Exam 1 content Flashcards
What is the definition of health promotion?
he process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health (WHO, 1986).
What is the scope of health promotion?
The scope of health promotion is:
perfect health
moderate health
marginal health
exposure/ lifestyle risks
early disease
late disease
death
What are the attributes of health promotion?
- Optimization of health
- Community/ patient centered care
- Social determinants of health
- Health literacy
What does optimization of health mean?
Measures to maintain high levels of wellness, prevent, illness, and detect and manage disease early when it occurs (Giddens 2021)
What does community/ patient centered care mean?
Interventions must be valued and desired by the individual/community impacted. And be accessible to them. (Giddens 2021)
What does social determinants of health mean?
The conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life (WHO, 2022)
What does health literacy mean?
The degree to which individuals have the ability to find, understand, and use information to inform health-related decisions and actions for themselves and others (Healthy People 2030)
What are the levels of prevention?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
What happens in primary prevention?
Health education, immunizations, and advocating for health policy
What happens in secondary prevention?
Screenings! vision screenings, blood preassure clinics, and harm reduction programs
What happens in tertiary prevention?
Rehabilitation, ongoing treatments including long term therapies or medications for the condition
What does social ecological model do?
Emphasizes that multiple variables influence health behavior from individuals to public policy- Giddens 2021
What happens on the individual level of the social ecological model?
it consists of the individuals knowledge, attitudes, skills,
What makes up the interpersonal level of the social ecological model?
families, friends, social networks
What makes up the organizational level of the social ecological model?
organizations, and social institutions
What makes up the community level of the social ecological model?
relationships between organizations
What makes up the public policy level of the social ecological model?
state, local laws, and regulations
What is the health promotion model?
Healthy behaviors are influenced by integration of unique characteristics, experiences, and influences of behavior
How many stages are in the health promotion model?
6
What can be done for a patient in the precontemplation phase?
Educate on risks vs benefits and positive outcomes related to change
What can be done for a patient in the contemplation phase?
Identify barriers and misconceptions; address concerns and identify support systems
What can be done for a patient in the preparation phase?
Develop realistic goals and a timeline for change; provide positive reinforcement
What can be done for a patient in the action phase?
Provide positive reinforcement
What can be done for a patient in the maintenance phase?
Provide encouragement and support
What is healthy people 2030?
National Goals that outlines 358 measurable objectives to promote health and wellness in our population
What are the 5 overarching goals of healthy people 2030?
1) Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being, free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death
2) Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve health and well being for all
3) Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining full potential for health and well-being for all
4) Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life stages
5) Engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve health and well-being for all - Giddens 2021
What are the priority areas from healthy people 2030?
Health equity
Social Determinants of health
Health literacy
What is the definition of vulnerable populations?
“…are those with a greater than average risk of developing health problems by virtue of their marginalized sociocultural status, their limited access to economic resources, or their personal characteristics such as age and gender.” (Chesnay & Anderson 2016, p.5)
What is the definition of health disparities?
Are preventable differences in burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health experienced by socially disadvantaged racial, ethic, and other population groups, and communities. Health disparities exist in all age groups including older adults- CDC
What is the definition of poverty?
“The extent to which an individual does without resources” Payne, 2019, p.7
What are some resources that someone facing poverty might lack?
Financial, emotional, spiritual, mental, physical, support services, role models, and knowledge of hidden rules - Payne 2019.
What is health literacy?
The degree to which individuals have the ability to find, understand, and use information to inform health related decisions and actions for themselves and others. (Healthy People 2030, n.d.)
What are the 5 best health literacy practices?
- Everyone is at risk for low health literacy
- Use direct non-jargon language with talking to patients
- limit information to 1-3 need to know items per session
- ask questions in a patient centered manner
- use “teach back” to confirm understanding
(Hudson, Pederson, and Coleman 2015)
What is the definition of sleep?
A natural, necessary shift in physiological and neurological activity that is intended to be restorative.
What are the attributes of sleep?
- absence of wakefulness
- reduced conscious awareness of one’s surroundings
- presence of sleep stages
What is the scope of sleep?
Chronic poor sleep (sleep disorder)
Intermittient poor sleep (situational)
Restorative sleep
Fill in the blanks
Someone must go through all 4 ______ stages of sleep before reaching _______ sleep
NREM, REM
How long is each NREM stage?
5-15 minutes
How long is the REM cycle?
