Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the stages of sleep
Stage 1,2,3 and REM
What are the consequences of sleep deprivation in rats?
100% deprivation leads to death
What are the consequences of sleep deprivation in humans?
Can go 200 hours without sleep, quick to recover
What stage is associated dreaming
REM
Unconscious wish fulfillment
finding latent content behind manifest content
Dreams-as-survival theory
rehearsal, reconsideration of important info; consolidate/store experiences or memories
Activation-synthesis theory
creating story out of random brain electricity
What is the difference between Freud’s idea of latent and manifest content?
The manifest content is the literal things you see in your dreams, the latent content is the interpretation of the meaning of the content that you see.
How do you get effective sleep (i.e., what should you do to get quality sleep)?
Exercise, consistency, use bed only for sleep and avoid caffiene
different types of sleep disturbances?
insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy
Hypnosis
altered state of heightened susceptibility to suggestions from others
Meditation
intentional contemplation
Stimulants
increased heart rate, blood pressure
Depressants
slows down nervous system
Narcotics
pain/anxiety relievers
Hallucinogens
change in perceptual processes
Classical conditioning
type of learning where a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after its paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response (Ivan Pavlov)
NS
neutral stimulus- a stimulus that, before conditioning that does not naturally bring about that response
UCS
unconditional stimulus- a stimulus that naturally brings about a particulat response without having to be learned
UCR
unconditioned response- a response that is natural and needs no training
CS
conditioned stimulus- a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
CR
conditioned response- a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
Extinction
a basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency, and eventually disappears
Operant conditioning
Voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences
What is Thordike’s law of effect?
Behaviors increase or decrease depending on the consequences that follow
What’s the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement is encouraging the behavior, punishment is trying to reduce the behavior
Shaping
gradual approximations
Continuous
rewarded every time
ratio
based on number of responses
interval
based on amount of time
social learning theory
learn by watching others, learning possible due to unobservable variables
What does Bandura’s bobo doll study show?
direct reward not necessary for modeling to occur, learning not just “mindless” imitation
social psychology
The scientific study of how individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by others (or the perception of others)
aggression
Behavior intended to harm someone who doesn’t want to be harmed
instrumental aggression
harm intended to achieve a goal
hostile aggression
harm for its own sake
Where does violence come from?
adaptive to survival; shouldn’t harm genetic relatives
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Frustration causes people to be aggressive
What is the current understanding among psychologists about exposure to media violence and aggression?
Exposure increases aggression
What is the bystander effect?
The more people that are around, the less likely that someone will help
What are the 5 stages one might go through to get help?
- Notice- notice that something is happening
- Interpret- interpret that the event is an emergency
- Take responsibility- take responsibility for getting help
- Deciding how- deciding how to help
- Taking action- providing help
pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility
Thinking that no one around us feels the same way that we do about a situation
normative conformity
based on approval
informative conformity
based on reality
Who started obedience research and why
Milgram, he did this to see the reasons why nazi soldiers didn’t go against their leaders
What is obedience?
adhering to the direct order of an authority
What did Milgram’s study on obedience uncover?
if a person asking questions to another person would shock the learner if they got a question wrong and increase the intensity of the shock with each wrong answer
What are the ABC’s of perceiving groups?
Affect, behavior, cognition
How do the various theories discussed in class explain why prejudice exists?
Social identity theory, social learning theory,
How might one assess bias/prejudice due to culture/media/history that is unconsciously acquired/absorbed?
From watching others behavior (tv, parents, peers)
What is stereotype threat?
Fear of confirming negative stereotypes undermines performance
Under what circumstances (4) might the contact hypothesis work in reducing bias between groups?
Equal status, institutionally supported, close interaction, cooperation
