Exam 1 Flashcards
Levels of organization from simple to complex
cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism
What is anatomical position? Why is it used
Face,toes,palms forward
Same starting point
What two cavities divides the thoracic category?
Pleural: houses lungs
Pericardial: heart
What 2 categories divides the abdominopelvic cavities?
Abdominal
Pelvic
Primary organ of the vertebral canal
Spinal cord
Primary organ of the cranial cavitiy?
Brain
Lungs are the primary organ of what cavity?
Pleural Cavity
Primary organ of the pericardial cavity
Heart
Primary organ of the abdominal cavity?
Digestive, spleen, kidneys, ureters
Primary organ of the pelvic cavity?
Reproductive, bladder, rectum
Basic functions of a protein?
Enzymes, Hormones, Transport, Gene expression, Growth, Identifying
Rough ER
synthesize fold and transport protein
Smooth ER
detoxify stores calcium
Intercellular Attachments
Gap Junctions
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Functions of Gap Junctions
allow for diffusion
Functions of Tight Junctions
zip ties
prevent water and solutes from passing through
Functions of Desmosomes
Strongest
work with intermediate filaments to prevent stretching and twisting
Passive Transport
No ATP
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion
small non-polar molecules
Osmosis
Water moving to areas with high solutes high-low gradient
Facilitated Diffusion
assist bigger molecules with channel proteins
high-low
Active Transport
low-high
need ATP
Endo/Exo cytosis
Pino/Phago cytosis
Describe the phases of interphase
G1- duplication except DNA
S- synthesis of DNA
G2- finalization and protein synthesis
What is mitosis?
a cell divides to form 2 genetically identical daughter cells
Prophase
nuclear membrane breaks down
chromosomes condense
spindles form
Metaphase
Spindles line chromosomes up in the middle
Anaphase
Chromosomes separate
Telophase
nuclear membrane forms
chromosomes uncoil
fibers break down
Cytokinesis
cell movement
cytoplasm physically divides
4 Main tissue types found in the body and their distinguishing characteristic
Epitheleal: covers external surfaces
Connective: support
Nervous: communication/support
Muscle: movement
Name and describe the 6 main characteristics of epithelial tissues
Cellularity: tissue composed of cells no extracellular matrix)
Polarity: Apical or basal surface
Attachment:to basement membrane
Avascular: no blood vessels
Layers of Cell
Regeneration: stem cells
Functions of Epithelial tissues
Filtration
Secretion/Absorption
Protection
Sensory Reception
2 major categories of epithelial tissues found in the body
Glandular: synthesize and secrete chemical substances
Covering: lines body cavities
What is microvilli and cilia
microvilli: non motile membrane projection ABSORPTION AND SECRETION
cilia: microtubules allow for motility
What is the specific purpose of glandular epithelium?
modify secrete and synthesize chemical substances
What are the 2 major categories of glandular epithelium?
Exocrine: secrete products down a duct
Endocrine: diffuses hormones into the blood
What is a unicellular exocrine gland and where are they often found?
goblet cells found in digestive and respiratory tracts
Describe Simple Squamous Epithelium
Found in respiratory and GI tract
DIFFUSIONS:small things can pass through easily
Absorption/Secretion/Filtration
Describe Simple Cuboidal
Found in Kidneys
Absorb and secrete water salt or waste
Describe Simple Columnar
Found in GI tract and Uterine Tubes
Absorption/Secretion
Contain Goblet cells:secrete mucus
Describe Ciliated Pseudostratified
Found in Respiratory tract
Filtrate, secrete, and protect
Describe Stratified Squamous
Found in skin (keratinized) or mouth (nonkeratinized)
protection makes it tough
Describe Transitional Epithelium
Found in Urinary system
allows for STRETCH
Protection from recoil after stretch
Describe Stratified Cuboidal and Stratified Columnar
RARE
Found in sweat glands
Secretion
Name and describe each major mode of secretion
Merocrine: secrete through exocytosis
Apocrine: Apex breaks off to release products
Holocrine: wHOLE cell breaks down
How does connective tissue differ from epithelial tissue?
Connective Tissue never exposed to outside environment
Epithelial tissue: lining between in and outside
3 major things found in all types of connective tissue
Cells
Fibers
Ground Substance
6 Main functions of connective tissue (what you want in a partner)
Protection
Support
Binding
Immunity
Storage
Transport
What are the fixed cells found in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts: build fibers and ground substance
Adipocytes: energy source and insulation
Amoeboid: hug-take in-destroy
Mesenchymal- regeneration precursor for all connective tissue
What are the wandering cells found in connective tissue?
