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General Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Seems scientific but isn’t.

Lacks safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance.

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1
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

2 structures in the forebrain that control movement.

Helps obtain rewards and anticipate rewards.

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2
Q

Thalamus

A

“Bedroom/chamber”

Gateway to sensory areas

Majority of sensory info passes through it

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3
Q

Behaviorism

A

General laws to learning by looking at observable behavior

“Black box psychology”

John Watson
BF Skinner

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4
Q

Critical Thinking Skills

A

Set of skills for evaluating claims in an open minded and careful fashion

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5
Q

Limbic System

A

Processes info about internal states, motivation, smell and the emotional center.

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus

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6
Q

Amygdala

A

“Almond”

Excitement, arousal, fear and fear conditioning

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates internal states, emotion, motivation, hunger, thirst, temperature and sexual motivation.

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8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Connects central nervous system to the rest of the body

Somatic
Autonomic

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9
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Somatosensory Cortex- touch, pressure, temperature, pain, tracks objects, location, shape, orientation, processes others actions, represents numbers, communicates visual and touch information to the motor cortex.

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10
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

Executive function. Motor cortex. Prefrontal cortex- thinking planning. Boca’s Area- language. Mood, personality, self awareness and abstract thinking.

Phineas Gage

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11
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Most mental processes- think, talk, reason.

Forebrain

12-20 billion neurons

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12
Q

Autonomic System

A

Controls involuntary actions of internal organs, and participates in emotional regulation with the Limbic System

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
ONLY ONE AT A TIME!

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13
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory, spatial memory (mental maps)

Damage = no new memories

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14
Q

Somatic

A

(Skeletal)

Carries messages from CNS to muscles. Controls movement and coordinates voluntary movement.

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15
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Hearing, understanding, storing memories.

Auditory cortex- hearing

Wernike’s Area- language

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16
Q

Functionalism

A

Charles Darwin

Adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics

Asks “why”

William James

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

Projection that picks up impulses from other neurons

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18
Q

Pseudoscience warning signs

A 
Exaggerated claims
Over reliance on anecdotes
No self correction
No connection to research
No peer review
"Proof" or "evidence"
Psychobabble
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19
Q

Structuralism

A

Identify basic elements of psychological experience

Create “map” of consciousness

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20
Q

Why can we be fooled?

A

Most mistaken thinking is cut from the same cloth as our most useful thoughts

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21
Q

Cognitivism

A

Thinking affects behavior

Thinking is central to psychology

Opens “black box”

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22
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

“I knew it all along affect”

Overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes.

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23
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells specialized for communication

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24
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

1879

First psychology lab in Germany

Student founded structuralism

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25
Q

Texture gradient

A

Texture is less apparent the further away it is

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26
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Ability of the nervous system to change

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27
Q

Random assignment

A

Randomly sorting into two groups

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28
Q

Linear perspective

A

Lines tend to converge into a point with distance

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29
Q

Monocular cues

A

Our perceived 3D and distance perception in one eye

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30
Q

Convergence

A

The closer things are the eyes start to turn into each other

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31
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Difference in where we see things with different eyes

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32
Q

Binocular cues

A

Brain compares visual cues from both eyes to determine depth and 3D

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33
Q

Control group

A

Group not receiving manipulation

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34
Q

Experimental group

A

Group that receives manipulation

35
Q

Over reliance on anecdotes

A

“Woman practiced yoga daily for three weeks, and hasn’t been depressed a day since”

36
Q

Pupil

A

Opening in the iris that let’s light enter the eye

37
Q

Occam’s Razor

A

If two explanations fit, go with the simple one

KISS = keep it simple stupid

38
Q

Evidence

A

Provides support for a claim or theory

Make sure evidence isn’t an extraordinary claim

39
Q

Replicability

A

When findings can be replicated

40
Q

Falsifiability

A

Capable of being disproven

41
Q

Correlation isn’t causation

A

Error in thinking that if one thing is related to another than one causes another

42
Q

Iris

A

Cored area of the eye that is a muscle with controls the size of the pupil

43
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable being manipulated by the experimenter

44
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain
Spinal cord

Controls the mind and behavior

45
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to judge distance and 3D cues

46
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Active during digestion and rest

47
Q

Scientific thinking, why we need it

A

To eliminate biases

48
Q

Sympathetic

A

Active during crisis, flight or fight or emotional arousal

49
Q

Node

A

Gap in myelin sheath that helps conduct impluses

50
Q

Synapse

A

Point of axon branch that releases neurotransmitters

51
Q

Closure

A

The mind fills in what it thinks is missing

52
Q

Similarity

A

Group items based on their similar appearance

53
Q

Transduction

A

The process of transforming external energy into neural energy

54
Q

Scientific skepticism

A

Approach to evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them

55
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to stick to our beliefs, even when evidence contradicts them

56
Q

Proximity

A

Things that are close together are thought to be a whole

57
Q

Figure ground

A

Decision to focus on what we think is the central figure and ignore the background

58
Q

Gestalt Laws

A

Laws that explain how we organize our perceptual information

Whole = more that the sum of the parts

59
Q

Cones

A

Receptor cells in the retina that allow us to see colors

60
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

Internal psychology we are unaware of, especially sex and aggression.

“Unconscious”

61
Q

Rods

A

Receptor cells that allow us to see in low light and to see black and white

62
Q

Fovea

A

Spot on the retina where light is lost sharply focused.

Cones are here

63
Q

Retina

A

Membrane in the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural energy

64
Q

Perception

A

The brains interpretation of raw sensory inputs

Interpretation

65
Q

Experimental Designs

A

Random assignment
Control group
Independent variable

66
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty coating that insulates axons an speeds up transmission of impulses

67
Q

Axon

A

Nerve fiber projecting from the cell body of a neuron that carries impluses

68
Q

Correlation

A 
0 = none 
\+1 = positive A⬆️B⬆️ or A⬇️B⬇️
-1 = negative A⬆️B⬇️ or A⬇️B⬆️
69
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Watching behavior in natural “real world” setting

70
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions

71
Q

Sensation

A

The detection of physical energy by sense organs that is sent to the brain

Detection

72
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Alike but with different functions

73
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

Visual cortex

74
Q

Lack of peer review

A

“50 studies by a company show amazing success!”

75
Q

Exaggerated claims

A

“3 simple steps to change your life forever!”

76
Q

Cell Body

A

Makes materials needed by the neuron

77
Q

Nervous system

A

Made up of two divisions

78
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable measured to see if independent variable had an effect

Effect

79
Q

Heuristics

A

Rules of thumb or mental shortcuts

80
Q

Naive realism

A

Belief we see the world exactly as it is

81
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Band of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

82
Q

William James

A

First American psychology lab

“Stream of consciousness”

83
Q

Case studies

A

One person or a small group of people that are studied in depth, usually for a long period of time

84
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis, and neglect or distort contradictory evidence

General Psychology (3 decks)

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