EXAM 2

Question 1

Physical activity, exercise & fitness

Answer 1

Physical Activity: Bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles and requires energy expenditure
Physical exercise: Planned, repetitive, and purposeful physical activity. They are intended to improve or maintain one or more aspects of physical fitness. (Intentional)
Cost of Inactivity: Globally, physical inactivity costs $67.5 billion in health care costs and lower workplace productivity

Two Broad Categories of Physical Exercise:
Aerobic Exercise: light-to-moderate-intensity exercise. Often referred to as “Cardio”, performed for extended period of time. (Ex. swimming, cycling, running)
Anaerobic Exercise: High-intensity exercise performed over short periods of time. (ex. weight training and sprinting)

Question 2

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 2

A minimum number of calories is needed to maintain the body while at rest. Includes ~50-70% of total energy burned for cell & vital organ functioning. 7-10% breaking down food. The last 20-40% is the result of physical activity. (weight x 13-estimate)
Calorie: Measure of food energy equivalent to the energy needed to raise the temperature of one grain of water to one degree Celsius.

Question 3

Benefits from physical activity

Answer 3

Physical fitness: A set of attributes or characteristics that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity.
-Muscular strength
-Muscular endurance
-Flexibility
-Body composition

Cardiorespiratory Endurance (Aerobic Fitness)- the most important attribute of physical fitness. The ability of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles during physical activity for prolonged periods of time. Includes muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, & body composition.

Promotes the growth of new neurons in the brain, decreases resting heart rate and blood pressure, improves regulation of blood sugar, increases maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max), increases strength and efficiency of the heart, and increases slow-wave (deep) sleep, increases HDL (good) cholesterol and reduces LDL (bad) cholesterol, decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease, decreases obesity, promotes relaxation, decreases menstrual cycle length, increases longevity, decreases risk of some cancers, improves immune system functioning , improves mood.

Question 4

Metabolic syndrome (MetS)

Answer 4

A cluster of conditions that include:
High blood pressure
high blood sugar level
abdominal obesity
low HDL “good” cholesterol & high triglyceride level
increase the risk of heart disease, stroke & diabetes. Closely linked to obesity, lack of physical activity & Insulin resistance. Lower prevalence estimates in adults who exercise regularly, especially resistance exercise.
* Estimates ~1 in 3 adults in US met criteria for MetS

Question 5

Exercise interventions

Answer 5

People are more likely to stick with exercise programs if:
Enjoy exercise, have previously formed habits of regular exercise, come from families that exercise, have social support for exercising, have a favorable attitude and a strong sense of self-efficacy toward exercising, believe individual responsibility for personal health, stage is matched to readiness & have realistic expectations.

mHealth- use of technology to promote health and well-being- moderate increase in activity & small decrease in sedentary behavior

Question 6

Sleep stages & circadian rhythms

Answer 6

Short sleep duration- note getting enough sleep (< 7 hours each day). prevalence: 35% adults (73% of college students). Disorders: insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea. Stress, demanding work schedules

Cicadian Rhythm- internal biological clock. 24-hour cycle of night and day. Thinking & memory are sharpest at our peak circadian rhythm. Bright light decreases our production of melatonin. Age differences.

Sleep-
The brain operates on 90 min biological rhythm-distance sleep stages (Beta, Alpha, NREM-1, NREM-2, NREM-3, and REM)
-Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM)
-different brain waves, breathing in changes and muscle tension, other bodily changes
-NREM-3 is most important for restoring energy, strengthening the immune system & growth.

Question 7

Developmental sleep patterns

Answer 7

Newborns- 15-17 hours daily; 1-3 hour segments, sleep needs decrease as the brain develops, full-term babies sleep more than low-weight babies
Children: AAP recommends 9 to 12 hours of sleep. 25% of kids under 5 & 40% of teens don’t get enough sleep. Low sleep mimics the effects of ADHD. Problems with immune systems, academic performance, and mental health.
Adults: Influences- genetics, work schedule, electronics/diversions, lights. social jet lag. Insufficient sleep correlates. Sleep debt and partial sleep loss.

