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Neuroanatomy 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The two layers of the dura mater are the ______ layer and the ____ layer.

A

Periosteal and meningeal

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2
Q

Reality is a collection of all our ______ senses

A

Sensory

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3
Q

____ and _____ allow us to experience “reality”

A

PNS; CNS

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4
Q

The average weight of the human brain is _____ pounds

A

3.2

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5
Q

Telencephalon consists of _____ hemispheres and ______ ganglia

A

Cerebral; basal

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6
Q

The tertiary branch of mesencephalon is the _______

A

Midbrain

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7
Q

Meninges are ____ layers of the membrane that help ______ the brain

A

3; protect

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8
Q

The primary auditory cortex is located in the _____________ gyrus

A

Superior temporal

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9
Q

The midbrain can also be known as the _______

A

Mesencephalon

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10
Q

Efferent means to send motor info _______ from the cell body

A

Away

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11
Q

Structure often dictates _____

A

Function

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12
Q

The primary branch of the forebrain is the ____________

A

Prosencephalon

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13
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the __________ ____________ gyrus

A

Post central

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14
Q

Metencephalon consists of ________ and __________

A

Cerebellum; pons

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15
Q

Diencephalon consists of the _________

A

Thalami

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16
Q

Sulci are the _______ in the brain

A

Grooves

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17
Q

The secondary branches of the forebrain are ______ and ________

A

Telencephalon; diencephalon

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18
Q

The splenium of the corpus callosum is the ________ at the ________ end

A

Bulb; posterior

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19
Q

The parietal lobe is for _______

A

Somatosensory

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20
Q

The corpus callosum connects the ______ and _________ hemisphere of the _________

A

Left; right; brain

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21
Q

The primary visual cortex is located in the ________ _________

A

Occipital lobe

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22
Q

What is sensory info towards the cell body is called?

A

Afferent

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23
Q

The isthmus of the corpus callosum is the _______ section

A

Thinning

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24
Q

The secondary branch of the rhombencephalon is the _______ and ________

A

Metencephalon; myelencephalon

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25
Q

The primary auditory cortex is Brodmann’s area _____

A

41

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26
Q

Skin, connective tissue, galea aponeurotica, loose areolar connective tissue, pericardium, meninges, and CSF are layers of protection for the ________

A

Head

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27
Q

What ligament anchors the spinal cord to the dural sac?

A

Denticulate ligament

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28
Q

What fissure separates the brain into left and right hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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29
Q

The sagittal plane divides into ______ and _______ sides

A

Left; right

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30
Q

The tertiary branches of the rhombencephalon are ________ ________, _________, and _________

A

Medulla oblongata; pons; cerebellum

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31
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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32
Q

What plane divides the body into equal left and right sides?

A

Mid-sagittal plane

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33
Q

The CNS is compromised of the ______ ___________, and __________

A

Spinal cord; brain

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34
Q

What lobe is responsible for voluntary movement, expressive language, planning/organizing, and inhibition?

A

Frontal lobe

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35
Q

What cortex is Brodmann’s area 3, 1, 2?

A

Primary somatosensory

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36
Q

What lobe is primary visual cortex and visual processing a function of?

A

Occipital lobe

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37
Q

What are the tertiary branches of the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum and thalami

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38
Q

What sulcus divides the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe?

A

Lateral sulcus

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39
Q

What lobe is responsible for the primary auditory cortex, recognition of language, object recognition, and helps encode long term memory?

A

Temporal lobe

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40
Q

What does the myelencephalon consist of?

A

The medulla

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41
Q

What divides the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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42
Q

What are the bumps and ridges of the brain called?

A

Gyri

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43
Q

What is the primary branch of the hindbrain?

A

Rhombencephalon

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44
Q

What plane divides the superior from the inferior?

A

Horizontal

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45
Q

What plane divides the anterior from the posterior?

A

Frontal

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46
Q

What are the 3 meninge layers?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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47
Q

What is the PNS made up of?

A

Somatic nervous system, cranial, spinal nerves, and ANS

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48
Q

What sulcus divides the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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49
Q

What is the terminal anchor of the spinal cord after the conus medullaris?

A

Filum terminal

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50
Q

The notochord comes from the mesoderm and is the defining vertebral development. What does the adult notochord become known as?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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51
Q

What is a group of cells outside of the CNS called?

A

Ganglion

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52
Q

The epiblast layer continues to thicken and go into the hypoblast layer. This makes the primitive streak more pronounced and now _______ occurs

A

Gastrulation

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53
Q

Where does fertilization most frequently occur?

A

Ampulla of fallopian tube

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54
Q

What is the name of the hole at the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord starts?

