Exam 2 Flashcards
Sensory information from within the body
Interoceptors
Sensory information from muscles & joints
Proprioceptrs
Cutaneous receptors, vestibular apparatus, and joint receptors can be described as
proprioceptors
T/F: Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are interoceptors
false; proprioceptors
sensory information from outside the body
exteroceptors
what are three forms of exteroceptor stimuli
vision, hearing, smell
when stretched, the sensory neuron sends information to _______ to excite motor neurons to muscle fibers = _______
spinal cord ; muscle contraction
stimulation = _____
stimulation also = ______
stretch reflex
reciprocal innervation
When activated, sensory neuron sends information to spinal cord to inhibit motor-neurons to muscle fibers = _________
muscle relaxation & decrease in muscle
Where does afferent information go?
______ of spinal cord
_______ pathways of spinal cord
Through brainstem to the thalamus (_________)
dorsal horns ; ascending ; stimulus identification
Which lobe is being described?
- voluntary motor function
- motivation
- aggression
- IQ center
Frontal lobe`
Which lobe is responsible for touch?
Parietal lobe
Which lobe is responsible for hearing and smell?
Temporal lobe
Which lobe is responsible for vision?
occipital lobe
Frontal lobe of cerebrum & limbic system form intention to _____
act
Motor functions are initially organized in _____ motor cortex and then the ______ motor cortex
pre
primary
Descending tracts : ______
spinal tuning
little brain
- receives a copy of the motor commands sent out to muscles (effectors)
- Used as reference of comparison
Cerebellum
Motor commands sent via efferent (____) neurons to muscles (____)
motor ; effectors
If time permits, feedback loops (_______ loop)
closed
Programming of movement can be corrected, depending on feedback from body
closed loop control
Involves the use of feedback and error detection & correction to maintain desired goal
Closed Loop Control Systems
4 components of closed loop control system (CEEF)
- Comparator
- Executive
- Effector
- Feedback
____ also operate in a closed loop manner
Reflexes
We can examine reflexive systems via EMG activity in response to an _______ load
unexpected
What loop response is being explained?
- maintain joint angle
- increase load unexpectedly
- observe latency of corrections
Closed loop
- Occurs very rapidly after load
- Muscle spindle stretch
M1 Response
- Longer duration, higher EMG burst
- Some higher centers involved - muscle spindle processed
- Not voluntarily but some modification can occur
M2 response
- Voluntary, reaction time response
- Brings limb back to position
- Flexible & adaptable - may involve other muscles
M3 Response
______ argued there was a 4th response between M2 & M3
Dewhurst
Thought to be in-between a voluntary and reflexive response
Triggered Response
Which comes first, the effector or executive?
executive
What are the 3 portions of the executive? (SiRsRp)
- Stimulus Identification
- Response selection
- Response Programming
What are the 3 portions of the effector? (MpScM)
- Motor program
- Spinal Cord
- Muscles
What is also referred to as the efference copy?
comparator
e.g., boxing punch = 40 ms
- Outer feedback loop and ____ response cannot complete
M2
e.g., baseball swing = 100 ms
- only influenced by ____
M1
e.g., tennis groundstroke = 200 ms
- Includenced by ___ & ____
M1 M2
e.g., Tennis serve = 300 ms
- Any actions 300 ms or greater allow influence by ____, ____, and _______.
M1 , M2, outer pathway
_______ allow for flexibility of movement control
Closed loop systems
Flexibility makes control very _____, causing ____ - ____ ms needed for closed loop control
slow ; 200-300
System cannot explain ___, ___ skills or situation where no feedback is present
quick ; discrete
A pre-structured set of neural commands, organized in advance, that allow the entire movement sequence to be carried out (Keele, 1968)
Motor program
Motor program theory assumes all aspects of movement planning and execution are done in the ____ via “programs” which are stored in memory
CNS
T/F: Movements can be produced in the absence of feedback
True
T/F: Reaction time decreases with the complexity of movements
False ; increase
At the start of the stance phase, CPG will favor flexion or extension?
Flexion
At the start of the swing phase, CPG will favor flexion or extension?
extension
What are some problems with the motor program concept? (DofNS)
- Degrees of Freedom
- Novelty
- Storage
A ______ is proposed as a construct that allows central representation for a class of movements
generalized motor program
unable to be modified with a GMP (deep structures)
invariants
able to be changed within a GMP (surface features
Parameters
T/F: To produce a movement, a specific GMP is chose (e.g., overarm throw),
retrieved from long term memory (LTM), and then parameterized
True
What are the 3 Invariant features? (OoePRtRf)
- Order of elements
- Phasing/Relative timing
- Relative force
What are the 3 parameter features? (AdAfE)
- Absolute duration
- Absolute force
- Effector
This relationship for feedback-based movements (i.e., closed loop) has been mathematically described by the researcher _______
Paul Fitts
In the equation: MT = a + b * log2[2A /
W] ; what does log2[2A /W identify as?
Index of difficulty
There is a _____ relationship
between the Index of Difficulty
and Movement Time
linear
Uses single rapid movements and measure spread of movements = effective target width (We)
Schmidt’s Law
Schmidt’s Law = linear ______-
_______ trade-off
speed ; accuracy
logarithmic relationship - feedback based movements under closed-loop control
Fitt’s Law
linear relationship - preprogrammed movements under open-loop control
Schmidt’s Law
Very forceful movements can result in ______ variability
decreased
● “Athletes are born not made”
● Relates performance to abilities
● It’s all about your parents…
Nature
● “Athletes are made not born”
● Relates performance to skills
● It’s all about practice…
Nurture
Predicts high correlation
between tasks
Single Global Ability
Predicts low correlation between tasks
Specificity Hypothesis
When asked to perform a bimanual movement of different IDs, movement times do not change between hands…
This suggests ______ and _______ between
the limbs
coordination and modification
T/F: Gait transitions may also occur due to increased variability
True
T/F: Studies involving bimanual coordination tasks have shown that certain patterns are preferred
True
“In-phase” movements (___*) - coordinated contracting of homologous muscles
0
“Anti-phase” movements (____*) - alternating
contraction of homologous muscles
180
