Exam 2 Flashcards
Name and Describe the 3 types of muscle tissue. Similarities and differences. Where can you find each in the body?
Smooth: Involuntary slow contractions mitosis
Skeletal: Voluntary unable to divide thermoregulation
Cardiac: Involuntary
no mitosis no regeneration
Skeletal and Cardiac: Striations
Smooth and Cardiac: 1 Central Nucleus
How does the histology of cardiac and smooth muscle differ from that of skeletal muscle? How are they similiar?
Cardiac and Smooth: 1 Central Nucleus
Cardiac and Skeletal: striations
How does skeletal muscle help with thermoregulation? What kind of muscles are sphincters made of? What is the difference between internal and external sphincters?
Shivering: muscles contract and give off heat
Sphincter: Smooth or skeletal
Internal: expand smooth muscle have no control
External: skeletal muscle control
Where are the locations we find smooth muscle and what is its functions?
GI Tract: push food
Respiratory: Control air flow
Blood Vessel Wall: control blood flow
Surrounds Glands: control secretion
Uterus: expand and contractions
Bladder: expand push out urine
Involuntary sphincters: control exit of substances from body or organs
What are epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium? Describe their arrangement around the muscle fibers
Connective Tissue coverings/sheaths
Epimysium: covers whole muscle
Perimysium: covers muscle fascicle: bundle of muscle fibers
Endomysium: covering of muscle fibers
Describe the microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle
What proteins are found in skeletal muscle filaments?
What does the A H and I band represent?
Lots of peripheral nuclei and striations
Thick filaments: myosin
Thin Filaments: actin
A:thick filament length
H: only thick
I: only thin
What is the neuromuscular junction? What is its purpose? Which organelle in a muscle fiber plays a critical role in muscle contraction? How?
Where motor neuron meets up with skeletal muscle fiber
Contract muscle
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: releases CA2 causes contraction
What is Rigor Mortis? How does it occur?
Stiffening of muscle after death
All calcium released causing muscle contraction
No ATP to detach myosin head from actin
What is a motor unit? How does a large motor unit differ from a small motor unit?
Motor neuron and the fibers it controls
Smaller: finer control think fingers
Larger: grosser movements less control think quads
Name the 3 types of muscle fibers and describe their characteristics?
Fast:anaerobic contrast and fatigue rapidly
Slow: aerobic slow contraction and fatigue
Intermediate: in btwn
Can muscle regenerate?
Cardiac: no
Skeletal: some abilities
Smooth: yes mitosis
What anatomical structures make up the central nervous system?
What anatomical structures make up the peripheral nervous system?
CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord
PNS: Rest of the nerves
Name the 2 divisions of the PNS and their subcategories.
Autonomic/ Visceral/ Involuntary: smooth,cardiac, glands
Somatic/Motor/Voluntary:
skeletal muscle
Broken down into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
What does it mean for nerves to be afferent or efferent? Sensory or Motor? Somatic or Visceral?
Afferent: sensory nerves arriving to the brain
Efferent: motor nerves exiting the brain
Somatic: motor neurons controlling skin muscles
bone and joint
Visceral: sensory controlling internal organs
What are the 5 types of neuroglia? What is their overall function?
Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate multiple axons in the CNS
Schwann Cells: myelinate individual axons in PNS
Ependymal Cells: produce and circulate CSF in CNS
Microglia: immune cells macrophage eliminate debris infection and dying cells
Astrocytes: maintain BBB neuron connections, maintain environment around neurons
Describe the various functions of astrocytes? What is the blood brain barrier?
Help form BBB
Maintain environment around neurons
Facilitate neuron connections
BBB: prevents substances from blood from getting to CNS
only glucose O2 and some medicinal drugs
Which cells help produce and circulate CSF? What about these cells allow them to circulate the CSF?
Ependymal Cells
CILIA
What are the cells responsible for phagocytosis in nervous tissue? What might an abundance or cluster indicate?
Microglia
indicates injury or inflammation
What is myelin? What is it composed of? What cells provide the myelin? Where are each of these cells found?
Myelin: Fat that increases conduction of AP
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes: CNS
Schwann: PNS
What is a node of Ranvier, and what is its purpose? What is Multiple Sclerosis and how does it relate to myelin? Guillan-Barre Syndrome
Node of Ranvier: gaps between myelin that lets AP jump faster
SALTATORY CONDUCTION
Multiple Sclerosis: Demyelinating autoimmune disease in CNS
Guillan-Barre: demyelinating disease in PNS can be temporary
True or False
A somatic motor neuron controls smooth and cardiac muscle
False
Control skeletal muscle
True or False
Visceral sensory nerves receive information from internal organs
True
The __________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands
Visceral
Describe the gross features of the spinal cord. Why is the spinal cord enlarged in the cervical and lumbar areas? Describe the meninges, what they are, composition, and location around spinal cord. What is the epidural space? Subarachnoid space?
Describe the position of the spinal cord in relation to the vertebrae. Where does the spinal cord end? Where is a lumbar puncture usually done? Why is this location chosen?
Located within vertebrae column
Spinal cord ends 2nd Lumbar Vertebrae
Cauda Equina: needle maneuvers around nerves
Which nerve is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome? Describe what is means to hit your funny bone? Why is the phrenic nerve especially important?
Medial Nerve
Hitting exposed ulnar nerve
innervates diaphragm which controls breathing
The gray matter of the spinal cord is functionally divided? Where are the sensory regions locating in the gray matter of the spinal cord? The motor regions?
Sensory Regions: Posterior part of brain
Motor Regions: located in the Anterior part of brain
Where are the somatic motor neurons found in the spinal cord? Where are the motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
Anterior horn
Lateral horn
What does the gray matter of the spinal cord contain? What does the white matter of the spinal cord contain?
Soma cell bodies
Axon Terminals
How many spinal nerves are there? How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves are there? What is the cauda equina?
31
Cervical: 8
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccygeal: 1
Anterior roots are primarily composed of the axons of motor or sensory nerves? What are the posterior roots composed of? What is a posterior root ganglion composed of?
Motor
Sensory nerves
Sensory cells bodies
What are the anterior and posterior rami? What areas of the body do they supply?
Large branches of spinal nerves
Anterior Rami: supplies front of body
Posterior rami: supplies back of body
Describe the connective tissue coverings around a nerve?
Epineurium: entire nerve
Perineurium: Nerve fascicle
Endoneurium: Nerve Fiber
Describe each of the plexuses. Know the major peripheral nerves of each plexus and the spinal nerves that contribute to each?
Cervical: C1-C5 peripheral: phrenic innervates diaphragm controls breathing
Thoracic: C5-T1
peripheral nerve: musculocutaneous, axillary, median, radial, ulnar
innervates: skin muscles and upper limbs
Lumbar: T12 L1-L4
Peripheral nerve: femoral nerve
innervates: anterior compartment of thigh
Sacral: L4-L5, S1-S4
peripheral nerve: sciatic
innervates: posterior compartment of thigh and all lower limbs
