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Neuroanatomy 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what ions are higher in concentration intracellularly?

A

potassium, negatively charged organic molecules

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2
Q

what ions are higher in concentration extracellularly?

A

sodium

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3
Q

what is the charge of a neuron?

A

none, they are electrically neutral

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4
Q

depolarization

A

potential difference is reduced. intracellular environment becomes more positive

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5
Q

repolarization

A

return to resting membrane potential. intracellular become more negative

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6
Q

hyperpolarization

A

intracellular more negative than resting membrane potential

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7
Q

what is resting membrane potential?

A

-55mV

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8
Q

what is another name for resting membrane potential?

A

threshold value

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9
Q

what causes an action potential?

A

the influx of sodium

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10
Q

what type of transport does depolarization and repolarization occur via?

A

diffusion

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11
Q

what occurs after action potential?

A

Na+/K+ pump (ATPase pump)

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12
Q

what is the most positive the amplitude during depolarization will get?

A

30-40mV

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13
Q

absolute refractory period

A

axon membrane is incapable of producing another action potential

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14
Q

relative refractory period

A

axon membrane can produce another action potential, but requires stronger stimulus

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15
Q

what channel opens during absolute refractory period?

A

Na+

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16
Q

what channel opens during relative refractory period?

A

K+

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17
Q

low frequency action potential will yield what kind of stimulus?

A

a weaker stimulus

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18
Q

high frequency action potential will yield what kind of stimulus?

A

a stronger stimulus

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19
Q

recruitment

A

when stronger stimuli activate more axons with a higher threshold

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20
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the process where electrical impulses jump between nodes of ranvier along a myelinated axon. fast rate of conduction

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21
Q

synapse

A

functional connection between a neuron and another neuron or effector cell

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22
Q

electrical synapse

A

broad effect. impulses can be regenerated w/o interruption in adjacent cells

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23
Q

electrical synapse gap junctions

A

adjacent cells electrically coupled through a channel

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24
Q

chemical synapse

A

specific effect. neurotransmitters are released within axon causing synaptic vesicles to fuse w/axon membrane + release NTs to cleft by exocytosis

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25
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

NT w/excitatory effects

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26
Q

example of an EPSP

A

glutamate, acetylcholine

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27
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

NT w/inhibitory effects. inhibits reciprocal muscles from firing

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28
Q

example of IPSP

A

GABA

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29
Q

what electrical effect occurs during EPSP?

A

depolarization

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30
Q

what electrical effect occurs during IPSP?

A

hyperpolarization

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31
Q

lateral ventricles

A

paired c-shaped chambers in each hemisphere

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32
Q

what separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles?

A

the septum pellucidum

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33
Q

what is the roof of the anterior horn of lateral ventricles?

A

corpus callosum

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34
Q

what is the floor of the anterior horn of lateral ventricles?

A

superior thalamus + caudate nucleus (basal ganglia)

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35
Q

what is the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles?

A

hippocampus

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36
Q

what are the 3 horns in the lateral ventricles?

A

anterior (frontal), posterior (occipital), + inferior (temporal)

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37
Q

what is the atrium of the lateral ventricles?

A

triangular cavity where the body, posterior, and inferior horns communicate

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38
Q

what is another name for the atrium?

A

trigone

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39
Q

what allows communication and flow of CSF between the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle?

A

intraventricular foramen of monro

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40
Q

where is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

middle space between the thalamus + hypothalamus

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41
Q

superior border of the 3rd ventricle?

A

fornix

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42
Q

anterior border of the 3rd ventricle?

A

lamina terminalis + anterior commissure

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43
Q

floor of the 3rd ventricle?

A

infundibulum + optic chiasm

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44
Q

posterior wall of the 3rd ventricle?

A

pineal wall

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45
Q

lateral border of the 3rd ventricle?

A

medial nuclei of thalami

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46
Q

what are the 3rd ventricle recesses?

A

infundibular, supraoptic, pineal, suprapineal

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47
Q

what connects the 3rd to the 4th ventricle?

A

cerebral or mesencephalic aqueduct

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48
Q

what is another name for the cerebral aqueduct?

A

aqueduct of sylvius

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49
Q

what is the inferior portion of the 4th ventricle called?

A

obex

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50
Q

what does the obex connect?

A

the central canal of the spinal cord and the 4th ventricle

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51
Q

anterior border of the 4th ventricle?

A

rhomboid fossa

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52
Q

posterior border of the 4th ventricle?

A

cerebellar peduncles + superior/inferior medullary velum

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53
Q

lateral walls of the 4th ventricle?

A

cerebellar peduncles

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54
Q

how does the 4th ventricle communicate with the subarachnoid spaces?

A

medial foramen of magendie + lateral foramen of luschka

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55
Q

ependyma

A

thin, neuroepithelial lining of the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

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56
Q

choroid plexus

A

produces CSF + barrier between blood and CSF

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57
Q

function of CSF

A

provide cushion to protect the brain, drainage of cerebral metabolites, + regulate cerebral blood flow

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58
Q

CSF volume

A

150mL

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59
Q

CSF components

A

99.13% water + .87% organic/inorganic substances

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60
Q

flow of CSF

A

lateral ventricles > interventricular foramen > 3rd ventricle > cerebral aqueduct > 4th ventricle > subarachnoid space > cisterna magna > arachnoid villi > dural venous sinuses

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61
Q

where does CSF drain into?

