exam 1 Flashcards
gender identity
A sense of ourselves as women, men, gender queer, etc
gender binary
the idea that there are only two genders, either masculine or feminine
intersex
people who have genitalia, chromosomes, or organs that don’t fit into typical male/female binaries
gender policing
(ex. calling someone ‘gay’ for expressing emotions)
primary socialization
the initial process of learning the ways of a society or group that occurs in infancy and
childhood and is transmitted through the primary groups to which we belong
primary group
characterized by intimate, enduring, unspecialized relationships among small
groups who generally spend a great deal of time together (family)
secondary socialization
the learning process that takes place each time
we join a new secondary group
secondary group
generally larger, more temporary, more impersonal, and more specialized than primary groups. They tend to be more specialized in that they focus on one or two primary goals (like this class)
gender norms
the sets of rules for what is
appropriate masculine and feminine behavior in a given culture
icons of femininity
ex. Barbie–aspects of femininity that are unacceptable for boys to perform (boys can play with baby dolls as father/parent, but not Barbie, wearing dresses, painting nails)
patriarchy
male dominated society where men and masculinity is prized over femininity
sexism
any sort of prejudice based on biological sex–privileging males over females
androcentrism
gender prejudice–higher respect/status on masculinity over femininity (male characters in video games that everyone wants to play as), valuing male traits over feminine ones (rationality over emotionality)
subordination
men and women in situations where women are subservient (women only present in organization as secretary), ex. men as pilots with skills, women as flight attendants
formal gender equality
modified patriarchy
leftover practices from patriarchal society (woman taking last name, as remnant of women being property)
hegemonic masculinity
pertaining to a type of
man, idealized by men and women alike, who functions to justify and naturalize gender inequality–it is unachievable
complicit masculinities
closest most people get to hegemonic masculinity–not perfect, but exert enough to get benefits from a patriarchal society (ex. man and woman graduate with engineering–man started with higher wage than her, but him taking advantage of it is complicit masculinity)
marginalized masculinities
not able to fulfill hegemonic masculinity due to race, class, ability
subordinated masculinities
sexuality (gay men not seen as masculine)
feminine apologetic
a requirement that women
balance their appropriation of masculine interests, traits, and activities with feminine performance (think race car driver who “wears heels”)
benevolent sexism
the attribution of positive traits to women, that nonetheless, justify women’s subordination to men (women are good cooks, cleaners)
hostile sexism
the condemnation of women with negative instead of positive stereotypes and the use of threats and violence to enforce women’s subservience to men.
double bind
a situation in which cultural expectations are contradictory–satisfying only one or the other expectation inevitably means failure and its impossible to do both (being assertive=bitch, quiet=weak)
patriarchal bargain
a deal in which an individual or group accepts or even legitimates some of the costs of patriarchy in exchange for receiving some of its rewards (women getting meals paid for)
emphasized femininity
an exaggerated form of femininity ‘oriented to accommodating the interests and desires of men’ (women staying fit and beautiful so older rich men keep them financed)
emphatic sameness
downplaying the feminine in themselves in exchange for the right to do quite a bit of masculinity (women in the military)
Gender equivocation
using both strategies when they’re useful and culturally expected
Hegemonic femininity
doesn’t exist like hegemonic masculinity, but the dominant white femininity of Western societies
Subordinated femininity
Internalized oppression
Gendered institution
one in which gender is used as an organizing principle (bev cart girls, boy caddies)
Gender salience
the relevance of gender across contexts, activities, and spaces (frats and sororities)–how much gender matters in specific settings
What does “doing gender” mean?
theory that focuses on interactional way of gender–being considered masculine/feminine relies on actions and recognition (gender is fluid, can change)
What is the theory of intersectionality? Give an example.
class, race, gender, ability, etc all intersect and shape how we go through life (think Vietnamese and Korean American daughters who felt out of place)
