EXAM 1

Question 1

atypical hyperplasia; not adaptation!!

Answer 1

DYSPLASIA

Question 2

most common cause of cellular injury

Answer 2

ischemic or hypoxic

Question 3

what can happen to the cells in an acute obstruction

Answer 3

if blood supply not restored within a few minutes - tissue death!

Question 4

Cell digestion and recycling of contents

Answer 4

autophagy

Question 5

Programmed cell death
Physiologic or pathologic

Answer 5

apoptosis

Question 6

Perceived or anticipated threat disrupting homeostasis and exceeding capacity to meet demands

Answer 6

stress

Question 7

body senses stressor and releases epi triggering fight or flight response

Answer 7

alarm phase

Question 8

the stress remains and the body adapts but remains on guard. stress related symptoms may be present

Answer 8

resistance phase

Question 9

the stress is removed from the body and returns to normal state of function

Answer 9

recovery phase

Question 10

the stress continues and the bodys resources to combat it are depleted. the immune system is compromised and stress related illness may occur

Answer 10

exhaustion phase

Question 11

brain is continuing to monitor stress. physiological stress response. body tries to adapt

Answer 11

allostasis

Question 12

too much stress present. cumulative wear and tear. person is not able to maintain this stress, chronic

Answer 12

allostatic load

Question 13

long term chronic stress leads to what in cortisol

Answer 13

proinflammatory and immunosuppression

Question 14

primary channels for cancer cells to travel

Answer 14

lymphatic system

Question 15

tumors that are encapsulated

Answer 15

benign

Question 16

tumors that are invasive, metstasis

Answer 16

malignant

Question 17

anaplasia-poorly deferentiated

Answer 17

malignant

Question 18

pleomorphic- vary in cell shape, and size. large darkly stained nuclei

Answer 18

malignant

Question 19

Pre-invasive cancer (early stage)

Answer 19

CIS- carcinoma in situ

Question 20

spread to distant sites

Answer 20

metasis

Question 21

stage 0 cancer

Answer 21

cis

Question 22

stage 1 cancer

Answer 22

organ of origin

Question 23

stage 2 cancer

Answer 23

local invasion

Question 24

stage 3 cancer

Answer 24

regional structures/ lymph nodes

Question 25

stage 4 cancer

Answer 25

distance metastasis

Question 26

how is cancer dx

Answer 26

T- tumor spread N- node involvement M- distant metastasis

Question 27

why is TNM helpful to dx cancer

Answer 27

helps with dx, prognosis, and treatment

Question 28

tumor marker for liver or testicular

Answer 28

AF

Question 29

Less common for cancer

Answer 29

inherited mutations

Question 30

what is more common on how to get cancer

Answer 30

acquired gene mutation and epigenetics

Question 31

most common cause of stomach cancer

Answer 31

h pylori

Question 32

most common virus transmitted through sex and can lead to cancer

Answer 32

HPVI

Question 33

IgE reactions-how does it occur

Answer 33

ingest or inhalation

Question 34

tissue specific reaction- how does it occur

Answer 34

autoimmune reaction such as heparin induced thrombocytopenia or graves disease

Question 35

immune complex mediate reaction happens how

Answer 35

autoimmune and causes tissue destruction

Question 36

ex of immune complex mediated reaction

Answer 36

systemic lupus

Question 37

cell mediated reaction

Answer 37

no antibodies which causes a delayed reaction

Question 38

ex of cell mediated reaction

Answer 38

posion ivy

Question 39

alloimmunity

Answer 39

tissues from another individual or a blood transfusion that is similar to the person receiving care

Question 40

most common primary congenital immune deficiences

Answer 40

sporadic gene mutation

Question 41

most common primary congenital immune deficiencies

Answer 41

antibody deficiencies

Question 42

how to dx and treat primary congenital immune deficiencies

Answer 42

cbc immunoglobulins genetic testing tx. immunoglobulin replacement q 2-4 weeks, stem cell transplant, gene therapy

Question 43

cell shrinkage

Answer 43

atrophy

Question 44

cell enlargement

Answer 44

hypertrophy

Question 45

increase in cell #

Answer 45

hyperplasia

Question 46

reversible tissue damage

Answer 46

metaplasia

Question 47

atypical hyperplasia; can be pre cancerous

Answer 47

dysplasia

Question 48

most common cause of celluar injury

Answer 48

ischemic and hypoxic injury

Question 49

lack of o2

Answer 49

asphyxial injury

Question 50

albumin turns into gel like substance

Answer 50

coagulative necrosis

Question 51

hypoxia brain injury will cause the tissue to turn

Answer 51

liquefactive necrosis

Question 52

how cells die; programmed cell death

Answer 52

apoptosis

Question 53

cells are not completely dead; cell digestion and recycling of contents

Answer 53

autophagy

Question 54

which two post mortem changes happen at the same time

Answer 54

putrefaction and decomposition

Question 55

a patient who had a nephrectomy developed hypertrophy in their other kidney. why

Answer 55

cells in the remaining kidney enlarge to compensate

Question 56

np is caring for a patient who has an injury to the myocardial cells due to mi from coronary artery obstruction. the NP knows that

Answer 56

reperfusion to these cells has the potential to lead to further damage

Question 57

normal RBC live in the body for 3-4 months and then destroyed. what is this process called

Answer 57

apoptosis

Question 58

patient is admitted with an anaphylactic reaction to an oral med. which type of reaction is this

Answer 58

igE antibodies are involved in this type 1

Question 59

thrombocytopenia, eczema,and recurrent infections

Answer 59

wiskott aldrich