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General Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlovian

Respond to previously neutral stimuli that is pared with a stimulus that elicits an automatic response.

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1
Q

Learning

A

Change in an organisms behavior or thoughts as result of experience

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2
Q

Pavlov

A

Dog experiment

Classical conditioning

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3
Q

John B Watson

A

Founder of behaviorism

Little Albert

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4
Q

Phobia

A

Fear of certain stimuli

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5
Q

Little Albert

A

Rat = happy
Gong (UCS)
CR = crying at rat alone

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6
Q

Acquisition

A

Learning phase during which a CR is established

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7
Q

Extinction

A

Reduction/elimination of CR after CS is shown without UCS

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8
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Sudden reemergence of extinct CR after delay in exposure to CS

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9
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Showing the CR to similar CS but not original CS

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10
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Less CR to stimuli that’s the CS. ( jaws movie/ real life )

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11
Q

CC Advertising

A

Higher order conditioning to associate product with enjoyable stimuli

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12
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

learning controlled by consequences of an organisms behavior

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13
Q

BF Skinner

A

Skinners box. Mouse + Button = Food

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14
Q

Reinforcement

A

outcome that strengthens ones behavior

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15
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

adding stimulus to increase probability

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16
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

removing stimulus to increase probability

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17
Q

Punishment

A

decreasing target behavior

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18
Q

Positive Punishment

A

adding stimulus to decrease probability

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19
Q

Negative Punishment

A

removing stimulus to decrease probability

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20
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcing behaviors that come closer to the target behavior

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21
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

learning through thought

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22
Q

Latent Learning

A

Tolman and Honzik

not directly observable.

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23
Q

Observational Learning

A

learning by watching others

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24
Q

Albert Bandura and Bobo Doll Studies

A

TV violence w/bobo dolls = child violence w/bobo dolls

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25
Q

Reconstructive nature of memory

A

Our brains best guess at putting together puzzle pieces of memories

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26
Q

Three systems of memory

A

sensory memory
short term memory
long term memory

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27
Q

Sensory Memory

A

brief storage of perceptual information before it goes to short term memory

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28
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

retains information we are currently thinking about

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29
Q

Duration of STM

A

10-20 seconds

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30
Q

Capacity of STM

A

Magic # 7 + or - 2

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31
Q

Chunking

A

organizing material into meaningful groups

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32
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating information to keep it in the STM longer
Maintenance
Elaborative

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33
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

repeating information in its original form

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34
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

linking material together meaningfully to retain longer

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35
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

a minute to many years

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36
Q

Serial Position Curve

A

primacy v recency on graph

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37
Q

Habituation

A

responding less strongly to CS overtime

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38
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

reinforcement after regular # of responses (15 clicks = 1 pellet)

39
Q

Fixed Interval

A

reinforcement after at least 1 response in a time interval

40
Q

Variable Ratio

A

reinforcement with a random number of responses

41
Q

Variable Interval

A

reinforcement with at least 1 response in random time interval

42
Q

UCR

A

automatic response to non-netual stimuli

43
Q

UCS

A

elicits an automatic response

44
Q

CS

A

initially neutral and forms a response because its associated with the UCS

45
Q

CR

A

response previously associated with non-neutral elicited by the neutral stimuli by conditioning

46
Q

Primacy Effect

A

the tendency to remember words at the beginning of the list

47
Q

Recency Effect

A

the tendency to remember words at the end of the list

48
Q

Explicit (Declarative) Memory

A

can intentionally recall and are conscious of it

49
Q

Semantic Memory

A

knowledge of facts

50
Q

Episodic Memory

A

recollection of events

51
Q

Implicit Memory

A

don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

52
Q

Procedural Memory

A

how to do things, habits, skills

53
Q

Priming Memory

A

identify stimulus more easily after seeing similar stimuli

54
Q

Three Stages of Remembering

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

55
Q

Encoding

A

getting information into our memory banks (mnemonic)

56
Q

Storage

A

keeping our information in our memory (schema)

57
Q

Retrieval

A

reactivation/reconstruction of experiences from memory stores

58
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

emotional memories, vivid

59
Q

Recall and Recognition

A

selecting and remembering previously remembered information

60
Q

Context Memory

A

same context as memory was formed

61
Q

State Memory

A

same state as memory was formed

62
Q

Amnesia

A

memory loss

63
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

loss of memories from our past

64
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

inability to create new memories

65
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete
formal

66
Q

Object Permanence

A

knowing objects still exist even when out of sight

67
Q

Egocentrism

A

inability to see the world from the perspective of others

68
Q

Conservation

A

same amount but different shape/size

69
Q

Attachment

A

emotional connection to the ones closest to us

70
Q

Harry Harlow and Monkey Mothers

A

they preferred the cloth mother analogs even when they weren’t getting food from them

71
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

8 months old, fear of strangers

72
Q

Types of Attachment

A 
John Bowlby
Secure
Avoidant
Ambivalent
Disorganized
73
Q

Secure Attachment

A

mom leaves = upset

happy when she returns

74
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

indifferent to mother coming and leaving

75
Q

Ambivalent Attachment

A 
departure = panic
return = indifferent
76
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

inconsistent results

77
Q

Trust v Mistrust

A

less than or equal to 1

develop trust

78
Q

Autonomy v Doubt

A

(1-3) independence and self confidence

79
Q

Identity v Role Confusion

A

12 -> since of role and direction

80
Q

Intimacy v Isolation

A

finding personal relationships

81
Q

Generativity v Self-Absorption

A

development of interests and having children

82
Q

Integrity v Despair

A

satisfaction about future

83
Q

Emotions

A

states associated with our evaluation of our experiences

84
Q

Primary Emotions

A 
universal emotions
biologically based
happiness
disgust
sadness
fear
surprise
anger
contempt
85
Q

Display Rules

A

how and when to express emotions

86
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

hunger, thirst and sexual frustration motivate us

87
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

emotions come from our interpretations of bodily reactions to stimuli

88
Q

Schacter’s Cognitive Arousal Theory

A

emotion = arousal + explanation

89
Q

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

A

emotions correspond to our expressions

90
Q

Motivation

A

psychological drive the propels us in a specific direction

91
Q

Drive

A

psychological state that directs the organism to meet the need

92
Q

Homeostasis

A

equilibrium

93
Q

Arousal and performance

A

directly related

94
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

inverted U graph of arousal v performance

95
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

basic needs must be met before more complex needs can be

96
Q

Self Actualization

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need’s

drive to fulfill full psychological potential

General Psychology (3 decks)

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