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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Method

A 
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Test the Hypothesis
Does the Data Support the Hypothesis?
Modify
Repeat
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2
Q

Fungi

A

Plant-like: Cell walls

Animal-like: Obtain energy and nutrients from other organisms

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3
Q

Molds

A

Hyphae
Multi-cellular
Spread / reproduce with spores

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4
Q

Yeast

A

Unicellular

Reproduce by budding

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5
Q

Protists (protozoa)

A

Unicellular
Animal-like: Obtain energy and nutrients from other organisms
Can move via structures

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6
Q

Algae

A

Can be uni or multicellular

photosynthesize

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7
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular with many configurations: Rods, Cocci, Spirochetes

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8
Q

Archaea

A

Unicellular: Similar to bacteria, but extreme shapes and places

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9
Q

Viruses

A

Not living, do not fit into the tree of life

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10
Q

Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes: 1um long, 70s ribosomes
Eukaryotes: 10-100um, have membrane bound organelles, 80s ribosomes

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11
Q

Different types of cell walls

A

Fungi: Chitin
Bacteria: peptidoglycan

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12
Q

What is the shape of chromosomes in Bacteria and Archaea?

A

Circular

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13
Q

Out of Billions of bacteria species, about how many are responsible for making us sick?

A

30ish

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14
Q

Microbial Infallibility

A

For every naturally occurring compound there is a microorganism that can decompose it.

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15
Q

Plastics are derived from _____ which is in turn derived from _____.

A

Petrochemicals, oil

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16
Q

Plastics can be deteriorated without microorganisms but can only be broken down so far.

A

Physical degradation

Plastics can be broken down about as far as a jelly-like substance

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17
Q

Microorganism timeline

A 
Earth formed 4.6 bya
First microorganisms 3.5 bya
O2 available in significant amounts 2.5 bya
First Eukaryote 1.7 bya
Multicellular Eukaryote 1 bya
Dinosaurs .045 bya
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18
Q

How many Bacteria and Viruses are assumed to exist?

A

Bacteria: 5x10^30
Viruses: 1x10^32

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19
Q

Biological Nomenclature

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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20
Q

Numerical Taxonomy

A 
Name based on trait similarity
Disadvantages
1) Trait choice
2) All traits
3) Some traits
4) Same trait
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21
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Based on similarity of Gene Sequences
Sequences must be found in all representatives of the group studies
Functions must be same in all representatives
Sufficient differences such that each sequence has it’s own signature

22
Q

Naming by Disease

A

Pathogenic species are named based on the disease they cause

23
Q

Macromolecules

A

Polysaccharides, Phospholipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins

24
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrate (hydrated carbons): glucose or ribose.

Energy Source, Structure, Information

25
The difference between sucrose and high fructose corn syrup?
HFS doesn't have a oxygen bridge between the two ring structures.
26
Xanthan Gum
Polysaccharides with a seemingly complicated structure composed mostly of glucose. Produced by Xanthomonas campestris
27
Capsule
Prevent a microorganism from drying out and attach it to the host.
28
Proteins
Have very complex structures / shapes that determine function. Proteins are polymers (chains of amino acids) Function as enzymes and structure
29
Amino Acids
All have the same basic structure, but differ in their R groups.
30
Making a peptide bond
NH2 and COOH groups bond, the each drop a H and OH respectively (which goes to water) and form a polypeptide linkage. r-C-N-r with =O from the C (Very Strong)
31
Nucleic Acids
Named Nucleic Acids because they were isolated from the nucleus RNA and DNA ("de-oxy") Information, Structure, and Energy
32
DNA bases
Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine A always bonds T C always bonds G
33
RNA bases
Adenine Guanine Uracil Cytosine
34
Lipids
Primary component of the cell membrane
35
Phospholipids
Carry two fatty acid chains linked together by glycerol, and phosphate Amphipathic
36
Peptidoglycan
Polysaccharides of NAG and NAM, proteins link these together
37
What are the two cell architectures?
Gram + and - +: Rigid, thick external wall protects the cell membrane from osmotic pressure Teichoic acids: protect the cell membrane from chemicals -: Equally sized layers Porin: channel through the outer membrane Lipopolysaccharide(LPS): Barrier against chemicals
38
The Gram Stain
1: Crystal violet purple dye 2: Iodine (mordant) 3: Alcohol wash (decolorization) 4: Safranin (counterstain)
39
Cytoplasm
70% water No empty space and very little free water Wide variety of proteins and chemicals
40
Nucleoid (prokaryotes)
A region of the cell that contains the singular, circular chromosome.
41
Endospores (prokaryotes)
``` Only some bacteria make these Contains a copy of the chromosome Endospores are dormant 1) Extremely low water content 2) Dormant (1000’s of years?) 3) DNA is tightly compacted 4) Highly resistant ```
42
Ribosomes
75% of the cells dry mass Ribosomes translate (express) the messages sent from genes into new proteins
43
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell transport system
44
Golgi Bodies
Packages molecules for secretion in Secretory Vessicles | Other internal vesicles (Lysozomes) carry digestive enzymes to process food
45
Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have bacterial properties?
Over time, the cells lost the ability to survive independently Endosymbiotic Theory suggests that this was the origin of eukaryotes
46
1, 2, 3 troph
1) Energy source (Chemo / photo) [ATP] 2) Electron Source (organo / litho [inorganic]) [NADH] 3) Carbon Source (Hetero [organic chemicals], Auto [CO2]) ex: Chemolithoautotroph (get energy and electrons from inorganic chemicals (weird)
47
Conditions influencing Bacterial Growth
Temperature Osmolarity Oxygen Acidity
48
Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles
Survival is based on: Thermostable proteins fold at high temps and membranes with saturated fatty acids
49
Psychrophiles
4 to 10 degrees C | Optimized for low temps, membranes have unsaturated fatty acids
50
Hal(o)-
salt Halophiles Halobacterium and the Saltern
51
Microbacterial protection from O2
Superoxide Dismutase (enzyme that detoxifies radicals) makes H2O2 which is toxic in high amounts. Catalase converts that to water

Bio-M200 (6 decks)

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