Exam 1 Flashcards
The two layers of the dura mater are the ______ layer and the ____ layer.
Periosteal and meningeal
Reality is a collection of all our ______ senses
Sensory
____ and _____ allow us to experience “reality”
PNS; CNS
The average weight of the human brain is _____ pounds
3.2
Telencephalon consists of _____ hemispheres and ______ ganglia
Cerebral; basal
The tertiary branch of mesencephalon is the _______
Midbrain
Meninges are ____ layers of the membrane that help ______ the brain
3; protect
The primary auditory cortex is located in the _____________ gyrus
Superior temporal
The midbrain can also be known as the _______
Mesencephalon
Efferent means to send motor info _______ from the cell body
Away
Structure often dictates _____
Function
The primary branch of the forebrain is the ____________
Prosencephalon
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the __________ ____________ gyrus
Post central
Metencephalon consists of ________ and __________
Cerebellum; pons
Diencephalon consists of the _________
Thalami
Sulci are the _______ in the brain
Grooves
The secondary branches of the forebrain are ______ and ________
Telencephalon; diencephalon
The splenium of the corpus callosum is the ________ at the ________ end
Bulb; posterior
The parietal lobe is for _______
Somatosensory
The corpus callosum connects the ______ and _________ hemisphere of the _________
Left; right; brain
The primary visual cortex is located in the ________ _________
Occipital lobe
What is sensory info towards the cell body is called?
Afferent
The isthmus of the corpus callosum is the _______ section
Thinning
The secondary branch of the rhombencephalon is the _______ and ________
Metencephalon; myelencephalon
The primary auditory cortex is Brodmann’s area _____
41
Skin, connective tissue, galea aponeurotica, loose areolar connective tissue, pericardium, meninges, and CSF are layers of protection for the ________
Head
What ligament anchors the spinal cord to the dural sac?
Denticulate ligament
What fissure separates the brain into left and right hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
The sagittal plane divides into ______ and _______ sides
Left; right
The tertiary branches of the rhombencephalon are ________ ________, _________, and _________
Medulla oblongata; pons; cerebellum
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
What plane divides the body into equal left and right sides?
Mid-sagittal plane
The CNS is compromised of the ______ ___________, and __________
Spinal cord; brain
What lobe is responsible for voluntary movement, expressive language, planning/organizing, and inhibition?
Frontal lobe
What cortex is Brodmann’s area 3, 1, 2?
Primary somatosensory
What lobe is primary visual cortex and visual processing a function of?
Occipital lobe
What are the tertiary branches of the forebrain?
Cerebrum and thalami
What sulcus divides the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe?
Lateral sulcus
What lobe is responsible for the primary auditory cortex, recognition of language, object recognition, and helps encode long term memory?
Temporal lobe
What does the myelencephalon consist of?
The medulla
What divides the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central sulcus
What are the bumps and ridges of the brain called?
Gyri
What is the primary branch of the hindbrain?
Rhombencephalon
What plane divides the superior from the inferior?
Horizontal
What plane divides the anterior from the posterior?
Frontal
What are the 3 meninge layers?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What is the PNS made up of?
Somatic nervous system, cranial, spinal nerves, and ANS
What sulcus divides the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
What is the terminal anchor of the spinal cord after the conus medullaris?
Filum terminal
The notochord comes from the mesoderm and is the defining vertebral development. What does the adult notochord become known as?
Nucleus pulposus
What is a group of cells outside of the CNS called?
Ganglion
The epiblast layer continues to thicken and go into the hypoblast layer. This makes the primitive streak more pronounced and now _______ occurs
Gastrulation
Where does fertilization most frequently occur?
Ampulla of fallopian tube
What is the name of the hole at the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord starts?
Foramen magnum
What is the name of the remaining hair-like structures after the spinal cord?
Cauda-equina
Week 2 is the stage of organization. Embryoblasts continue to differentiate and give rise to what 2 structures?
Epiblasts and hypoblasts
What plate is the afferent part of the spinal cord?
Alar plate
What are the blocks of cells from the parasail mesodermal that form important structures such as vertebrae, ribs, skeletal muscles, and dermis of the back?
Somites
What ligament anchors the spinal cord to the ducal sac?
Denticulate
What is the inner cell mass known as?
Embryoblast
What is the outer cell mass known as?
Trophoblast
As cleavage continues with rapid mitosis divisions, and we get around 16 cells, the zygote is now renamed to what?
The morula
What occurs in days 7-9 of development?
Implantation
What kind of cell derivatives are the dorsal root ganglia, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, meninges, macroglia, enteric ganglia, Schwann cells, and sympathetic ganglia?
Neural crest
The process from the time we have our morula to the time we have our blastocyst is called?
Blastulation
Failure of the __________ _____________ to close causes defects such as spina bifida, meningeoceole, and meningmyelocle
Neural tube
What is the process when the notochord induces thickening of the ectoderm, which then becomes the neural plate?
Neuralation
Around 2-4 days in development, a process known as _______ happens where there are rapid mitotic divisions without growth
Cleavage
What 2 vitamins are super important for fetal development?
B9 and B12
What is a collection of cells in the CNS called?
Nuclei
What is the name of the neural tube that is formed during neuralation?
Spinal cord
What layer gives rise to the musculoskeletal system?
Mesoderm
What is the thick glycoprotein coat around an oocyte?
Zona pellucida
What is the motor portion of the developing spinal cord?
Basal plate
Where does the spinal cord end (around L1-L2)?
Conus medullaris
What does the PNS consist of?
Spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and ANS
What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?
Glial cells and neurons
What cells in the nervous system are able to replicate?
Glial cells
What are the supporting cells of the nervous system? They are the glue
Glial
What is another name for the cell body of a neuron?
