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Social Psych > Exam 1 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Social Psych

A

Scientific study of how people affect and are affected by others (real or imagined presence)

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2
Q

Social Loafing

A

The tendency for individuals to put forth less effort when working in a group…assuming someone else will complete the task

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3
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

Bystander effect…if someone is hurt, someone else will obviously call the cops

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4
Q

Social Psych vs. Sociology

A 
Sociology
- Group focus
Social Psych
- Individual Focus
……………….however both are very similar, and help us understand human behavior
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5
Q

Social Psych vs. Personality Psych

A

Personality
- Differences among individuals
Social
- How social factors affect most people

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6
Q

Social Psych vs. Cognitive Psych

A

Cognitive
- Study mental processes
Social
- How mental processes influence social behavior

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7
Q

What happened in 1936?

A
  • Society for the Psychological stud of Social Issues

- Sherif’s research on Social Influence

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8
Q

Kurt Lewin’s Fundamental Principals

A
  • Behavior = interaction between Person + Environment

- How we perceive the world around us

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9
Q

Interactionist Perspective

A

= Individual’s personality + characteristics of environment

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10
Q

Pluralism

A

1970’s - 1990’s

  • Period of acceptance for social psych through lab tests and many other forms of studies
  • Multicultural interest
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11
Q

New Century

A
  • Integrating emotion, motivation, and cognitive aspects
  • Looking at different cultures
  • Using new technology
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12
Q

Research Ethics

A
  • Must have IRB Board approve research

- Informed consent

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13
Q

Social Psych Studies are legit because…

A
  • Grounded in experiments
  • Uses different testing variables
  • Lab experiments + Field Experiments
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14
Q

Basic Research

A

Research that answers popular questions

ex. How do we fall in love?

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15
Q

Applied Research

A

Research to help figure out how to help a specific problem that exists in society

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16
Q

Steps of Scientific Method

A
  1. Ask questions
  2. Do background research
  3. Form a hypothesis
  4. Test with an experiment
  5. Analyze results/draw conclusion
  6. Hypothesis is true or false
  7. Report hypothesis
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17
Q

Theory

A
  • Principles that describe, predicts, and explains a hypothesis
  • A broad thought, broader than a hypothesis
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18
Q

Hypothesis

A
  • A testable prediction

- A detailed prediction that is far more tangible than a theory

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19
Q

Archival Studies

A

Examining records of past events

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20
Q

Case Studies

A

Detailed investigation of an individual

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21
Q

Correlational Studies

A
  • A statistical measure of the extent that 2 variables are associated
    ex. Cocaine and Hours of sleep (negative correlation)
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22
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

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23
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

Simply observation human behavior as it occurs

ex. observing a gorilla in the wild

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24
Q

Experiment

A
  • Tests a hypothesis my measuring and manipulating variables

- Looking for cause and effect

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25
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that is manipulated

Ex. Caffeine

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26
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable being measured

ex. Sleep after taking caffeine vs. placebo

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27
Q

Operational Definitions and Conceptual Variables

A

Operational definition states how a conceptual, or general variable will be manipulated and measured

  • Conceptual variable
  • — Being in a good mood with make you want to help others
  • Operational Definition
  • — Finding a dollar will increase likelihood that you will complete a survey someone needs
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28
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group that is exposed to independent variable

29
Q

Control Group

A

Group not exposed to independent variable (placebo)

30
Q

Main Effect

A

Overall effect of the independent variable, ignoring whatever other independent variables may be present

31
Q

Interaction

A

How the effect of one independent variable is different from the effect of others

32
Q

Statistical Significance

A

If results are less than 5%, than it likely occurred by chance, or statistical significance

33
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

Gather tons of data from all over and create a paper that combines the info from all over (many individual studies) and analyzes the results

34
Q

3 principles of Quality Scientific Research

A

Reliability
Generalizability
Replication

35
Q

Social Cognition

A

How people think about themselves and the social world…how we use social information to make decisions and judgements

36
Q

Information Processing

A

Too much info in our environment to process, so we use past experiences to filter new info

