Exam 2 Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following body parts are not highly represented on the sensory homunculus?
A
eyes
2
Q
The brain recognizes action potentials from different sensory modalities as separate and distinct because:
A
action potentials from different sensory modalities are carried on different nerve tracts.
3
Q
The generator potential produced by a Pacinian corpuscle in response to mechanical stimulation is:
A
proportional to stimulus intensity.
4
Q
While walking barefoot on gravel, which receptor allows you to feel the texture of the gravel pressing into your feet?
A
Pacinian corpuscles
5
Q
Which statement about the receptive field of a sensory neuron on skin is true?
A
Receptive fields of sensory neurons have a characteristic shape with excitatory and inhibitory regions.
6
Q
Which of the following is involved in pain pathways in the spinal cord?
A
Substance P
7
Q
Afferent fibers from the periphery that carry nociceptive information terminate on neurons in the:
A
dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord.
8
Q
Muscles are connected to bone by
A
tendons
9
Q
Severing sensory fibers from a monkey’s arm will cause the monkey to stop using that arm, but it will begin to use it again if the other (good) arm is restrained. This demonstrates that:
A
proprioceptive information can be supplemented with feedback from other senses.
10
Q
Eddie just learned that the medication he has been taking has no known pharmaceutical effects, but has still been alleviating his symptoms. This medications effects are best known as:
A
A placebo
11
Q
In vertebrates, _______ is primarily responsible for fine-tuning refraction.
A
ears
12
Q
The _______ muscles are essential for accommodation
A
ciliary
13
Q
Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
A
horizontal cells; action potentials
14
Q
Which of the following accurately describes the route for the passage of visual information?
A
Optic nerve, optic tract, occipital cortex
15
Q
Which of the following statements is true?
A
The right visual field projects to the eyes and then to the left cerebral hemisphere.
16
Q
The ______ of the retina has the sharpest visual acuity because it is most densely concentrated with ________.
A
Fovea; cones
17
Q
Which of the following statements about rod receptors is false?
A
Rods contain a special photopigment called opsin.
18
Q
Which of the following can be corrected with glasses?
A
Hyperopia
19
Q
Which type of color deficiency is most common?
A
Red-green
20
Q
Because dogs only have two different types of cones:
A
They are color-deficient and see a reduced range of colors compared to humans
21
Q
Glands that secrete their products outside the body are referred to as _______ glands.
A
exocrine
22
Q
Considering the organizational effect, which of the following would display lordosis?
A
An adult male rat who was castrated at birth and given estrogen before exposure to another male
23
Q
The external genitalia of an XY individual can have a feminine form at birth as a result of:
A
insensitivity to androgens.
24
Q
People with Turner’s syndrome have:
A
Only one X chromosome.
25
Which of the following are two of the three major classes of hormones?
Peptide and steroid
26
The traditional understanding of steroid hormones is that they exert their effects by:
entering cells and altering gene expression.
27
Cells located in the _______ synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin and transport these hormones to the _______.
hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
28
Compared to neurotransmitters, hormone effects are generally:
more widespread in the body.
29
The essential feature of tropic hormones is that they:
affect the secretion of other endocrine glands.
30
Which of the following has been associated with oxytocin?
All of the above:
31
- love/affection
32
- autism spectrum disorder
33
- Ethnocentrism
34
- Uterine contractions
35
Hertz (Hz) is the unit used to measure _______ of sound waves, which is perceived as ________.
Frequency; pitch
36
Which of the following is not one the types of neural connections with hair cells?
OHC afferents, which convey messages from the hair cells to the brain; conveying information to the brain about the perception of sounds coming specifically from the basilar membrane
37
Prolonged exposure to loud noises is most likely to result in:
Sensorineural deafness
38
Compared to the low pitch of a tuba, the high pitch of a flute is likely to:
Activate the base of the basilar membrane more
39
Which of the following structures is not part of the external or middle ear?
Organ of Corti
40
The stereocilia of the hair cells contact the:
tectorial membrane.
41
Which of the following is not a type of taste papillae?
Turbinate
42
All of these are considered basic tastes except
Spicy
43
A person diagnosed with anosmia:
cannot experience flavor.
44
New olfactory receptor cells are formed from:
basal cells.
45
As light levels increase we switch from using the _____ system to the ______ system
scotopic (rods), photopic (cones)
46
The left temporal hemiretina takes in the ______ side info
left (same
47
The left nasal hemiretina takes in the _______ side info
right
48
Everything gets segregated in the _____ so the left visual field eventually goes to the ________ primary visual cortex
optic chiasm, right
49
Crossing over of the info for the visual system happens at the ____
optic chiasm
50
lateral geniculate nucleus
thalamic nucleus that receives incoming visual information and then sends it to the primary visual cortex
51
medial geniculate nucleus
the part of the thalamus that relays auditory signals to the temporal cortex and receives input from the auditory cortex
52
The primary visual cortex is in the ______
occipital lobe
53
dorsal stream
visual path in the parietal cortex that helps the motor system locate objects; the "where" path (goes to posterior parietal)
54
ventral system
what system (goes to inferotemporal)
55
accomodation of lens
lenses change shape to focus on objects near or far (near becomes cylindrical; far flattens)
56
amacrine cells
Specialized retinal cells that contact both the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells,
57
horizontal cells
Specialized retinal cells that contact both the receptor cells and the bipolar cells
58
blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
59
Cones
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated in the Fovea and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones are for acuity and color (photopic vision)
60
photopic vision
the ability to perceive visual stimuli under bright light conditions due to the activity of cones
61
Rods
Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision.
