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Social Psych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

We’re motivated by the desire to remain cognitively consistent

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2
Q

Cognitive Constancy

A

Desire for our beliefs + values + attitudes to all be compatible with each other

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3
Q

3 Elements of Positive Self-Image

A

1) Moral
2) Smart
3) Reasonable

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4
Q

Ways to reduce dissonance

A

Say it was ‘only a little ice cream,’ or ‘I don’t really need to be on a diet’

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5
Q

Festinger + Carlsmith classic study

A

When there is not a large enough reward or incentive, there will be strong dissonance for lying

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6
Q

Insufficient Deterrence

A

Mild punishment for playing with a toy will result in: ‘Eh, that toy wasn’t so great anyway’ (toy appears less attractive

Severe punishment: ‘I don’t want to play with the toy because I’m scared’ <– external punishment (but toy still seems attractive)

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7
Q

Counter-attitudinal Advocacy

A

Stating an opinion that counters your beliefs

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8
Q

Impact Bias

A

Overestimating the intensity and duration of our reaction to future negative events

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9
Q

External Justification

A

Lying about a friends dress being pretty because you’d rather not cause a fight, or her to feel bad

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10
Q

Internal Justification

A

Reducing dissonance by changing ones attitude or behavior

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11
Q

Illusion of Irrevocability

A

When decisions are permanent (buying a car/house), must justify actions and minimize dissonance

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12
Q

Lowballing

A

Car-salesman … lowers price, than raises it! bastard

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13
Q

Cheating vs. not cheating

A

Cheating: it’s ok, everyone would do it if they could

Not cheating: Damn, I coulda done better if I cheated

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14
Q

Justification of Effort

A

Increasing liking for something they worked hard for

…interpreting ambiguities in a positive way - “• Thinking “getting hazed was good because it made me stronger”

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15
Q

Attitude (different kinds of attitudes)

A

Belief expressed at some level of intensity:

  • Positive Attitude
  • Dual Attitude a.k.a. ambivalence
  • Indifference
  • Negative attitude
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16
Q

Self-Report Measures

A

Explaining your feelings and attitude

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17
Q

3 Components of Attitude

A

1 - Affective (emotional reaction)
2 - Behavioral
3 - Cognitive

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18
Q

Attitude Scale

A

Questionnaire to measure someones attitude toward an object

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19
Q

Bogus Pipeline

A

Fake lie-detector used to make people answer more honestly

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20
Q

Implicit Association Test

A

Racism!

Measures the speed which people respond to the pairing of concepts

…looking at pics of black or white people…the white people are racist

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21
Q

2 Routes to Persuasion

A

Central Route: Deep real meaning in the message

Peripheral Route: Message made to evoke certain emotions

22
Q

Identical twins share more _____ than fraternal twins?

A

Attitudes

23
Q

Obedience

A

Type of Social Influence

Less powerful person submits to more powerful person

24
Q

Conformity

A

A change in someones behavior due to real or imagined influence of others

25
Q

Milgram’s Obedience Studies

A

Experimenters had participants provide strong extremely strong shocks

80% of experiments provided the shocks even while the person was in severe agony (62% went all the way to 450 volts!)

26
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

Conforming because we believe the someone else’s view of ambiguous information is more correct than ours

27
Q

Normative Influence

A

Conforming to become accepted and liked by others

28
Q

3 Reasons why we obey (in experiments)

A
  1. Conform to wrong norms (experiment is moving so fast…no time to reflect)
  2. Self-Justification (it’s an experiment, nbd)
  3. Loss of personal responsibility
29
Q

Asch’s belief about Conformity

A

People tend to conform to social norms even when they’re obviously wrong

30
Q

A Collective

A

A group of people engaged in the same activity but having little interaction with each other

31
Q

Groupthink

A

Need for agreement between group
‘Many heads, one mind’
(usually ruled by a directive leader)

32
Q

Social Facilitation

A

How being in a group can facilitate better performance (biking faster with others)…can increase physiological arousal

…sometimes it can do the opposite (more complex tasks can hinder our performance)

33
Q

Social Loafing

A

When we don’t perform at our best because we’re part of a big group and rely on others

34
Q

Free-Rider Effect

A

Getting benefits from a group but avoiding obligations of the members

  • Exploiting….going to frat parties without pledging the frat
35
Q

Environmental Cues that lead to Deindividuation

A

Accountability Cues: Reduced accountability in a group

Attentional Cues: Focus a person’s attention away from the self

36
Q

Social Dilemma

A

What is good for one is bad for all

37
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

When too many individuals try to reap the benefits of something (available to all), and each time they use it its harming others

ex. Farmers depleting the land of soil

38
Q

Interest/Integrative Based Bargaining

A

When 2 chefs want an orange…they both claim it is critical that they have it

They figure out a solution that is ‘win-win’ for both of them

39
Q

Fundamental Human Motives

A
  • Need to be with others
  • Need to belong, have social ties (we care how others view us)
  • Need for affiliation
40
Q

2 aspects of Familiarity in Attraction

A
  1. Proximity (we date those who we live close to)

2. Exposure (the more we are exposed to someone or something, the more we come to like it)

41
Q

Physical Attractiveness =

A

Better social skills, more friends, more active sex life = because more people want to talk/hang out with you

42
Q

Do opposites attract?

A

Dissimilarity = revulsion
High similarity = attraction
low similar = indifference (possibly continue)

43
Q

Matching Attraction Hypothesis

A

People are attracted to people of similar attraction level (both good looking, both ugly)

44
Q

Hard to get girls

A

We like if they’re moderately hard to get, but not too selective, or too easy

45
Q

What men and women value

A

Men: Good looks, no previous sexual intercourse

Women: Good financial prospects, ambition and industriousness

46
Q

Murstein’s 3-Step Relationship

A
  1. Stimulus Stage (attraction)
  2. Value Stage (attachment based on beliefs etc.)
  3. Role Stage (commitment based on performance as partners)
47
Q

Relationship Satisfaction depends on:

A

Comparison Level

^ expectations of rewards and punishments of being part of a particular relationship

48
Q

The Intimate Marketplace (Equity Theory)

A

Your benefits/contributions should = her benefits/contributions

49
Q

Passionate Love vs. Companionate Love

A

Passionate: Heightened state of physiological arousal

Companionate: Affection found also between friends…less intense than passionate love, but can be deeper

50
Q

Yale Attitude Change Approach

A

1) Source of Communication
2) nature of the communication
3) nature of the audience

Social Psych (3 decks)

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