Monocytes: macrophages in blood traveling to infection
Mast: contain granules that release histamine and heparin in response to inflammation
Leukocytes: WBC for defense
What are the 3 types of fibers that can be found in connective tissue? Where are each found in the body?
Collagen: strongest thickest most common
Elastic: made of elastin stretchiest
Reticular: make up mesh framework thinner
Describe Scurvy, Ehlers-Danlos, and Marfan
Scurvy: lack of vitamin c prevents collagen from being made
Ehlers-Danlos: collagen fibers become elastic instead of strong
Marfan: Defect in elastic fibers weak heart and valves
What makes up the extracelluar matrix? Describe ground substance
Fibers and Ground Substance
Ground Substance: glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, proteoglycans
What is the mononuclear Phagocytic System?
Name some cells apart of this
Whole class of cells fighting bacteria within the body
Monocytes
2 major types of connective tissue and specific tissue types within them
Loose: Aerolar, Adipose, Reticular
Dense: Dense Regular, Dense Irregular
Describe Areolar CT
has a little bit of everything
most common
connects all organs
Describe Adipose CT
Made of Adipocytes
Protection, Storage, Insulation
surrounds organs and subcutaneous fat
Describe Reticular CT
Made of Reticular Fibers
Found in immune and lymph organs
houses WBC
Describe Dense Regular CT
Lots of collagen with fibroblasts in btw
provides resistance to tension
Found in tendons and ligaments
Describe Dense Irregular CT
Lots of collagen in irregular patterns
Can be pulled in lots of different direction
Found in Dermis of skin and end of bones
What is brown adipose tissue
Mostly in babies good for energy storage
more mitochondria more activity generate lots of heat THERMOGENESIS
smaller lipids
Describe the general characteristics of cartilage? What are the names of cartilage cells?
Avascular
Connective TS
made of chondrocytes that produce fibers and ground substance
Name the 3 types of cartilage. Which is the most common? Where can you find each type in the body?
Hyaline: weakest and most common nose larynx trachea
Elastic: most flexible ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage: strongest, menisci intervertebral disc pubic symphysis
Describe the structure of an intervertebral disc. What type of cartilage is it made of? What can happen if a disc bulges or slips?
Annulus Fibrosus: Rings of tough collagen surrounding
Nucleus Pulposus: gel like core, shock absorping GAGs and Glycoproteins
Fibrocartilage
Nucleus Pulposus leaks and pushes on spinal nerve causing numbness pain and muscle weakness
What is the purpose of the epiphyseal plate in long bone?
hyaline cartilage added for bone length replaced with bone
What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?
Red bone marrow: found between spongey bone contains hematopoietic cells that build all blood cells
Yellow Bone marrow: made of fat found in medullary cavity
Types of cells involved in bone tissue and their functions
Osteoclasts: break bone down
Osteoblasts: build bone
Osteocytes: matured osteoblasts
2 major components of the bone matrix? How does bone matrix differ from cartilage?
Calcium salts and collagen
Cartilage: collagen and chondrocytes
avascular
What type of tissue is the periosteum made of?
What is the function of the periosteum and endosteum?
What are osteoprogenitor cells?
Dense Irregular Tissue
Peri: cover outside bone stem cells blood supply
Endo:line inside of bone stem cells
Differentiate into osteoclasts/blasts
Parathyroid hormone
stimulates osteoclasts to inc blood calcium levels
Estrogen and Testosterone
hormones that inhibit osteoclasts
Growth
allows for growth decreases after adolescence leading to fusion
Erythropoietin
stimulated RBC production
What is osteoporosis
Degration of bone weakened bones
What is rickets
lack of vitamin D causing brittle/ soft bones
What is vitamin D and what are some benefits?
Hormone
Required for Calcium absorption
What are some ways skin can regulate body temperature
Sweat: evaporative cooling vasodilation blood gets closer to surface and releases some of its heat
Vasoconstriction: blood stays deeper in the body to preserve its heat
What tissue is the epidermis made of? What tissue is the dermis made of?
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Areolar CT Dense Irregular CT
What are the 4 main types of cells found in the epidermis?
Langerhan: phagocytic
Keratinocytes: most abundant water and physical barrier
Merkel: sensory receptors
Melanocytes: produce melanin
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Corneum: 20-30 dead cells physical barrier and scuffed off
Lucidum: only in thick skin non nucleated and no organelles
Granulosum: some alive/dead contain proteins and lipids WATERPROOF AND STRENGTH
Spinosum: Langerhan cells with lots of keratinocytes
Basale: keratinocytes with lots of mitosis
Compare and Contrast Thick and Thin skin
Thick: contain lucidum layer
no hair or sebaceous glands
palms/bottom of feet
Thin: everywhere else
Name and describe the 2 layers that make up the dermis.
