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Forensics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone made of

A

25% water
25% collagen fibers
50% crystallized mineral salts

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2
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-building cells

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3
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

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4
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Release enzymes that break down bone (resorption)

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5
Q

Bone may be categorized as

A

compact
spongy

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6
Q

Osteopenia

A

Low bone mass

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7
Q

Osteoporosis

A

porous bones

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8
Q

What happens in osteoporosis

A

Fractures occur easily
More common in women

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9
Q

Treatment of osteoporosis

A

Antiresorptives
Bisphosphonates (fosomax, actonel, and boniva)
Estrogen replacement therapy (premarin)

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10
Q

What stimulates osteoblastic activity

A

Estrogen in women
Testosterone in men

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11
Q

Rickets

A

inadequate calcification of bone. Deficiency of Vitamin D. In children

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12
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Adult rickets
Vit d deficiency

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13
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

degeneration of articular cartilage

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14
Q

Osteogenic sarcoma

A

Bone cancer
usually in teens, occurs when teen grows rapidly

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15
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Infection of bone

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16
Q

Vitamin A

A

Stimulates osteoblast activity

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17
Q

Vit C

A

needed for synthesis of collagen

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18
Q

Vit D

A

helps build bone by increasing the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

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19
Q

How many bones in human skeleton

A

The human skeleton consists of 206 named bones

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20
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow slit

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21
Q

Foramen (foramina)

A

opening

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22
Q

Tuberosity

A

large prominence on a bone

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23
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body

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24
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

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25
Q

Axial skeleton pic 1

A

frontal bone

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26
Q

Axial skeleton pic 2

A

Zygomatic bone

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27
Q

Axial skeleton pic 3

A

Mandible

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28
Q

Axial skeleton pic 4

A

Nasal bone

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29
Q

Axial skeleton pic 5

A

Maxilla

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30
Q

Temporal bones

A

External auditory meatus (ear canal) is found in the temporal bone

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31
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

the keystone

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32
Q

Occipital bone

A

In the back of the skull

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33
Q

Nasal bones

A

Where glasses sit

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34
Q

Maxillae

A

Upper jaw

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35
Q

Deficiency in folic acid causes what

A

Cleft lip and palate

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36
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

cheek bones

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37
Q

Mandible

A

The only movable skull bone
The lower jaw

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38
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Temporal bone/mandible
Bruxism, trauma

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39
Q

Fontanels

A

Soft spot found in infant skull
Important, so as the brain grows, the skull expands

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40
Q

Hyoid bone

A

In the neck
Rarely fractures
Strangulation will cause fracture of the hyoid bone

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41
Q

Vertebral column

A

Also called the spine, backbone, or spinal column

42
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone
Consists of the manubrium, body, xiphoid process

43
Q

How many ribs

A

12 pairs

44
Q

Scoliosis

A

Scoliosis can make the spine look more like the letters “C” or “S”

45
Q

Kyphosis

A

Looks like a hunchback

46
Q

Lordosis

A

Booty out

47
Q

Teeth from front to back

A

Incisor
Cuspid
First Bicuspid
Second bicuspid
First molar
Second molar
Third molar (wisdom teeth)

48
Q

How many teeth in adults and children

A

32 in adults including wisdom
20 in children

49
Q

Amalgam filling

A

Silver

50
Q

Composite filling

A

Tooth colored

51
Q

Cuspid teeth

A

Canine

52
Q

Bicuspid teeth

A

premolars

53
Q

Cartoon mouth pic 1

A

Canine

54
Q

Cartoon mouth pic 2

A

molars

55
Q

cartoon mouth pic 3

A

premolars

56
Q

cartoon mouth pic 4

A

incisors

57
Q

real mouth pic 1

A

central incisor

58
Q

real mouth pic 2

A

Lateral incisor

59
Q

real mouth pic 3

A

Canine

60
Q

real mouth pic 4

A

First premolar

61
Q

real mouth pic 5

A

2nd premolar

62
Q

real mouth pic 6

A

first molar

63
Q

real mouth pic 7

A

second molar

64
Q

real mouth pic 8

A

third molar (wisdom tooth)

65
Q

Blood volume in males and females

A

5-6 and 4-5

66
Q

Temperature of blood

A

38 Celsius
100.4 fahrenheit

67
Q

Blood plasma

A

Liquid

68
Q

Blood is what % water

A

91.5

69
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

70
Q

Type AB blood

A

AB antigens
Universal recipient

71
Q

Type O blood

A

Neither antigen
Universal donor

72
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBCs
Carries oxygen to body’s cells
Biconcave disc
Strong, flexible plasma membrane
Lacks nucleus

73
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBCs
Fights disease and foreign invaders

74
Q

Platelets

A

Aids in blood clotting

75
Q

Centrifuged blood

A

RBCs on bottom (45%)
Buffy coat composed of WBCs and plts
Plasma on top (55%)

76
Q

Hematocrit

A

the percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells

77
Q

Satellite droplets

A

When blood falls from a height, or at a high velocity, it overcomes its natural cohesiveness, and
separates from the main droplet

78
Q

Spiking patterns

A

Form around the droplet edges when blood falls onto a less-than-smooth surface

79
Q

Lines of convergence

A

two or more blood splatters can pinpoint the location of the blood source

80
Q

Luminol

A

Used by CSI to locate traces of blood even after being cleaned or removed
Sprayed throughout the area to look for reactions causing a blue luminescence

81
Q

LCV

A

Leuco crystal violet
A chemical process used for blood enhancement
Using this test helps make blood evidence more visible so it can be photographed and analyzed

82
Q

Male and female chromosomes

A

XY and XX

83
Q

How many chromosomes in human body cells

A

46

84
Q

What is DNA made of

A

Two long chains (strands) arranged in a double helix

85
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A

1953
Founded that the DNA is a double helix

86
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Used x-ray diffraction

87
Q

DNA in dividing vs nondividing cells

A

Tightly coiled (chromosomes) in dividing cells (Condensed)
Loosely coiled (chromatin) in nondividing cells (Diffuse)

88
Q

Nitrogenous bases DNA

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

89
Q

Pentose sugar

A

in DNA is deoxyribose

90
Q

What is DNA made of

A

Nitrogenous bases
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group

91
Q

DNA in bases pairs

A

Adenine (A) matches with Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) matches with Guanine (G)

92
Q

big to small from gene to cell

A

Gene is part of DNA
DNA is part of chromosome
chromosome is part of nucleus
nucleus is part of cell

93
Q

DNA controls production of

A

proteins

94
Q

what are proteins

A

chains of amino acids bonded together

95
Q

What body cells are dna found in

A

nucleus of:
WBCs, cheek (buccal) cells, semen, saliva, urine, hair follicle, teeth, bone tissue
Most abundant in buccal cells
DNA from blood comes from WBCs
RBCs have no nuclei so no DNA

96
Q

Who draws blood

A

phlebotomist

97
Q

DNA profiling, fingerprinting, and typing

A

All the same thing
Refers to the process of identifying an individual based on their unique DNA characteristics

98
Q

Who invented DNA fingerprinting

A

Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in 1985

99
Q

When was Alec Jeffreys knighted

A

1994

100
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

A technique used to separate DNA fragments
An electrical current is moved through a gel substance, causing molecules to sort by size.
The smaller, lighter molecules will move the farthest on the gel.
After developing, the fragments can be visualized for characterization

Forensics (4 decks)

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