Exam 2 Flashcards
How do carbohydrates support the body?
primary source of fuel and energy
How do proteins support the body?
facilitates growth and repair of tissue; energy source
How do fats (lipids) support the body?
source of fatty acids, necessary for growth and development; energy source
What are some sources of carbohydrates?
Whole grains, legumes, vegetables, and fruits
Which form of fat is more heart friendly, saturated or unsaturated?
Unsatruated is more heart friendly
Fat is essential for the transportation, absobtion, and digestion for what fat-soluable vitamins?
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
What makes a complete protein?
A protein that contains all 9 amino acids
What makes a fat saturated or unsatruated?
A saturated fat means that all of carbons are fully saturated with hydrogens
Unsaturated fat means that not all of the carbons are saturated with hydrogens
What foods are complete proteins?
Meat, milk, cheese, eggs, and fish
What foods are incomplete proteins?
Legumes, nuts, grains, cereals, and vegetables
What is an example of two foods that together make a complete protein?
Rice and beans
What is a vitamin?
Compounds that are involved in regulating bodily functions
What happens if a patient is deficient of carbohydrates?
Tissue wasting due to the body breaking down proteins and fats in the body to get the energy it needs
What happens if a patient is deficient of proteins?
In illness it can cause poor wound healing, lack of tissue structure, and issues with blood compontents
What can lead to protein deficiencies?
Anemia, edema (swelling of hands or feet), tissue wasting, and weight loss
What does tissue wasting mean?
It means the loss of tissues that are made out of proteins
What happens if fat soluable vitamins are taken excessively?
Toxicities can develop
What does vitamin D do?
It supports the absorption of calcium
What is the function of vitamin C ?
Collagen synthesis and immune support
What are minerals?
They are salts dissolved in water or are referred to as electrolytes
What happens as a result of a vitamin A deficiency?
Infections, night blindness, and keratinization (hardening of skin)
What happens as a result of a vitamin D deficiency?
rickets in children (weakening of bones) and osteomalacia in adults (softening of bones)
What happens as a result of a vitamin E deficiency?
erythrocyte hemolysis or red blood cell destruction in premature newborns
What happens as a result of a vitamin K deficiency?
It is rare except in newborns
What happens as a result of a vitamin c deficiency?
It can lead to scurvy
What are the attributes of nutrition?
- Food selection
-Ingestion/ oral intake - Digestion
- Absorption
- Cellular metabolism
What does food selection mean?
the selection of which foods are consumed. This can be influenced by personal, social, cultural, and economic factors.
What does ingestion/oral intake mean?
the intake of required macro and micronutrients as well as water
What does digestion mean?
the process of mechanical and chemical breakdown of food matter and complex micronutrients
What does absorption mean?
The process of nutrients moving from the digestive system into the circulatory system
What does cellular metabolism mean?
includes the enzymatic and hormonal processes that occur within cell structures that allow micro and macro nutrients to be used for energy, new products, and tissues.
What is a food desert?
A community where access to healthy affordable food is limited
What does a food apartheid/desert mean for patients are affected by one ?
That they have a harder time accessing grocery stores with healthy and affordable options this could affect someone’s health, and finances
How can nurses support patients living in a food desert/apartheid?
Refer patients to programs like SNAP, Meals on Wheels, and local food bank programs
What is necessary for red blood cell formation?
Iron
What are water soluble vitamins?
Vitamin C and B complex
Which vitamin is synthesized by bacteria in the small intestine?
Vitamin K
What micronutrient helps with neural tube development of a fetus?
Folic acid/ folate
What kind of fats are heart healthy?
HDLs
What is something that is not a macronutrient but is required by all humans
Water
What is the brain’s favorite macronutrient?
Glucose/ Carbs
Which macronutrient is the most concentrated in calories?
Fats/ Lipids
What are social determinants of health that affect nutritional status?
Neighborhoods and built environment, economic stability, social and community context
What are foods that support the microbiome?
Fermented foods and non-processed foods
What increases with increasing food prices?
Food insecurity
What is the microbiome?
The microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and their genes, that naturally live on our bodies and inside us (GI and reproductive tract)
Who needs on average 300 more calories a day?
Pregnant people
What age is is most important to be careful with choking hazards?
Infants/ toddlers
What type of nutrition is recommended for the first 6 months of life?
Breastfeeding or formula feeding
What should be avoided being taken with milk or dairy products?
Iron supplements
What are some plant based foods that are high in iron?
Leafy greens, legumes, tofu, and fortified cereals
What are some common symptoms of anemia?