37
Q

Schemas

A
  • Mental info that we use to organize knowledge about the social world
  • Help us fill in missing information, and interpret ambiguous behavior
    ex. stereotypes, predictions about something or someone
38
Q

Memory is…

A

Reconstructive…

We fill in missing information, we put pieces together, sometimes we make shit up

39
Q

Pygmalion Effect (Rosenham)

A

The greater the expectation placed upon a person, the greater they perform
- Expectations influence behavior

40
Q

Sane in Insane places (Rosenham)

A

Hard to differentiate the sane from insane in mental hospitals
- Illustrates dangers of dehumanization and ‘labeling’

41
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

Your beliefs turning into reality

ex. If you walk into a party thinking you’re super cool and social, you will probably talk to people and make friends

42
Q

Counterfactual Reasoning

A

Mentally changing some aspect of the past to think of what could have happened

ex. If only I dove for that ball, we could have won
(this can cause greater distress)

43
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Mental shortcuts that brings to mind immediate examples like related events or situations

ex. If you hear of shootings in NYC, you may jump to the conclusion that NYC is dangerous

44
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Making judgements based on info we have

ex. Tyler likes skinny jeans, so he’s a hipster that sits around smoking weed all day

45
Q

Social Perception

A

How we form impressions and make inferences about other people

46
Q

Nonverbal Communication

A

Intentional or unintentional silent communication….aka body language

47
Q

Conversationalizing

A

Hand movement that goes along with your speech

48
Q

Virtual Space

A

The space your hand occupies when you’re talking and ‘conversationalizing’

49
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Special brain cells that are fired when someone else performs a behavior that we recognize

ex. Seeing somebody crying and feeling like you’re about to cry as well

50
Q

Display Rule Differences

A

When different cultures interpret body language differently

ex. Americans like to look at each other in the eye, asians don’t

51
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A

Type of schema that groups personality traits together

ex. He is nice so he must also be generous

52
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Attributing behavior to a person’s internal issues rather than how they were raised, social situation, environment etc.

53
Q

Kelley’s Covariation Theory (attributions)

A

Consensus: How do others react toward stimuli?
Distinctiveness: How does individual act toward stimuli?
Consistency: How does individual act toward stimulus during different situations?

54
Q

Actor-Observer Effect

A

Attributing our problems to environmental problems while attributing other peoples problems to internal issues

55
Q

Self-Serving Attribution

A

Attributing your successes to internal factors, and your failures to external factors

56
Q

Defensive Attribution

A

Explanations for behavior that avoid vulnerability and mortality

57
Q

Is it easy to lie?

A

Can lie well with their face, but not their body

58
Q

6 Factor Self-Concept Scale

A
  1. Power
  2. Task accomplishment
  3. Giftedness
  4. Vulnerability
  5. Like-ability
  6. Morality
59
Q

Self-Perception Theory

A

When internal cues are difficult to read, we can learn about ourselves by observing our own behavior (Darryl Bem said this)

60
Q

Affective Forecasting

A

Predicting our future emotions - we suck at it

61
Q

Durability Bias

A

Overestimating the strength and duration of future emotions

62
Q

Over justification Effect

A

People thinking their behavior is caused by extrinsic motivation or rewards, when in reality they simply enjoy doing it

63
Q

Schacter’s 2-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

We experience emotion through physiological arousal attached to a cognitive component

64
Q

Misattribution

A

Attributing arousal to something that didn’t cause it

ex. On a roller coaster date, heart is thumping, thinking it’s because of your hot date instead of the roller coaster

65
Q

Autobiographical Memories

A

Remember recent events rather than past ones, except for the case of ‘first times’
- Often distort that past and self-inflate us

66
Q

Implicit Egotism

A

Holding ourselves in high regard, as a way to maintain self-esteem

67
Q

Self-Handicapping

A

Sabotaging your performance to provide a good excuse for messing up

ex. getting wasted the night before a test

68
Q

Self-Verification

A

Desire to verify our own self-concept in the eyes of others

69
Q

High vs. low Self-Monitors

A

High: Changing behaviors to be perceived better in different situations

Low: Consistent, steady behavior

Social Psych (3 decks)

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