A

subarachnoid space

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62
Q

where is the subarachnoid cistern located?

A
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63
Q

cisterns

A

compartments within the subarachnoid space where the pia mater + arachnoid membrane are not close

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64
Q

arachnoid villi function

A

return CSF to venous circulation through the dural venous sinus

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65
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

large valveless venous channels that drain venous blood from cranial cavity

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66
Q

where are dural venous sinuses located?

A

periosteal dura + meningeal dura

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67
Q

function of dural venous sinuses

A

maintain systemic circulation by collectively returning deoxygenated blood from the cranial vault

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68
Q

cerebral + cerebellar veins

A

cross subdural space to drain into the superior sagittal vein

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69
Q

emissary veins

A

venous structures that allow communication between intracranial + extracranial vessels

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70
Q

diploic veins

A

intraosseous venous vessels that drain blood between the inner + outer layer flat bones of the skull

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71
Q

meningeal veins

A

collect blood from the meninges + drain

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72
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

CSF returning to the venous circulation

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73
Q

superior sagittal sinus location

A

base of the falx cerebri + runs from the foramen cecum to occipital protuberance

74
Q

what is the superior sagittal sinus function?

A

main location for CSF return after passing arachnoid granulations

75
Q

inferior sagittal sinus location

A

free margin of the falx cerebri

76
Q

inferior sagittal sinus function

A

collects blood from the falx + medial surfaces of brain hemispheres

77
Q

where does the inferior sagittal sinus drain?

A

straight sinus

78
Q

straight sinus location

A

within the posterior end of falx cerebri + middle of tentorium cerebelli

79
Q

straight sinus function

A

drains the cerebellum, thalamus, + basal ganglia

80
Q

confluence of sinuses

A

site of union for the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, occipital sinus, + transverse sinus

81
Q

transverse sinus

A

paired. drains the blood from the veins of the cerebellum + inferior surface of brain

82
Q

where does the transverse sinus receive blood from?

A

superior petrosal sinus

83
Q

where does the sigmoid sinus drain into?

A

paired. drains into the internal jugular vein

84
Q

where does the sigmoid sinus begin?

A

after the tentorium cerebelli ends

85
Q

cavernous sinus function

A

drains the anterior/inferior surface of the brain

86
Q

cavernous sinus location

A

either side of the sella turcica + body of the sphenoid bone

87
Q

contents of cavernous sinus

A

oculomotor n (CN III), troclear n (CN IV), abducens n (CN VI), trigeminal ophthalmic branch, trigeminal maxillary branch, internal carotid artery

88
Q

what can cause cavernous sinus syndrome?

A

mass effect from tumor, infection, or thrombus

89
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

most common benign brain tumor in adults (10%)

90
Q

superior petrosal sinus location

A

petrous part of the temporal bone in the base of tentorium cerebelloi

91
Q

superior petrosal sinus function

A

drains the venous blood from the brainstem, temporal lobe of cerebrum, cerebellum, middle + inner ear

92
Q

what is CN I?

A

olfactory

93
Q

what is CN II?

A

optic

94
Q

what is CN III?

A

oculomotor

95
Q

what is CN IV?

A

trochlear

96
Q

what is CN V?

A

trigeminal

97
Q

what is CN VI?

A

abducens

98
Q

what is CN VII?

A

facial

99
Q

what is CN VIII?

A

vestibulocochlear

100
Q

what is CN IX?

A

glossopharyngeal

101
Q

what is CN X?

A

vagus

102
Q

what is CN XI?

A

accessory

103
Q

what is CN XII?

A

hypoglossal

104
Q

CN I functional classification

A

sensory

105
Q

CN II functional classification

A

sensory

106
Q

CN III functional classification

A

motor

107
Q

CN IV functional classification

A

motor

108
Q

CN V functional classification

A

both sensory + motor

109
Q

CN VI functional classification

A

motor

110
Q

CN VII functional classification

A

both sensory + motor

111
Q

CN VIII functional classification

A

sensory

112
Q

CN IX functional classification

A

both sensory + motor

113
Q

CN X functional classification

A

both sensory + motor

114
Q

CN XI functional classification

A

motor

115
Q

CN XII functional classification

A

motor

116
Q

what nerves have parasympathetic functions?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

117
Q

what nerves are special somatic afferent?

A

CN II (optic) + CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)

118
Q

what nerves are general somatic afferent?

A

CN V (trigeminal). small amount of fibers from CN VII (facial), CN IX (glossopharyngeal), and CN X (vagus)

119
Q

what nerves are special visceral afferent?

A

CN VII (facial), CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN I (olfactory)

120
Q

what nerves are general visceral afferent?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus)

121
Q

what nerves are general visceral efferent?

A

CN III (oculomotor), CN VII (facial), CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus)

122
Q

what nerves are special visceral efferent?