90-110 minutes
How much do infants spend in NREM vs Adults?
infants 50%
adults 20%
Fill in the blanks
Stages ___ & ____ deep sleep, is essential for tissue regeneration, immunity, metabolism, and hormone regulation
3 and 4
What are some medical states/conditions that are risk factors for poor sleep?
-Family history of sleep disorders
- Pregnancy
-Perimenopause
- Obesity
- Other chronic conditions
What are some lifestyle/ circumstance factors that increase the risk for poor sleep?
-Aging
-Variable shift jobs
- irregular daily routines
- major life changes
- stress
What are safe sleeping practices for infants?
-Putting babies in cribs with firm mattresses to sleep
- Warm clothes
- No blankets, bumpers, or toys in the crib (to prevent suffocation)
- Do NOT sleep next to the baby
What medical conditions are you at risk for by getting inadaquate sleep?
- Type 2 diabetes
- heart disease
- obesity
- increased mortality
What are some short term consequences of getting impaired sleep?
- cognitive impairment
- memory loss
- poor immune system function
- irregular heart rate
- decreased temperature
- growth suppression
What does ANA code of ethics say about nurses working while sleep deprived?
That fatigue affects performance
A research review of 38 studies by (Bell, et al, 2023) found that fatigue was a contributing factor to…
mistakes in medication administration and near misses
Fill in the blank
Nurses who work more than _____ hours are 3x more likely to make errors when providing patient care
12.5
What is obstructive sleep apnea?
It is a sleeping disorder that is characterized by a cessation of breathing during sleep that is caused by repetitive partial or complete obstruction of the airway and pharyngeal structures
How many times does breathing have to stop during sleep for it to be considered sleep apnea?
5 or more short pauses in breathing per hour
How long do the pauses in breathing last in sleep apnea?
10-20s before the person will wake up or have a loud snore
How many pauses an hour is considered severe apnea?
30
What are some non-prescription treatments for sleep apnea?
-Weight reduction
-Avoiding alcohol
-Avoid supine (lying down) position for sleeping
What is a CPAP machine?
It is a machine that provides a continuous amount of air that is consistent throughout the night
What is a BiPAP machine?
It is a machine that provides different levels of airflow for inhalation and exhalation throughout the night
What are some considerations when looking into CPAP vs BiPAP machines?
That CPAP are more likely to be covered by insurance but are also more likely to be less comfortable for people because of the consistent airflow
What is important to let patients know about the CPAP or BiPAP machines?
-That in order to adjust the airflow of the machines they are going need to talk to their PCP
- The the hose and mask can be used for both
What is a polysomnogram?
A sleep study where someone sleeps with a bunch of wires and electrodes attached to them to monitor them while they sleep
What can polysomnogram be used for?
To diagnose sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, and OSA
What are a couple of over the counter sleeping medications?
Melatonin and diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
What are some prescribed sleeping medication examples?
zaleplon (Sonata), zolpidem (Ambien), and trazadone
How long should infants sleep for?
14-16 hours a day
How much sleep should toddlers get?
9-10 hours a night along with 2 or 3 hours worth of napping during the day
How much sleep do school age children need?
9-11 hours
How much sleep do teenagers need?
9 hours
How much sleep do adults need?
7-9 hours
What does a primary sleep disorder mean?
It means that it independently occurs due to its own set of symptoms
What does a secondary sleep disorder mean?
That it is caused as a result of another condition that the patient has
What are some examples of conditions that could cause a sleep disorder?
Alzheimer’s
Arthritis
Cancer
Epilepsy
Menopause
Pain and Parkinson’s
Why is important to have a patient teach back to you what you’ve explained to them?
To make sure that they understand what has been explained to them and why it it important to keep in mind
What is something to consider when giving sleeping medications in older adults?
That it can increase their fall risk
What does zaleplon do?
It is used to treat insomnia by depressing/ relaxing your CNS
How long should zaleplon be used for?
Most often it is used for one to two days and should not be taken for longer than 1-2 weeks to avoid dependence (mental or physical)
What are some considerations when prescribing zaleplon?
That it can increase the chances of dizziness, confusion, and falling in elderly patients and alcohol should not be consumed while taking this medication
What should not be put in babies cribs?
Blankets, or stuffed animals of any sort
What is zolpidem used for?
it is used for helping people sleep faster and stay asleep throughout the night but is only for short term use
What are some side effects of zolpidem?
Some side effects include memory loss, hallucinations, increased fall risk for those over the age of 65
