Development Unit Flashcards
What is the UPSONHI definition of development?
The sequence of physical, psychosocial, and cognitive developmental changes that take place across the lifespan
What is the definition of epigenetics?
is the study of how pre and postnatal exposures to environmental influences, such as nutrition, stress, smoking, psychological stress, social isolation, and toxic substances, chemically modify the expression of genes and alter cell functions without changing DNA sequencing (Vaiserman, 2015)
What are the attributes of development?
- Physical/physiologic development
- Motoric development
- Cognitive development
- Communication development
-Social/Emotional development - Adaptive development
What is the scope of development?
Delayed to expected to advanced development and it applies to all of the attributes of development
What are the aspects of physical/physiologic development?
Growth and changes in body tissues, organ systems
Cellular differentiation, proliferation, maturation
Physical growth is cephalocaudal and proximodistal
What are the aspects of motoric development?
gross motor-big muscles
fine motor- small muscles
from simple to complex
What does Giddens refer to the progression of gross motor to fine motor skills?
refinement
What two areas of development play a role in fine motor development?
cognitive and neurologic development
What are the aspects that make up cognitive development?
working memory capacity
cognitive self-regulation
processing and using information from the environment
Loss of ___________ should be examined
cognition
What kind of infection can affect cognition?
Urinary tract infections
What are the aspects that make up communication development?
Speech- spoken expression of language
Language- sets of rules that allow sharing thoughts, ideas, and emotions
Receptive language- can hear and understand what other say
Expressive language- ability to express one’s own thoughts, ideas, etc
How does the formation of speech develop?
from babbling to complex (full sentences)
What plays an important role in language?
Cultural implications
Receptive language can be different for what population?
For those who are deaf or hard of hearing since they can still interpret and communicate language in other ways ex sign language or lip reading
What are the aspects of social/emotional development?
development of self understanding
understanding of others
understanding social interactions
emotional regulation
What does adaptive development mean?
It means the process of acquiring a range of skills that enable independence at home and in the community
What does ADLS mean?
Activities of daily living
What does IADLS mean?
Instrumental activities of daily living
What are some examples of IADLS?
Self care such as grooming, hygiene, and feeding
Independent living skills such as crossing the street, banking, and driving a car
What can cause expectations in ADLS to vary?
Cultural backgrounds/expectations
What is the definition of milestones?
significant points in development
Milestones can fall into ____ or more of the attributes of development
1
_________ always has an effect on developmental expectations
Culture
Always consider the _______ of implication in relation to milestones
safety
What are the two directions of growth?
Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal
What direction does cephalocaudal development go from?
Head to toe
What direction does proximodistal development go from?
midline to extremities
Growth and development are ___________ but not the same
linked
What is a teratogen?
any substance that adversely affects the normal growth and development of the fetus.
What is the most common teratogen in pregnancy?
Alcohol
What does the Erikson psychosocial development theory focus on?
emphasized culture and society
spanned across the lifespan
How many stages are in Erickson’s theory of development?
8
When in life does stage 1 of Erickson’s theory happen and what is it’s main crisis?
Birth to 18m and trust vs mistrust
What is the positive outcome from stage one of Erickson’s theory?
Development of basic trust and sense of security
What is the negative outcome from stage 1 of Ericksons theory?
Lack of trust and sense of fear
When in life does stage 2 of Erickson’s theory happen and what is it’s main crisis?
18 months- 3 years
Autonomy vs shame and doubt (in one’s abilities of independence and self sufficicency)
What is the positive outcome from stage 2 of Erickson’s theory?
Basic awareness of independence; sense of autonomy and self-control
What is the negative outcome from stage 2 in Erickson’s theory?
Self-doubt, sense of helplessness, heightened dependence on caregivers
When in life does stage 3 of Erickson’s theory happen and what is it’s main crisis?
3-5 years old
initiative vs guilt (asking a lot of questions and developing curiosity)
What is positive outcome of Erickson’s stage 3?
Emergence of basic sense of self-guidance and self-discipline
What is the negative outcome of Erickson’s stage 3?
Impaired self-initiative and insecurity regarding leadership ability
When in life does stage 4 of Erickson’s theory happen and what is it’s main crisis?
Ages 6-12 years old
industry vs inferiority ( try starting to win approval from others such as from teachers and classmates)
What is the positive outcome of Erickson’s stage 4?
Confidence in ability to attain goals
Initial formation of identity apart from nuclear family
Successful peer group integration
What is the negative outcome of Ericksons stage 4?
Sense of incompetence
Low self-esteem
Difficulty integrating into peer groups
When in life does Erickson’s stage 5 occur and what is its main crisis?
