exam 2 Flashcards
study
a theory that suggests men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning, training, and applying for jobs
Socialization hypothesis
refers to how people hear about and get jobs: hiring often occurs through personal networks, which are gendered
ex: when a job opens up, current employees are the first to know, they tell their friends, who are disproportionally likely to be of the same sex (and also the same class, race, and sexual orientation, etc.)
Network hypothesis
a theory that proposes that employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine jobs, slotting applicants into gender-consistent roles during hiring and promotion
Employer selection hypothesis
an explanation for job segregation that emphasizes workers’ abandonment of counterstereotypical occupations
Selective Exit or Desertion hypothesis
Concentration of men in high-earning occupations
Masculinization of wealth
Overrepresentation of female-headed households among the poor
Feminization of poverty
the belief that the ideal worker is totally committed to the job to the point, if necessary, of neglecting family and personal needs
Ideal worker norm
Mothers are less likely to be hired for jobs, to be perceived as competent at work or to be paid as much as their male colleagues with the same qualifications
Motherhood penalty
They are more likely to be hired than childless men, and tend to be paid more after they have children (family relies on them)
Fatherhood premium
A casual sexual or romantic encounter without explicit commitment or exclusivity
Hooking up
Women are judged more harshly for engaging in casual sex than men are.
Sexual double standard
impression management strategy to protect sexual and social identity
Strategic ambiguity
feminized labor: working two jobs, one paid at work and one unpaid at home
Second shift
belief that mothers should be primary caretakers (child-rearing should include a lot of time, energy, and material resources, and childrearing should be the #1 priority)
Ideology of intensive motherhood
both parents heavily focused on work and rely on domestic outsourcing (hired childcare)
Outsourcers
both couples de-emphasize work to focus on children (largely higher income families)
Dual-nurturer couples
how gender shapes the way that residents of states are regulated
Governance of gender
disproportionate amount of male to female lawmakers
Gender of governance
a type of policymaking in which consideration of the effects on both men and women—and different kinds of men and women—is a required part of the policymaking process
ex. Austrian public transit system designed around men commuting to work
Gender-aware policy making
gender prejudice–higher respect/status on masculinity over femininity (male characters in video games that everyone wants to play as), valuing male traits over feminine ones (rationality over emotionality)
Androcentrism
any sort of prejudice based on biological sex–privileging males over females
Sexism
men and women in situations where women are subservient (women only present in organization as secretary), ex. men as pilots with skills, women as flight attendants
Subordination
aims to end sexism by dismantling legal barriers and reducing sex discrimination
Equal access
designed to tackle the problem of
androcentrism by raising the value of the feminine to match the value of the masculine
Equal values
targets subordination by attempting to
ensure that men and women participate equally in masculine and feminine spheres
Equal sharing
women’s presence in government
Symbolic representation
policies helpful and important to women
Substantive representation
Mainstream institutional and legislative feminism that believes gender should not be a factor in education, housing, employment, etc
Liberal feminism
Not about sharing power, but
instead abolishing power relations (critique of patriarchy and gender roles) examples anti-porn and queer feminism
Radical feminism
essentialist feminism: Women as naturally and biologically different than men, women as naturally more maternal and nurturing;
Therefore, women as more ethical politicians
Cultural feminism
largely young, college-age women (multiracial, multiclass, multigender) ex: girlie feminism and pro-sex feminism
Third-Wave feminism