A

CN V (trigeminal), CN VII (facial), CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus), CN XI (accessory)

123
Q

what nerves are general somatic efferent?

A

CN III (oculomotor), CN IV (trochlear), CN VI (abducens)

124
Q

CN III parasympathetic functions

A

pupil constriction. smooth muscle of inner eye

125
Q

CN VII parasympathetic function

A

salivatory and lacrimal glands

126
Q

CN IX parasympathetic function

A

parotid gland (salivation)

127
Q

CN X parasympathetic function

A

muscles of heart, lung, and bowel that are involved in movement + secretion

128
Q

special somatic afferent function

A

sensory info about vision, balance, + hearing

129
Q

general somatic afferent function

A

sensory info from receptors in skin, muscle, + joints of head

130
Q

special visceral afferent function

A

sensory info about taste and smell

131
Q

general visceral afferent function

A

sensory info from viscera in the core (heart, vessels, lungs)

132
Q

general visceral efferent function

A

preganglionic autonomic fibers to the core + periphery

133
Q

special visceral efferent function

A

motor info to muscles of the jaw, face, larynx, pharynx from branchial arches

134
Q

general somatic efferent function

A

motor info to skeletal muscles of the eye and tongue

135
Q

CN I function

A

smell

136
Q

CN II function

A

vision

137
Q

CN III function

A

eye movements, pupillary constriction, upper eyelid

138
Q

CN IV function

A

eye movement (intorsion - down + in)

139
Q

olfactory receptors

A

bi-polar neurons

140
Q

sustentacular cells

A

supporting cells of olfactory epithelium

141
Q

what cranial nerve does NOT have to relay information to the thalamus?

A

CN I - olfactory

142
Q

what is 80% of our reality based on?

A

vision

143
Q

special somatic sensory pathway

A

retina > optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract > lateral geniculate nucleus > loop of meyer > calcarine sulcus

144
Q

what is it called when there is a leison to the optic nerve?

A

bitemporal hemianopsia

145
Q

associated field of defect with bitemporal hemianopsia

A

lateral field of vision, bilateral

146
Q

LR6 SO4
3
meaning

A

lateral rectus m, CN 6. superior oblique m, CN 4. All other eye muscles, CN 3

147
Q

what is the edinger-westphal nucleus?

A

nucleus of parasympathetic function for oculomotor n

148
Q

pupillary constriction is mediated through which cranial n?

A

oculomotor n

149
Q

what is the smallest cranial n in diameter?

A

trochlear n

150
Q

what cranial nerve arises from posterior brainstem?

A

trochlear n

151
Q

CN V function

A

somatic sense from, mouth, cornea. muscles of mastication

152
Q

CN VI function

A

lateral eye movement

153
Q

CN VII function

A

muscles of facial expression. taste to anterior 2/3 tongue

154
Q

CN VIII function

A

hearing + sense of balance

155
Q

trigeminal n branches

A

opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular

156
Q

what are the muscles of mastication innervated by the trigeminal n?

A

masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

157
Q

what extraocular muscles are innervated by abducens n?

A

lateral rectus

158
Q

facial n motor function

A

muscles of facial expression

159
Q

facial n parasympathetic function

A

salivary and lacrimal glands

160
Q

facial n visceral function

A

taste for anterior 2/3 tongue

161
Q

stapedius function

A

transmit vibration to sound in the ear

162
Q

stroke vs bells palsy

A
163
Q

vestibularcochlear n functions

A

balance/equilibrium and hearing

164
Q

cochlear branch of CN VIII pathway

A

lateral lemniscus > inferior colliculus > medial genticulate nuclei > primary auditory cortex

165
Q

CN IX function

A

sensory - posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx. taste - posterior 1/3. chemoreceptors + baroreceptors

166
Q

CN X function

A

autonomic function of gut. cardiac inhibition. sensation from larynx + pharynx. muscles of vocal cords. swallowing

167
Q

CN XI function

A

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

168
Q

CN XII function

A

movement of tongue

169
Q

CN IX parasympathetic function

A

stimulation of parotid gland

170
Q

CN IX taste function

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue, bitter taste

171
Q

CN IX somatic sensory function

A

general sensation to posterior 1/3 tongue, pharynx, external ear, tympanic membrane

172
Q

CN IX parasympathetic modality

A

general visceral efferent (GVE)

173
Q

CN IX taste modality

A

special visceral afferent (SVA)

174
Q

CN IX somatic sensory modality

A

general somatic afferent (GSA)

175
Q

what cranial nerve is considered to be 75% parasympathetic functions?

A

CN X - vagus

176
Q

CN X parasympathetic function

A

saliva production

177
Q

what nucleus is associated with the parasympathetic function of vagus n?

A

dorsal motor nucleus

178
Q

CN X somatic sensory somatic function

A

posterior meninges, skin on back of ear, external acoustic meatus, pharynx, larynx

179
Q

what does CN XI innervate?

A

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

180
Q

CN XII function

A

tongue movements. speech and swallowing

181
Q

CN XII modality for tongue movement function

A

GSE

Neuroanatomy 1 (3 decks)

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