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General Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlovian

Respond to previously neutral stimuli that is pared with a stimulus that elicits an automatic response.

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1
Q

Learning

A

Change in an organisms behavior or thoughts as result of experience

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2
Q

Pavlov

A

Dog experiment

Classical conditioning

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3
Q

John B Watson

A

Founder of behaviorism

Little Albert

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4
Q

Phobia

A

Fear of certain stimuli

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5
Q

Little Albert

A

Rat = happy
Gong (UCS)
CR = crying at rat alone

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6
Q

Acquisition

A

Learning phase during which a CR is established

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7
Q

Extinction

A

Reduction/elimination of CR after CS is shown without UCS

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8
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Sudden reemergence of extinct CR after delay in exposure to CS

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9
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Showing the CR to similar CS but not original CS

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10
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Less CR to stimuli that’s the CS. ( jaws movie/ real life )

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11
Q

CC Advertising

A

Higher order conditioning to associate product with enjoyable stimuli

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12
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

learning controlled by consequences of an organisms behavior

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13
Q

BF Skinner

A

Skinners box. Mouse + Button = Food

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14
Q

Reinforcement

A

outcome that strengthens ones behavior

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15
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

adding stimulus to increase probability

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16
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

removing stimulus to increase probability

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17
Q

Punishment

A

decreasing target behavior

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18
Q

Positive Punishment

A

adding stimulus to decrease probability

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19
Q

Negative Punishment

A

removing stimulus to decrease probability

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20
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcing behaviors that come closer to the target behavior

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21
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

learning through thought

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22
Q

Latent Learning

A

Tolman and Honzik

not directly observable.

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23
Q

Observational Learning

A

learning by watching others

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24
Albert Bandura and Bobo Doll Studies
TV violence w/bobo dolls = child violence w/bobo dolls
25
Reconstructive nature of memory
Our brains best guess at putting together puzzle pieces of memories
26
Three systems of memory
sensory memory short term memory long term memory
27
Sensory Memory
brief storage of perceptual information before it goes to short term memory
28
Short-Term Memory
retains information we are currently thinking about
29
Duration of STM
10-20 seconds
30
Capacity of STM
Magic # 7 + or - 2
31
Chunking
organizing material into meaningful groups
32
Rehearsal
Repeating information to keep it in the STM longer Maintenance Elaborative
33
Maintenance Rehearsal
repeating information in its original form
34
Elaborative Rehearsal
linking material together meaningfully to retain longer
35
Long-Term Memory
a minute to many years
36
Serial Position Curve
primacy v recency on graph
37
Habituation
responding less strongly to CS overtime
38
Fixed Ratio
reinforcement after regular # of responses (15 clicks = 1 pellet)
39
Fixed Interval
reinforcement after at least 1 response in a time interval
40
Variable Ratio
reinforcement with a random number of responses
41
Variable Interval
reinforcement with at least 1 response in random time interval
42
UCR
automatic response to non-netual stimuli
43
UCS
elicits an automatic response
44
CS
initially neutral and forms a response because its associated with the UCS
45
CR
response previously associated with non-neutral elicited by the neutral stimuli by conditioning
46
Primacy Effect
the tendency to remember words at the beginning of the list
47
Recency Effect
the tendency to remember words at the end of the list
48
Explicit (Declarative) Memory
can intentionally recall and are conscious of it
49
Semantic Memory
knowledge of facts
50
Episodic Memory
recollection of events
51
Implicit Memory
don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
52
Procedural Memory
how to do things, habits, skills
53
Priming Memory
identify stimulus more easily after seeing similar stimuli
54
Three Stages of Remembering
encoding storage retrieval
55
Encoding
getting information into our memory banks (mnemonic)
56
Storage
keeping our information in our memory (schema)
57
Retrieval
reactivation/reconstruction of experiences from memory stores
58
Flashbulb Memories
emotional memories, vivid
59
Recall and Recognition
selecting and remembering previously remembered information
60
Context Memory
same context as memory was formed
61
State Memory
same state as memory was formed
62
Amnesia
memory loss
63
Retrograde Amnesia
loss of memories from our past
64
Anterograde Amnesia
inability to create new memories
65
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor preoperational concrete formal
66
Object Permanence
knowing objects still exist even when out of sight
67
Egocentrism
inability to see the world from the perspective of others
68
Conservation
same amount but different shape/size
69
Attachment
emotional connection to the ones closest to us
70
Harry Harlow and Monkey Mothers
they preferred the cloth mother analogs even when they weren't getting food from them
71
Separation Anxiety
8 months old, fear of strangers
72
Types of Attachment
``` John Bowlby Secure Avoidant Ambivalent Disorganized ```
73
Secure Attachment
mom leaves = upset | happy when she returns
74
Avoidant Attachment
indifferent to mother coming and leaving
75
Ambivalent Attachment
``` departure = panic return = indifferent ```
76
Disorganized Attachment
inconsistent results
77
Trust v Mistrust
less than or equal to 1 | develop trust
78
Autonomy v Doubt
(1-3) independence and self confidence
79
Identity v Role Confusion
12 -> since of role and direction
80
Intimacy v Isolation
finding personal relationships
81
Generativity v Self-Absorption
development of interests and having children
82
Integrity v Despair
satisfaction about future
83
Emotions
states associated with our evaluation of our experiences
84
Primary Emotions
``` universal emotions biologically based happiness disgust sadness fear surprise anger contempt ```
85
Display Rules
how and when to express emotions
86
Drive Reduction Theory
hunger, thirst and sexual frustration motivate us
87
James-Lange Theory
emotions come from our interpretations of bodily reactions to stimuli
88
Schacter's Cognitive Arousal Theory
emotion = arousal + explanation
89
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
emotions correspond to our expressions
90
Motivation
psychological drive the propels us in a specific direction
91
Drive
psychological state that directs the organism to meet the need
92
Homeostasis
equilibrium
93
Arousal and performance
directly related
94
Yerkes-Dodson Law
inverted U graph of arousal v performance
95
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
basic needs must be met before more complex needs can be
96
Self Actualization
Maslow's Hierarchy of Need's | drive to fulfill full psychological potential

General Psychology (3 decks)

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