leading strand

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22
Q

Lagging strand

A 
Synthesis in opposite direction to replication fork
Must be synthesized in short , separated segments
Primase reads the template DNA and initiates synthesis of a short, complementary RNA primer
DNA polymerase (delta) extends the primed segments. RNA primers are removed and replaced with DNA
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23
Q

RNA polymerase: the (___) is responsible for assembly of RNA while sigma finds (___) on the DNA strands where RNA polyermase can bind

A

core

promoters

24
Q

DNA replication ends at the (___) region

25
Transcription
RNA polymerase unwinds a small piece of DNA into ss, sigma falls off RNA nucleotides float in and base pair RNA polymerase polymerizes RNA
26
Translation initiation
protein synthesis 1) ribosome assembles on the mRNA at the shine-dalgarno sequence 2) activated tRNAs arrive at the ribosome
27
Translation elongation
3) a peptide bond is formed between the two amino acids 4) ribosome slides three nucleotides down the mRNA 5) New activated tRNA arrives and ribosome forms another peptide bond (repeat cycle) 6) protein is synthesized from N terminus to C terminus as cycle repeats
28
Translation termination
stop codon signals the termination of protein synthesis the protein is released, the ribosome disassembles
29
Where is the start site of translation?
6-9 bases in the 3' direction of the Shine-dalgarno sequence at a AUG codon
30
What is a codon?
a series of three nucelotides they specify a particular amino acid by calling over the right tRNA set the frame for determining future codons
31
Codons are on the _RNA while anticodons are on the _RNA
m | t
32
Start codon = ___ | Stop = ___
AUG | UAG, UUG, UAA
33
Direct transfer of DNA from one cell to another
Conjugation
34
Transfer of genetic material between bacteria via a virus
transduction
35
Antiseptics vs disinfectants
Living tissue instead of non-living surface | Alcohol and iodine are antiseptics (iodine evaporates faster)
36
Sanitize vs sterilize
remove some instead of removing all | Aseptic is the result of sterilization
37
cide and cidal
kills (cut) and has the power to kill
38
Heat Dry: Moist:
Denatures proteins, disrupts membranes and viral envelopes, melts DNA to ss Dry: baking, incineration (direct flame) Moist: boiling, autoclave, pasteurize, ultra-high temp
39
Autoclaving
steam under pressure, 121C for 10 minutes kills all
40
Pasteurization
63C for 30 or 71C for seconds
41
Ultra-high temperature sterilization
134C for 1 second, affects taste
42
Thermal death point Thermal Death Time
Thermal death point: lowest temp that kills all micro-organizms in a liquid in 10 minutes Thermal Death Time: time to sterilize a volume of liquid at a set temp.
43
Refrigerator
0-7C slows growth membranes shatter proteins become inflexible and denature
44
Freezing
negative temp C halts growth water unavailable ice crystals puncture cells
45
Dessication
removes water which proteins need chromosomes fragment (lethal) principle behind jellies (sugar), brines (salt), and curing (salt)
46
Oxygen radicals
H2O2, NaOCl, O3 all make them and they react with and damage any macromolecule they contact
47
Radiation
UV light can cause mutation Ionizing radiation: (x rays, gamma rays) creates water radicals OH- rips protons from DNA to form water
48
Chemicals: 1) alcohols and halogens 2) heavy metals 3) detergents and phenolics 4) specific targets
protein denaturants poisons (inactivate proteins) membrane disruptors antibiotics
49
Alexander Flemming
penicillin
50
Gerhard Domagk
sulfonamides to kill bacteria
51
mechanisms of antimicrobial actions
inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synth, pathogen attachment, DNA / RNA synth, general metabolic pathway or disruption of membrane
52
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
beta-lactam: antibiotics that prevent the NAM in petidoglycan from forming cross linkers (penicillin and methicillin) Bacitracin and vancomycin No effect on existing peptidoglycan or microbes without it
53
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Selectively targets the 70s ribosomes translation | Dangerous because our mitochondria also have these
54
Streptomycin
Inhibition of protein synthesis | changes shape of 70s ribosomes
55
(Fluoro)quinolones
target replication and transcription | act against replication enzymes specific to bacteria
56
Antibiotic resistance strategies
Exclusion (prevent entry) Destroy the antibiotic Modify it Immunity by modifying the target
57
Nosocomial infection
hospital acquired

Bio-M200 (6 decks)

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