Exam 2 Flashcards
Norming studies
Asking participants to rank words on different values
Orthographic strangeness
How a word belongs based on phonetics
Word fragment completion
IV (studied v. unstudied) DV (amount correct)
Free recall
IV (list position, stimulus duration, list length) DV (amount correct)
Semantic priming
IV (related v. unrelated) DV (RT and accuracy)
Category verification
IV (typical categorical v. not) DV (RT and accuracy)
Parvocellular pathway
What - Occipital to temporal
Magnocellular pathway
Where - Occipital to parietal
Parallel processing
Simultaneous processing of 2 different types of information from the same input
Top-down processing
Memory guides perception (conceptually driven)
Bottom-up processing
External stimuli drive perception (data driven)
Saccade
Very fast eye movements (25 - 100 ms)
Fixations
Separates saccades
Change blindness
Failure to notice changes that happen during a saccade
Why must attention be interruptible?
Fire in the library !! Want to be able to respond to unexpected stimuli
Inattentional blindness
Failure to see an object despite looking at it head on (attention is directed elsewhere)
Sensory memory
A brief memory store that is hypothesized to exist for each of our senses
Features of Sensory Memory
Capacity, duration, and forgetting
Iconic memory
Visual sensory memory
Capacity
Differs from different types of material, but is relatively large
Duration
About 250 - 300 ms
Forgetting
Either from decay or interference
Decay
Function of time
Interference
Function of other information getting “in the way”
Sperling - Whole report
The participants were asked to name as many of the 12 letters flashed at them they could
Whole report results
4 -5 letters, but knew the other letters were there (memory had faded away)
Sperling - Partial report
1 of 3 tones sounded immediately after the display of letters; tones corresponded with a tone; participants were asked to report the letters that matched the tone
Partial report results
Could report pretty much the whole row (3 - 4)
How does adding a delay to the tone affect Sperling’s partial report modification?
Removed the advantage of the partial report
Haber’s argument for Sperling
Ecological validity - Visual processing was much more constant then the tests done
What trial condition was least accurate in Crowder and Morton’s study of Auditory Persistence?
Silent - See the numbers and read silently
Modality effect
The last items are recalled better with auditory representation (as opposed to visual) Auditory memory has a longer duration than that of visual memory
Auditory pattern recgonition
Speech perception is dependent upon context
Template
Stored models of all categorizable pattern (comparing one to a store of many)
Prototype
The most representative member of a category (comparing one to the most representative of many)
Feature detection/analysis
A finite set of features used for identification; simpler patterns that can be combined in many ways with many other features
Data/image demons
Encode the pattern
Computational/feature demons
Feature analyzers (they are trying to find their key features)
What is the purpose of these cognitive demons?
Detect if features of the letters are present
Decision demon
Listens to the loudest cognitive demon in order to identify/recognize the pattern
RBC
Recognition by Components - Using geons to identify an object
Geon
Geometric ions that represent subcomponents of 3D objects