Ages 12-20
identity vs role confusion (reexamine their identity to find out who they really are body image during this time plays a role in)
What is the positive outcome of Erickson’s stage 5?
Formation of a strong sense of identity as an individual and as a member of society
Identification of personal and occupational goals
What is the negative outcome of stage 5 of Erickson’s theory?
Role confusion
Social alienation
Potential substance misuse or abuse
Potential development of antisocial personality disorder
When in life does stage 6 of Erickson’s theory occur and what is it’s main crisis?
Ages 18-25
intimacy vs isolation (developing close relationships)
What is the positive outcome of Erickson’s stage 6?
Development of healthy romantic relationships without compromising personal identity.
What is the negative outcome of Erickson’s stage 6?
Avoidance of intimacy, fear of commitment, isolation.
When in life does Erikson’s 7th stage of his theory occur and what is the main crisis?
Ages 25-65
generation vs stagnation (creating something new or being stuck in the same place)
What is the positive outcome of Erickson’s stage 7?
Productivity and creativity, desire to care for and guide offspring or the next generation
What is the negative outcome for Erickson’s 7th stage of life?
Self-preoccupation, primary attainment of pleasure through self-indulgence, stagnation.
What age does Eirkson’s 8th stage of life occur and what is the main crisis?
Ages 65 years to death
integrity vs despair (satisfaction level with ones life and acceptance level with death)
What is the positive outcome of Erickson’s 8th stage of life?
Sense of peace concerning life experiences, life choices framed within a meaningful context, development of wisdom.
What is the negative outcome with Erickson’s 8th stage of life?
Life experiences framed by bitterness and/or regret
may progress to hopelessness and depression.
What is atypical development?
- more than being slow to one skill
What is a developmental delay?
When a child is continually behind in gaining the skills expected by a certain age
What does a global delay mean?
When more than one area of development is affected by a delay
What is an example of a developmental delay for a baby?
A 5 month old who has not rolled over
What is an example of atypical development for a toddler?
A 2-year-old who is able to say one intelligible word
An infant should approximately ____ their birthweight by one year
triple
What are the measurements of growth?
height, weight, and head circumference
What is a musculoskeletal change that often happens in older adult years?
Loss of muscle mass
What are two sensory related physical changes that happen in the middle adult years?
presbyopia and presbycusis
What is presbyopia?
decreased visual acuity for near vision
What is presbycusis?
decreased auditory acuity especially for high pitched sounds
What is the form of motor coordination that develops first?
Gross motor
What is the age when an infant typically turns over from stomach to back?
around 4 months
What age can an infant use the pincer grasp well?
9-10 months
What is age range which infants typically learn to walk?
9-16 months
The ability to understand language can be defined as
receptive language
What is the type of speech that develops at 2 months?
Cooing
What is the term for the ability to express one’s own thoughts, and ideas
expressive language
What is the average age where children can speak 50 words
2 years old
What are the 3 components of speech
articulation, voice, and fluency
How many stages are in Piaget’s theory of development?
4
What age is the sensorimotor phase?
birth- 2 years
What motor behavior is common from birth to 1 month?
Uses reflexes: sucking, rooting, grasping.
What behavior is common for 1-4 month olds?
Infant responds reflexively.
Objects are extension of self. (object permanence not yet developed)
What behavior is common for 4-8 months?
- increased awareness of the environment
- changes in the environment are actively made as the infant learns cause and effect
What milestones can be expected at 8-12 months?
Intentional behavior occurs
Object permeance develops
What is expected at 12-18 months?
Toddlers discover new goals and ways to attain them
Rituals are important
What is expected in 18-24 months?
Language is starting to become more developed
What age is the preoperational phase?
2-7 years
What is common behavior in the preoperational phase?
- thinking by using words as symbols
- everything is centered around them (cannot see other’s pov )
-words are associated with objects - language development is rapid
What age is the concrete ooperational phase?
7-11 years
What is some common behavior of the concrete operational phase?
- understand left and right
- solve concrete problems (have a definitive answer)
- understand size (ex the glass example)
- understand others points of view
What age is the formal operational phase?
11 years and older
What behavior can be expected at the formal operational phase?
- use rational thinking
- thinking becomes more rational and futureistic
- can think about more complex issues
What is parallel play?
Playing side by side with others, occasionally trading toys with each other
Around what age is parallel play common?
1-3 years or toddlerhood
What kind of play involves dress up and pretend?
Dramatic play
When is dramatic play common for kids?
Preschool years ages 3-6
What age can be described as a stage in life thought of as a stage of loss and mourning, or reflection on past accomplishments?
Older adulthood
Which life stages can be described by the following?