62
ciliary muscle
muscle that helps focus light on the retina by controlling the curvature of the lens of the eye
63
convergence
The level of convergence is the level of how much info is lost along the way
64
High convergence would mean there was a lot of info at the start but it gets condensed
65
cones have ___ convergence
low; leads to low sensitivity, but high accuracy
66
rods have _____ convergence
high; leads to high sensivity, but low accuracy
67
Receptor Cell
Detects specific forms of energy (stimuli) and sends action potentials (APs) to the brain.
68
Sensory Transduction
Conversion of environmental stimuli into APs that the brain understands.
69
Labeled Lines
Separate nerve tracts for different senses, e.g., touch vs. pain pathways.
70
Pacinian Corpuscle
Detects vibration and pressure by mechanically opening sodium channels.
71
Touch Pathway (Dorsal Column System)
From skin → spinal cord → medulla (synapse) → thalamus → primary somatosensory cortex.
72
Pain Pathway (Anterolateral Tract)
Pain receptors → spinal cord → brainstem → thalamus → cingulate cortex.
73
Nociceptors
Detect pain and use neurotransmitters like glutamate and Substance P.
74
Endogenous Opiate System
Modulates pain through pathways involving the periaqueductal gray (PAG).
75
Primary Motor Cortex
Located in the precentral gyrus, controlling voluntary movement.
76
Pyramidal System
Pathway: Cortex → spinal cord → motor neurons → muscles.
77
Motor Neuron
Transmits APs to muscles at the neuromuscular junction using acetylcholine (ACh).
78
Stretch Reflex
Muscle spindle detects stretch and triggers reflexive muscle contraction.
79
Sound Transduction
Soundwaves enter ear canal → tympanic membrane vibrates → ossicles amplify → cochlea.
80
Auditory Pathway
Cochlea → cochlear nucleus → superior olivary nucleus → inferior colliculus → medial geniculate nucleus → auditory cortex.
81
Conduction Deafness
Hearing loss due to middle ear issues.
82
Sensorineural Deafness
Hearing loss caused by inner ear issues (cochlea).
83
Central Deafness
Hearing loss related to brain pathway problems.
84
Taste Transduction
Ionotropic tastes (salty, sour) and metabotropic tastes (sweet, bitter, umami) use different pathways.
85
Olfactory Transduction
Odorant binds to receptor → transmits to olfactory bulb → amygdala, hypothalamus, and cortex.
86
Visual Transduction
Light hits retina → photoreceptors (rods/cones) → bipolar cells → ganglion cells → optic nerve.
87
Photopic System
High-acuity, color vision (cones).
88
Scotopic System
Low-light, peripheral vision (rods).
89
Visual Pathway
Retina → optic nerve → optic chiasm → LGN (thalamus) → primary visual cortex (V1).
90
Dorsal Stream
Processes spatial vision ("where" pathway).
91
Ventral Stream
Processes object and face recognition ("what" pathway).
92
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction.
93
Analgesia
Absence or reduction of pain sensation.
94
Antagonist
Muscle that opposes the action of another muscle.
95
Basal Ganglia
Group of nuclei involved in motor control.
96
Cerebellum
Brain region that coordinates movement and balance.
97
Cingulate Cortex
Brain region involved in pain processing and emotion.
98
Dermatome
Area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve.
99
Free Nerve Ending
Receptor responsible for detecting pain and temperature.
100
Golgi Tendon Organ
Monitors muscle tension.
101
Labeled Lines
Segregated neural pathways for different types of sensory information.
102
Meissner's Corpuscle
Receptor for detecting light touch and changes in stimuli.
103
Merkel's Disc
Receptor that responds to edges and isolated points on surfaces.
104
Motor Neuron
Nerve cell that controls muscle movement.
105
Muscle Spindle
Monitors muscle stretch and controls reflexes.
106
Neuromuscular Junction
Synapse between a motor neuron and muscle fiber.
107
Neuropathic Pain
Pain resulting from nerve damage.
108
Nociceptor
Receptor that detects pain.
109
Pacinian Corpuscle
Detects pressure and vibration.
110
Pain
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience.
111
Polymodal Neuron
Neuron that responds to multiple types of stimuli.
112
Precentral Gyrus
Location of the primary motor cortex.
113
Primary Motor Cortex
Brain region responsible for voluntary movement.
114
Primary Sensory Cortex
Processes sensory information.
115
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Processes touch and proprioceptive information.
116
Pyramidal System
Pathway for voluntary motor control.