Papillary Layer: Areolar CT and Dermal Papillae blood vessels and nerve endings
Reticular layer: Dense Reg
Collagen fibers: no tear and waterproof
Elastic Fibers: flexibility and accessory organs
How does the blood supply differ between the epidermis and dermis?
Epidermis is avascular cells are nourished through upwards diffusion from dermis
Dermis contains blood vessels and nerve endings
What part of the skin gives rise to fingerprints?
Dermal Papillae
What is the Hypodermis?
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue
Not a part of the skin
Anatomy of a hair.
Arrector Pili
What are nails composed of
Root: mix of live and dead cells
Shaft: all dead cells w keratin
Arrector pili: makes hair stand up
Keratin
Describe the various types of glands found in the skin
Sweat:2 types
Apocrine: found in axillary and groin empty onto hair follicle BO
Eccrine:prespiration: cools skin and opens pores
Sebaceous
exocrine glands that secrete oil through holocrine
soften hair and skin
What are myoepithelial cells?
surrounded by secretory glands
muscle that squeezes sweat out
What gland is associated with acne?
Sebaceous glands: bacteria causes inflammation of glands unable to secrete oil
What are the 3 Main factors that determine our skin color?
Melanin: activity determine pigment
Blood Vessels: oxygenated blood appears red
non-oxygenated appears blue
Carotin: found in carrots can make us orange
What are the 2 functions of Melanin?
provide skin color
protect nucleus of our skin from UV radiation
What are the 5 classifications of bones?
Long: femur tibia
Short: carpals
Flat: scapula sternum ribs
Irregular: os coxa, vertebrae
Sesamoid: small round and develop inside tendons
What are fontanelles and what do they allow for?
Soft spots
Connective tissue connecting flat bones in skull
Brain Growth and Flexibility during birth
What are the 3 anatomical classifications of joints?
Most mobile and strongest
Synovial: most mobile and common
Fibrous: strongest skull sutures
Cartilaginous: support intervertebral and pubic symphyis
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Plane: gliding intercarpals
Pivot: Rotations Ulna and Radius
Condyloid: flex extend abduct adduct fingers?
Hinge: Flex and Extend Humerus and Ulna
Saddle: thumb opposition
Ball and socket: wide range
Explain the sacrifice between mobility and stability
More mobility means the joint is unstable
More stability means the joint is not very mobile
What general factors contribute to the stability of joints?
Muscle Mass
Shape of Joints
Presence of Cartilage
Presence of Ligaments
What is bursa and where is it located?
Sacs of synovial fluid
Outside joint capsule
Btw Tendons and bone
Btw Skin and bone
Describe the general characteristics of a synovial joint? What is a joint capsule? What is the purpose of the synovial membrane
Articular Cartilage
Synovial Membrane: reduce friction shock absorber
Joint capsule: continuation of periosteum connects bone to bone
Describe the Anatomy of the knee joint
Articular Cartilage: made of hyaline cartilage reduces friction
Synovial Membrane: makes synovial fluid
Cruciate Ligaments: knee stabilization: intrascapular
Collateral Ligaments: Extrascapular
Menisci: pad cushion stability
What are the functions of synovial fluid? How does warming up affect fluid and cartilage
Shock absorper
Provide nutrients and release waste
Reduces friction
Thins out fluid squeezes in and out cartilage
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Autoimmune disease
WBC attack synovial membrane
What is osteoarthritis? Osteophytes? How can it affect the joint?
Cartilage break down between bones
Bone spurs
Immobile joints
What type of tissue are tendons and ligaments made of? What is the difference between a tendon and ligament?
Dense Regular CT
Tendon: muscle-bone
Ligament: bone-bone
What 2 bones and features make up the glenohumeral joint? Glenoid labrum?
Humerus -head
Scapula: glenoid cavity
Fibrocartilage ring to inc surface area/depth and act as a plunger to stabilize
What ligaments contribute to the stability of the shoulder joint
Coracohumeral: coracoid process and humerus YANKING
Coracoacromial: Coracoid and Acromion TOO HIGH UP
Coracoclavicular: coracoid and clavicle KEEP CLAVICLE INFERIOR
Acromioclavicular: Acromion and Clavicle SHOULDER SEPERATION AND DISLOCATION
What muscles make up the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres Minor
What 2 bones and features make up the hip joint?
Acetabulum and Femur head