Formation of a strong sense of identity as an individual and as a member of society often happen during this lifespan phase
Adolescence or young adulthood
When does object permence develop?
at around 8 months
What age does the following occur?
Simple problem solving, creative thought, and understanding of cause and effect relationships develop during this lifespan stage.
Toddlerhood or 1-3
What stage is described?
In this stage of Piaget’s cognitive development children can now think and talk about things beyond their immediate experience. However, they do not yet reason in logical, adult like ways.
2-7 years old
What is this an example of?
A child who was previously toilet trained but is now no longer toilet trained is experiencing __________
Regression
Under what situations can regression be normal?
During times of stress or change
A 5-year old who is cannot speak or walk up stairs is experiencing …..
global delay- since there is a delay in more than on area of development
At what age is it appropriate to begin to offer times of privacy (no caregivers)?
Adolescence
Correct the error
It is typical for an older person to have decreased hearing, need reading glasses, and have trouble remembering things
Loss of memory is not typical
What age is appropriate to start offering safe choices (where either option is harmless)?
Preschool age 3-6y
ex. asking a child that needs a cast which color they want, do you want blue or green?
What should be included when giving information to a school age child?
select all that apply
- given several days in advance
- highly detailed
- simple explanations to start (can elaborate more based on questions)
- time for questions
- 1-2 days or less in advance
-allowing time for questions
-simple explanations to start (can elaborate more based on questions)
- time for questions
- 1-2 days or less in advance
-allowing time for questions
What is the typical progression of motor skills?
list in order
-sit up
-crawl
-hold head up
-walk
- roll over
- hold head up, roll over, sit up, crawl, and walk
An 8 month old who looks for an object once its hidden shows the development of what milestone?
object permenence
While none of them are the exact cause of Autism, select all that are linked to it
- genetics
- environmental factors
- vaccines
genetics and environmental factors
You can expect for which of the following ages to be able to hold a crayon or pencil and make some marks on it?
a) 6-8 months
b) 9-11 months
c) 12-14 months
d) 10-12 months
d) 10-12 months
At how many months old does a babies birthweight double?
5 months
At which months can a baby be expected to hold their head steady while sitting?
a) 2-3 months
b) 5-6 months
c) 4-6 months
d) 5-7 months
c
At what age do babies typically sit up on their own?
8 months
When do babies start to be able to go from sitting to standing?
around 10 months
When do babies start to smile when they hear their name?
6-8 months
When will babies smile back when someone is smiling at them?
6-8 weeks
When do kids start running?
18-24 months
At what age to toys such as blocks and tricycles begin to improve both gross and fine motor skills?
1-3 years old
A 3 year old has a vocabulary of around _______ words
1,000
When do kids start losing teeth?
around age 6
When do children start to participate in cooperative play?
4-6
When do kids start getting more mature organs and body systems? How does this affect immunity?
around school age 6-12 and this increases immunity to illness
At what age is it apporpriate to teach pediatric patients (0-18 years old) about counting or visualizing to cope with difficult procedures?
School age around ages 6-12
When do all body organs mature and this means patients can now use adult does of medication?
Once puberty is completed usually during adolesnce
At what age might patients with complex/ demanding conditions might need to connect with peers dealing with similar situations to increase adherence to rules?
Adolsence
What is the age that patients can make their own medical decisions without parental consent?
18
The brain doesn’t fully mature until what age?
25 years old
When might heart disease or hypertension begin?
during middle adulthood or ages 40-65
What stressors might patients who are in middle adulthood ages 40-65 have?
Raising their children and taking care of older relatives
At what age might mobility issues due to arthritis or back issues might become more promient?
Middle adulthood or ages 40-65
At what age might patients need help with navigating ADL’s?
ages 65+ or older adulthood
What age is at increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease?
Older adults or 65+
At what age does the probability of sensory loss increase?
65+
At what age do people see an increased risk for developing conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer’s?
65+
In the first week of life what is the primary cause of death for newborns?
complications related to preterm birth and low birth weight
What is the most advanced level of communication that is seen in a 5-month old?
Monosynaptic babbling ex ma, ma, or ba, ba,
what age is it most common for a young patient with a fever to show regression?
a) infantcy
b) school age
c) toddlerhood
d) preschool age
c
when observing a 2 year old in the hospital playroom who does not go right to their parents when they come in. how does the nurse interpret this behavior?
a) the child is displaying self centered behavior
b) the child has adapted to the hospital environment
c) the child is showing signs of withdrawal
d) this behavior is typical for the child’s age
d
By 4 months of age, which of the following skills would be expected by 4 months?
A) wave bye bye
B) holding a rattle
C) bang 2 blocks together
D) drink from a cup
b