117
Receptive Field
Area where a stimulus elicits a neuronal response.
118
Reflex
Involuntary motor response to a stimulus.
119
Ruffini Corpuscle
Detects skin stretch.
120
Sensory Transduction
Conversion of sensory input into action potentials.
121
Somatosensory System
Processes sensory input from the body.
122
Stimulus
A detectable change in the environment.
123
Stretch Reflex
Muscle reflex triggered by stretching.
124
Substance P
Neurotransmitter involved in pain transmission.
125
Thalamus
Brain region that relays sensory information.
126
Amplitude
Height of a sound wave.
127
Basilar Membrane
Structure in the cochlea that helps transduce sound.
128
Central Deafness
Hearing loss due to brain damage.
129
Cochlea
Fluid-filled structure in the ear that converts sound into neural signals.
130
Cochlear Implant
Device that stimulates the auditory nerve directly.
131
Cochlear Nuclei
Brainstem nuclei receiving input from the cochlea.
132
Conduction Deafness
Hearing loss due to middle ear problems.
133
Cortical Deafness
Hearing loss from brain damage.
134
Decibel (dB)
Unit measuring sound intensity.
135
Ear Canal
Tube through which sound waves travel to the eardrum.
136
Frequency
Number of sound wave cycles per second (Hz).
137
Hair Cell
Sensory receptor in the cochlea.
138
Hertz (Hz)
Unit of frequency.
139
Inferior Colliculi
Midbrain structure involved in auditory processing.
140
Inner Ear
Contains the cochlea and semicircular canals.
141
Inner Hair Cell (IHC)
Transmits sound signals to the brain.
142
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Thalamic relay for auditory signals.
143
Middle Ear
Contains the ossicles, which transmit sound to the cochlea.
144
Odor
Chemical sensed by the olfactory system.
145
Olfaction
Sense of smell.
146
Olfactory Bulb
Brain structure involved in smell processing.
147
Organ of Corti
Contains hair cells that transduce sound waves.
148
Ossicles
Tiny bones in the middle ear that amplify sound.
149
Oval Window
Membrane connecting the middle ear to the cochlea.
150
Pheromone
Chemical signal influencing social behavior.
151
Pinna
External part of the ear.
152
Primary Auditory Cortex
Processes auditory information.
153
Sensorineural Deafness
Hearing loss due to cochlear damage.
154
Tonotopic Organization
Mapping of frequencies along auditory pathways.
155
Transduction
Conversion of a stimulus into electrical signals.
156
Tympanic Membrane
Eardrum that vibrates with sound waves.
157
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Nerve that transmits auditory and balance information.
158
Vomeronasal Organ (VNO)
Detects pheromones in some animals.
159
Vomeronasal System
System that detects pheromones.
160
Accommodation
Adjustment of the lens for near or far vision.
161
Amacrine Cell
Modulates communication between bipolar and ganglion cells.
162
Binocular
Involving both eyes.
163
Bipolar Cell
Transmits signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
164
Blind Spot
Area where the optic nerve exits the eye.
165
Brightness
Perceived intensity of light.
166
Ciliary Muscle
Controls lens shape.
167
Cone
Photoreceptor responsible for color vision.
168
Convergence
Pooling of sensory input.
169
Cornea
Outer part of the eye that refracts light.
170
Fovea
Central part of the retina with the highest acuity.
171
Ganglion Cell
Transmits visual information to the brain.
172
Horizontal Cell
Modulates signals in the retina.
173
Iris
Controls the size of the pupil.
174
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
Thalamic relay for visual information.
175
Lens
Focuses light onto the retina.
176
Myopia
Nearsightedness.
177
Occipital Cortex
Processes visual information.
178
Optic Chiasm
Point where optic nerves cross.
179
Optic Nerve
Carries visual signals from the retina to the brain.
180
Optic Tract
Continuation of the optic nerve past the optic chiasm.
181
Photopic System
High-acuity, color vision (cones).
182
Photoreceptor
Detects light.
183
Primary Visual Cortex (V1)
Processes visual information.
184
Pupil
Controls the amount of light entering the eye.
185
Refraction
Bending of light by the cornea and lens.
186
Retina
Contains photoreceptors.
187
Rhodopsin
Photopigment in rods.
188
Rod
Photoreceptor for low light.
189
Scotopic System
Low-light vision (rods).
190
Simple Cortical Cell
Detects edges and orientation.
191
Visual Acuity
Sharpness of vision.
192
Visual Field
Area that can be seen without moving the eyes.
193
Wavelength
Distance between peaks of a wave.
194
Rod phototransduction
1. Light photon actives rhodopsin
195
2. This activates an enzyme that breaks down cyclic GMP (cGMP)
196
3. cGMP-gated sodium channels close
197
4. The rod hyperpolarizes
198
5. Glutamate release is reduced
199
ionotropic sensory receptors
mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptor, electroreceptor
200
metabotropic sensory receptors
chemoreceptor and photoreceptor
201
Pacinian corpuscles
works through a manual opening of the sodium channel causing a graded receptor potential