Soma
What speeds up the transmission of a nerve impulse on an axon?
Myelin
Where do Schwann cells reside?
PNS
What part of a neuron transmits signals towards the cell body?
Dendrites
What part of the neuron transmits signals away from the cell body?
Axons
What matter consists of the neural cell bodies, axon terminals, and dendrites?
Gray
Structural classification of neurons is based on the number of processes off of the ________
Soma
What is an example of a pseudounipolar classification neuron?
Sensory neurons
What is an example of a multipolar classification neuron?
Motor neurons
What is the structural classification of sensory or afferent impulses that are conducted in the CNS?
Unipolar or pseudoipolar
What is the structural classification of motor or efferent impulses that are conducted towards effector organs?
Multipolar, motor neurons
A _______ is 4-100 microns
Neuronal
_____ and _______ allow a nerve to conduct more quickly
Myelin; diameter
What cells produce myelin?
Schwann
What classification of nerve fibers are responsible for slow pain?
Type C fibers
What classification of nerve fibers are responsible for fast pain?
Type A fibers
Where are the ependymal cells located?
In the ventricles
What cells make myelin in the PNS?
Schwann cells
What cells make myelin in the CNS?
Oligiodendrytes
_______ are contributors to the blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
What is the most abundant glial cell?
Astrocytes
What cells maintain neural networks, injury repair, and act as the “clean up crew”?
Microglial
What is 90% of the gray matter called?
Neocortex
What are the six layers of the neocortex?
Molecular layer, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, and multiform
What dendritic tufts of the pyramidal nerves are the motor neurons that assist in voluntary movement?
Apical
The molecular layer of the neocortex is layer number ____
1
The external granular layer of the neocortex is layer number ______
2
The two layers of the neocortex that are essentially the same are called the _______ granular and the external ________
External; pyramidal
The internal granular layer of the neocortex is layer number _________
4
The internal pyramidal layer of the neocortex is layer number _______
5
What layer number is the multiform layer?
6 (the deepest)
What is nociception?
A process by which receptors receive tissue damaging signals (pain)
What are mechanoreceptors?
A process where receptors are stimulated by physical forces such as pressure, stretch, vibration, or joint movement
What is proprioception?
Kinesthetic awareness in space from visual or vestibular input
What are the four types of mechanoreceptors?
Meissner corpuscle, pakinian corpuscle, Ruffini corpuscle, and hair follicle receptors
What corpuscle is responsible for transmitting the sensations of fine, discriminative, touch and vibration (feeling the difference between 2 things)?
Meissner
What corpuscle acts as a receptor for pressure and vibration?
Pacinian
What corpuscle records low frequency vibration or pressure?
Ruffini
What receptors allow you to feel your skin when you are not exactly touching with your fingers?
The hair follicle
What corpuscles are mechanoreceptors that are the only one to be slow adapting?
Ruffini
What kind of nerve is unencapsulated, unmyelinated axon terminal that conveys nociceptive signals orthodromically?
Free nerve endings
Orthodontic
To send towards the cell body
What organ is for reflexes (like hitting the patellar tendon) and myotendinous junctions?
Golgi tendon
Nerves are bundles of axons. Are they located in the CNS or PNS?
PNS
Tracts are bundles of axons. Are they located inside the PNS or CNS?
CNS
What are the unmyelinated spaces on the axon that produce depolarization?
Nodes of ranvier
What cells are supportive cells for neurons in the PNS?
Satellite cells
______ are surrounded with myelin
Axons
What are fascicles? What are they surrounded by?
Bundles of axons; perineurium
What are funiculi? What is it surrounded by?
Bundles of fascicles; epineurium
What does schwann cell NGF (nerve growth factor) allow cells to do?
Regenerate
What are the three types of nerve injuries?
Neuroproxia, axonotmesis, and neurotmesis
What is neuroproxia?
Local myelin damage that is usually from compression
What is axonotmesis?
What the axon is severed, but the endoneurium is still intact
what is the largest white mater structure in the brain?
corpus callosum
commissural tracts/fibers
white matter that connects contralateral hemispheres
association fibers
white matter that connects different areas of the SAME hemisphere
projection fibers
white matter that connects the cortex with other areas in the CNS
Frontal lobe function
voluntary movement, expressive language, executive function, inhibition, and emotional expression
parietal lobe function
sensory perception and integration. spatial mapping/attention, reading, mathematics, and assigning meaning to sense
temporal lobe function
primary auditory cortex, recognition of language, object recognition, and assists in long-term memory
what is apart of the limbic system?
amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus, para-hippocampal gyrus
what Brodmann’s area is the primary motor cortex?
B.A. 4, 6
what Brodmann’s area is the primary visual area?
B.A. 17
what are the names of the two areas that the periosteal layer and meningeal layer of the dura mater are NOT fused together?
falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
what is the epidural space?
a potential space located between the inner surface of the skull and tightly adherent dura
what is the subarachnoid space?
the space below the arachnoid mater and above the pia mater. contains CSF and major arteries
what is the subdural space?
a potential space between the inner layer of the dura and the loosely adhered arachnoid
do potential spaces normally occur?
no. they are only present in degenerating brains and when there are brain health issues
what separates the lateral ventricles from the 3rd ventricle?
the interventricular foramen of monro
what separates the 3rd ventricle from the 4th ventricle?
the cerebral aqueduct
what allows CSF to move from the 4th ventricle to the central canal?
lateral foramen of luschka and the medial foramen of magendie
neural crest cell derivatives
dorsal root ganglion, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, meninges, macroglia, enteric ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, and schwann cells
neurotmesis
complete physiologic disruption of the entire nerve trunk. nerve is severed