A

Foramen magnum

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55
Q

What is the name of the remaining hair-like structures after the spinal cord?

A

Cauda-equina

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56
Q

Week 2 is the stage of organization. Embryoblasts continue to differentiate and give rise to what 2 structures?

A

Epiblasts and hypoblasts

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57
Q

What plate is the afferent part of the spinal cord?

A

Alar plate

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58
Q

What are the blocks of cells from the parasail mesodermal that form important structures such as vertebrae, ribs, skeletal muscles, and dermis of the back?

A

Somites

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59
Q

What ligament anchors the spinal cord to the ducal sac?

A

Denticulate

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60
Q

What is the inner cell mass known as?

A

Embryoblast

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61
Q

What is the outer cell mass known as?

A

Trophoblast

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62
Q

As cleavage continues with rapid mitosis divisions, and we get around 16 cells, the zygote is now renamed to what?

A

The morula

63
Q

What occurs in days 7-9 of development?

A

Implantation

64
Q

What kind of cell derivatives are the dorsal root ganglia, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, meninges, macroglia, enteric ganglia, Schwann cells, and sympathetic ganglia?

A

Neural crest

65
Q

The process from the time we have our morula to the time we have our blastocyst is called?

A

Blastulation

66
Q

Failure of the __________ _____________ to close causes defects such as spina bifida, meningeoceole, and meningmyelocle

A

Neural tube

67
Q

What is the process when the notochord induces thickening of the ectoderm, which then becomes the neural plate?

A

Neuralation

68
Q

Around 2-4 days in development, a process known as _______ happens where there are rapid mitotic divisions without growth

A

Cleavage

69
Q

What 2 vitamins are super important for fetal development?

A

B9 and B12

70
Q

What is a collection of cells in the CNS called?

A

Nuclei

71
Q

What is the name of the neural tube that is formed during neuralation?

A

Spinal cord

72
Q

What layer gives rise to the musculoskeletal system?

A

Mesoderm

73
Q

What is the thick glycoprotein coat around an oocyte?

A

Zona pellucida

74
Q

What is the motor portion of the developing spinal cord?

A

Basal plate

75
Q

Where does the spinal cord end (around L1-L2)?

A

Conus medullaris

76
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and ANS

77
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?

A

Glial cells and neurons

78
Q

What cells in the nervous system are able to replicate?

A

Glial cells

79
Q

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system? They are the glue

A

Glial

80
Q

What is another name for the cell body of a neuron?

A

Soma

81
Q

What speeds up the transmission of a nerve impulse on an axon?

A

Myelin

82
Q

Where do Schwann cells reside?

A

PNS

83
Q

What part of a neuron transmits signals towards the cell body?

A

Dendrites

84
Q

What part of the neuron transmits signals away from the cell body?

A

Axons

85
Q

What matter consists of the neural cell bodies, axon terminals, and dendrites?

A

Gray

86
Q

Structural classification of neurons is based on the number of processes off of the ________

A

Soma

87
Q

What is an example of a pseudounipolar classification neuron?

A

Sensory neurons

88
Q

What is an example of a multipolar classification neuron?

A

Motor neurons

89
Q

What is the structural classification of sensory or afferent impulses that are conducted in the CNS?

A

Unipolar or pseudoipolar

90
Q

What is the structural classification of motor or efferent impulses that are conducted towards effector organs?

A

Multipolar, motor neurons

91
Q

A _______ is 4-100 microns

A

Neuronal

92
Q

_____ and _______ allow a nerve to conduct more quickly

A

Myelin; diameter

93
Q

What cells produce myelin?

A

Schwann

94
Q

What classification of nerve fibers are responsible for slow pain?

A

Type C fibers

95
Q

What classification of nerve fibers are responsible for fast pain?

A

Type A fibers

96
Q

Where are the ependymal cells located?

A

In the ventricles

97
Q

What cells make myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

98
Q

What cells make myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligiodendrytes

99
Q

_______ are contributors to the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

100
Q

What is the most abundant glial cell?

A

Astrocytes

101
Q

What cells maintain neural networks, injury repair, and act as the “clean up crew”?

A

Microglial

102
Q

What is 90% of the gray matter called?

A

Neocortex

103
Q

What are the six layers of the neocortex?

A

Molecular layer, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, and multiform

104
Q

What dendritic tufts of the pyramidal nerves are the motor neurons that assist in voluntary movement?