Fatigue, headaches, pallor, and dizziness
What age groups are at higher risk for anemia?
Milkfeeding infants, Young children, people who menstruate, are pregnant, or breastfeeding, and older adults
What is examined in a blood test for anemia?
The hemoglobin, hematocrit, or the complete blood count
What does vitamin A do?
Maintain healthy eyesight and supports night vision
What do the the vitamin B complexes do?
They help support enzymatic functions
How many types of B vitamins are there?
8
What does vitamin E do?
It is an antioxidant that prevents free electrons from damaging cells in the body
What does vitamin K do?
It supports blood clotting which allows for wound healing
What does vitamin B9/ Folic Acid do?
Red blood cell formation and neural development for fetuses
What does vitamin B12 do?
Red blood cell formation, metabolism and production of DNA
What does Niacin or Vitamin B3 do?
It helps to turn food into energy and supports the nervous, digestive, and integumentary system healthy
What does iron do?
It makes hemoglobin which is protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen
What is a macronutrient?
A nutrient that the body needs in large amounts to maintain health
What are some examples of macronutrients?
Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
What are micronutrients?
Nutrients that the body needs these in smaller amounts to maintain health
What are some examples of micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals
What are amino acids?
Molecules that combine to form proteins
What are some examples of amino acids?
Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and others
What are some sources of complete proteins?
Chicken, eggs and quinoa
What are some examples of saturated fats?
Butter and lard
What are some examples of unsaturated fats?
Olive oil and avocado
A saturated fats or unsaturated fats more likely to be solid at room temperature?
Saturated fats
A saturated fats or unsaturated fats more likely to be liquid at room temperature?
Olive oil and avocado
What is dietary fiber?
The parts of plant foods your body can’t digest or absorb
What are some examples of dietary fiber?
Whole grains and vegetables
What is the purpose of a lipid profile lab test?
To assess lipid metabolism such as the amount of high density lipid proteins (HDLs), low density lipid proteins (LDLs), triglycerides, or cholesterol
What happens as a result of lipid defiencies?
It can cause the person to have reduced immune function, and to increase their chances of getting neurodegenrative diseases like Alzheimer’s
What does a blood glucose test measure?
It measures the metabolism of carbohydrates to see if there is an impairment in the metabolism of glucose
What does it mean if someone is deficient in blood glucose?
It means that the person has an inadequate caloric intake
What does the hemoglobin and hematocrit blood test measure?
It measures the amount of iron that someone is reciving from dietary intake and it can also measure the hydration status of a patient
What does a deficiency of hemoglobin and hematocrit mean?
It means that the patient could be anemic due to a deficiency of iron, folate, or vitamin B12. It could also show that the patient is dehydrated
What does a Serum Albumin test look for?
It looks for the amount of protein circulating in the blood.
What does a deficiency in albumin mean?
It can be caused by protein-calorie malnutrition, chronic/acute inflammation, blood loss, or altered fluid status
What does a electrolyte test look for?
General health status, along with measures of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus
What does an electrolyte deficiency mean?
It could mean an inadequate dietary intake, renal disease, liver disease, or diabetes
What is the scope of nutrition?
Malnutrition- Insufficient nutrition- optimal nutrition status- excess nutrition- malnutrition
What does malnutrition mean?
That the patient is not getting the necessary amounts of micro and macronutrients that the body needs. Which can happen with low or high intake of calories
What defiencies might infants be at risk for?
Vitamin D
What can be done for infants with vitamin D deficiencies?
Add suppilments to their breastmilk or formula
What deficiencies are adolescents at risk for?
Calcium due to growth spurts along with ED’s due to peer and socital standards
What percentage of college students are food insecure?
20-50%
What does SMART stand for?
Specific
Measurable
Actionable
Realistic/Relevant
Time Bound
What does suboptimal nutrition mean?
That someone is getting too much or too little of the necessary nutrients
What does the term food apartheid mean?
It means that differences in food availability and food security are influenced by structural conditions such as racism and public policy
Is micronutrient toxicity more likely to occur with water soluble or fat soluble vitamins?
Fat soluable because they are stored in adipose tissue
How long apart can incomplete proteins be eaten to count as/ from complete proteins?
Within 24 hours
Should HDL levels be high or low?
High because its heart healthy
Should LDL levels be high or low?
Low because they are lousy
What kinds of fruits support iron absorbtion?
Citrius fruits
What does the duodenum break down?
Trace materials
What does the jejunum break down?
Water soluble vitamins, Carbs, and Proteins
What does the lleum break down?
fat and fat-soluble vitamins
What does the colon break down?
Water
