EXAM 2 Flashcards by Olivia McNamara

Refers to cell size in anemia

cytic

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refers to the hemoglobin in the cells

chromic

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refers to the various sizes of RBC

anisocytosis

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rbc various shapes

poikilocytosis

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reduced oxygen carrying capacity leading to tisse hypoxia

anemia

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what systems compensate for anemia

cardiovascular- pumps more works overtime can lead to HR
RESPIRATORY- Lungs try to pump more
hematologic- trying to make more cells

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areas in the body to look for signs of anemia

conjunctiva0 under the eyes
mucus membrane in mouth- more pale

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in acute anemia blood loss

CV collapse, shock, death.
WBC, plasma and plts increase (compensating)

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in chronic blood loss

symptoms more gradual, could result in iron deficiency

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ex of chronic blood loss

ulcer in stomach
tumor in intestine

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pernicious anemia is what kind of anemia

macrocytic normochromic anemic
BIG normal rbc

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absence of intrinsic factor which leads to vitamin B 12 deficiency

pernicious anemia

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symptoms of pernicious anemia

neuropathy, parenthesis fingers and feet

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folate deficiency anemia is what kind of anemia

macrocytic normochromic anemia- BIG RBC

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What causes folate deficiency anemia

nutritional deficit, alc use, irritable bowel disease

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why does Crohns or ulcerative colitis can cause folate deficieny

lining of stomach/ intestinal wall is damaged due to all the diarrhea- no folic acid being produced

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symptoms of folate deficiency anemia

cheilosis (ridges in mouth), mouth ulcers, stomatitis, dysphagia

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iron deficiency anemia is what kind of anemia

microcytic hypochromic - small and low levels of rbc

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symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

cheilosis, stomatitis, tingling, numbness, kolionychia (spoon fingernails)

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tx for iron deficiency anemia

can give iron supplement, but important to treat underlying cause. ex. patient has a slow bleed in stomach- giving iron cause make this worse. need to treat bleed in stomach.

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anemia of inflammation includes chronic diseases such as

infection, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, IBD, COPD, HR, CKD, cancer

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aplastic anemia

bone marrow doesnt produce (RBC, WBC, PLT) resulting in pancytopenia

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destruction of RBC being destroyed prematurely and fast

hemolytic anemia

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symptom of hemolytic anemia and why

jaundice- nothing wrong with liver but can happen as a byproduct of rapid destruction of RBC, releasing bilirubin

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overproduction of RBC cancer

polycythemia vera

increased proliferation of RBC regardless of low erythropoietin levels

polycythemia vera- caused by the JAK2 gene mutation being destroyed

symptoms of polycythemia vera

plethora- red in fingers, nose, feet, pruiritis, thrombosis (due to blood getting thick and wanting to clot)

tx for polycythemia vera

low dose aspirin and phlebotomy

bone marrow causes overproduction of cells

primary polycythemia

underlying issues such as obesity, tumors, chronic pulm disease cause this anemia

secondary polycythemia

excessive iron absorption from GI tract, iron deposits in tissues and organs, leading to tissue damage

hereditary hemochromatosis

symptoms of hereditary hemochromatosis

fatigue, arthralgia, organ dysfunction

tx for hereditary hemochromatosis

phlebotomy, avoid alc and iron supplements

acute viral infection of B lymphocytes

infectious mono

what is the most common cause of mono

EBV- Epstein barr virus

dx tests for mono

monospot, EBV antibodies

tx for mono

rest, analgesics, antipyretics (fever)

uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes which causes overcrowding of bone marrow and decrease and function of normal cells

leukemia

leukemia can turn all cells into

pancytopenia (plts, wbc, rbc all decrease)

dx for leukemia

Philadelphia chromosome, gene testing, bone marrow bx

rapid onset undifferentiated immature cells ex. ALL, AML

acute leukemia

slow progression more differentiated, mature cells but do not function normally ex. CLL, CML

chronic leukemia

difference between leukemia and lymphoma

leukemia- malignant cells in bone marrow lymphoma- malignant cells in lymph nodes

progresses from one group of lymph nodes to another

hodgkin lymphoma

hallmark sign of hodgkin lymphoma

reed sternberg cells

lymphoma can be caused by which two viruses

EBV or HIV

TX of lymphomas

physical exam cbc, ct, pet lymph node bx, reed sternberg cells

noncontiguous spread rarely localized lymphadenopathy

non hodgkin lymphoma

node involvement for no hodgkin

mesenteric nodes, multiple peripheral nodes

plasma cell malignancy in bone marrow

multiple myeloma

hallmark signs of multiple myeloma

M protein, increased immunoglobulin IgG or IgA

Free immunoglobulin light chain- bence jones protein

multiple myeloma

decreases plt

thrombocytopenia

patients have this antibody so when they receive this drug, plt consumption happens

heparin induced thrombocytopenia HIT

anti plt igG antibodies leads to plt desctruction in the spleen

immune thrombocytopenia purpura ITP

plts are getting consumed in tiny vessels, not enough in the blood circulation, which can lead to organ failure

thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura TTP

Blood work you want to draw for TTP

ADAMTS13

tx for TTP

plasmapheresis corticosteroids immunosuppressants

widespread coagulation activation, fibrin clots, organ ischemia, multiple organ failure

dic

platelet consumption, thrombocytopenia, bleeding

dic

inability to think clearly; impaired judgment and decision making

confusion

disorientation to time, place, situation or self; impaired memory

disorientaion

limited spontaneous movement or speech; easily arousal; may not be oriented

lethargy

purposeful movement on stimulation

light coma

no verbal response to environment or stimuli; stimuli such as deep pain or suctioning yields motor movement

coma

no response to any stimuli

coma

cerebral death

cerebral hemisphere is only effected and not the brainstem- patient can control vitals -homeostasis

persistent veg state

unaware of self or environment; complete loss of cognitive function random head, hand, extremity movements

minimally conscious state

may follow simple commands yes or no questions movements have purpose

locked in syndrome

paralysis of voluntary movement- can move eyes intact cognitive function

2 main factors of alz disease

beta amyloid plaques neurofibrillary tangles

dopamine loss, basal ganglia degeneration, lewy bodies

parkinsons

cns demyelination

multiple sclerosis

peripheral nerve demyelination

gullian barre

a type of generalized seizure characterized by sudden, involuntary muscle stiffness

tonic

seizures are brief, involuntary muscle jerks that typically occur in clusters. They are characterized by sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles, which can affect any part of the body

myoclonic

seizure that causes muscle stiffness and jerking

tonic clonic

a type of epileptic seizure characterized by a sudden and brief loss of muscle tone, resulting in a person falling or slumping down

atonic seizure

brief lapses of consciousness that cause a person to appear dazed or unaware

non motor seizures

continuation of a seizure that lasts more than 5 minutes

status epilecticus

happens hours to days before seizure. headache, anxious, cant think clearly

prodroma

happens immediately prior to seizure. right before onset of seizure

aura