A

Apical

105
Q

The molecular layer of the neocortex is layer number ____

A

1

106
Q

The external granular layer of the neocortex is layer number ______

A

2

107
Q

The two layers of the neocortex that are essentially the same are called the _______ granular and the external ________

A

External; pyramidal

108
Q

The internal granular layer of the neocortex is layer number _________

A

4

109
Q

The internal pyramidal layer of the neocortex is layer number _______

A

5

110
Q

What layer number is the multiform layer?

A

6 (the deepest)

111
Q

What is nociception?

A

A process by which receptors receive tissue damaging signals (pain)

112
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

A process where receptors are stimulated by physical forces such as pressure, stretch, vibration, or joint movement

113
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Kinesthetic awareness in space from visual or vestibular input

114
Q

What are the four types of mechanoreceptors?

A

Meissner corpuscle, pakinian corpuscle, Ruffini corpuscle, and hair follicle receptors

115
Q

What corpuscle is responsible for transmitting the sensations of fine, discriminative, touch and vibration (feeling the difference between 2 things)?

A

Meissner

116
Q

What corpuscle acts as a receptor for pressure and vibration?

A

Pacinian

117
Q

What corpuscle records low frequency vibration or pressure?

A

Ruffini

118
Q

What receptors allow you to feel your skin when you are not exactly touching with your fingers?

A

The hair follicle

119
Q

What corpuscles are mechanoreceptors that are the only one to be slow adapting?

A

Ruffini

120
Q

What kind of nerve is unencapsulated, unmyelinated axon terminal that conveys nociceptive signals orthodromically?

A

Free nerve endings

121
Q

Orthodontic

A

To send towards the cell body

122
Q

What organ is for reflexes (like hitting the patellar tendon) and myotendinous junctions?

A

Golgi tendon

123
Q

Nerves are bundles of axons. Are they located in the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

124
Q

Tracts are bundles of axons. Are they located inside the PNS or CNS?

A

CNS

125
Q

What are the unmyelinated spaces on the axon that produce depolarization?

A

Nodes of ranvier

126
Q

What cells are supportive cells for neurons in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells

127
Q

______ are surrounded with myelin

A

Axons

128
Q

What are fascicles? What are they surrounded by?

A

Bundles of axons; perineurium

129
Q

What are funiculi? What is it surrounded by?

A

Bundles of fascicles; epineurium

130
Q

What does schwann cell NGF (nerve growth factor) allow cells to do?

A

Regenerate

131
Q

What are the three types of nerve injuries?

A

Neuroproxia, axonotmesis, and neurotmesis

132
Q

What is neuroproxia?

A

Local myelin damage that is usually from compression

133
Q

What is axonotmesis?

A

What the axon is severed, but the endoneurium is still intact

134
Q

what is the largest white mater structure in the brain?

A

corpus callosum

135
Q

commissural tracts/fibers

A

white matter that connects contralateral hemispheres

136
Q

association fibers

A

white matter that connects different areas of the SAME hemisphere

137
Q

projection fibers

A

white matter that connects the cortex with other areas in the CNS

138
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

voluntary movement, expressive language, executive function, inhibition, and emotional expression

139
Q

parietal lobe function

A

sensory perception and integration. spatial mapping/attention, reading, mathematics, and assigning meaning to sense

140
Q

temporal lobe function

A

primary auditory cortex, recognition of language, object recognition, and assists in long-term memory

141
Q

what is apart of the limbic system?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus, para-hippocampal gyrus

142
Q

what Brodmann’s area is the primary motor cortex?

A

B.A. 4, 6

143
Q

what Brodmann’s area is the primary visual area?

A

B.A. 17

144
Q

what are the names of the two areas that the periosteal layer and meningeal layer of the dura mater are NOT fused together?

A

falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

145
Q

what is the epidural space?

A

a potential space located between the inner surface of the skull and tightly adherent dura

146
Q

what is the subarachnoid space?

A

the space below the arachnoid mater and above the pia mater. contains CSF and major arteries

147
Q

what is the subdural space?

A

a potential space between the inner layer of the dura and the loosely adhered arachnoid

148
Q

do potential spaces normally occur?

A

no. they are only present in degenerating brains and when there are brain health issues

149
Q

what separates the lateral ventricles from the 3rd ventricle?

A

the interventricular foramen of monro

150
Q

what separates the 3rd ventricle from the 4th ventricle?

A

the cerebral aqueduct

151
Q

what allows CSF to move from the 4th ventricle to the central canal?

A

lateral foramen of luschka and the medial foramen of magendie

152
Q

neural crest cell derivatives

A

dorsal root ganglion, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, meninges, macroglia, enteric ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, and schwann cells

153
Q

neurotmesis

A

complete physiologic disruption of the entire nerve trunk. nerve is severed

Neuroanatomy 1 (3 decks)

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