Question 8

Health issues due to sleep loss

Answer 8

-Increased body weight, BMI and obesity.
- Higher percentage body fat
-increased ghrelin & decreased leptin
-elevated levels of cortisol
-suppressed immune functioning and chronic inflammation
-cardiometabolic disease promotion
-insulin resistance (pre-diabetic)
-impaired concentration, memory and creativity

Question 9

Insomnia & Treatment

Answer 9

Persistent problem falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting restful sleep. 10-15% of adults complain of insomnia.
-cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (SBT-I) targets underlying insomnia causes.

-structured, evidence-based treatment, that addresses thoughts/behaviors that cause or worsen sleep problems.
-establishes good sleep habits to improve the quality & quantity of sleep
-Strategies: stimulus control therapy, relaxation training, sleep restriction, sleep environment improvement, sleep hygiene.

Question 10

Sleep hygiene

Answer 10

-Avoid caffeine, alcohol, large meals close to bedtime
-exercise regularly
-establish a consistent schedule and bedtime routine
-create sleep-conductive environment
-go to bed when sleepy but get up if haven’t fallen asleep in 20 min
-hide the clock
-avoid electronics close to bed (30-60 minutes before)

Question 11

Unintentional & Intentional Injury

Answer 11

Unintentional injuries (accidents): car crashes, poisoning, firearms, falls
Intentional injuries: suicide, homicide, fatalities of war
-risk of injury varies considerably across the life span…

Question 12

Developmental differences in injury

Answer 12

Injury in Childhood- healthiest time in developed nations. Over 9,000 U.S. children ages 1-14 die each year. Age 1-4: drowning, motor vehicle accidents. Age 5-9: motor vehicle, fire/burns, drowning. Age 10-14: motor-vehicles.

Injury in Adolescence to Young Adult:
Unintentional injury leading cause of death
-poor decision-making & impulsivity may be due to different growth rates of the limbic system and prefrontal cortex.
-fMRI scans indicate brain areas that respond to excitement and pleasure are more active than areas that control inhibition and urge caution
-Teens are more likely to speed, allow shorter headways, lowest rate of seat belt use, underestimate the dangerous situation

Question 13

Injury Control

Answer 13

Poisoning: Unintentional poisoning death rates (including deaths from drug overdoses)- increasing since 1992. 91% from drugs (prescription painkillers, cocaine, heroin), men are twice as likely as women to die from poisoning.
Falls; Falls 2nd leading cause of unintentional injury deaths worldwide. 1 out of 3 adults aged 65 and older fall each year.

Question 14

Injury Prevention:

Answer 14

Target Intervention:
1. Individual behaviors – choices people make, such as alcohol use, texting while driving
2. Physical environment – features such as lightening, smoke detectors, fences that can affect the rate of injuries related to falls, fires, drownings, violence, etc.
3. Access to service – access to health care services including rehab, injury-related care
4. Social environment – peers, family, adult supervision, school, work or neighborhood environments
5. Societal-level factors – cultural beliefs, attitudes, incentives & disincentives, laws & regulations.

Levels of Prevention:
Primary Prevention – changes in laws, policies designed to make harm less likely
Secondary Prevention – reducing the chance of injury in high-risk situations for particular individuals
Tertiary Prevention – begins after the injury has occurred, limiting damage

Question 15

Obesity trends

Answer 15

Overweight has stayed pretty consistent but obesity has skyrocketed in the past 30 years. Severe obesity has also increased steadily since the mid-90s

Question 16

MyPlate recommendations

Answer 16

Let’s move campaign- Michelle Obama: Program reflects a biopsychosocial solution and emphasizes:
Getting nutrition and exercise information to parents
Improving the quality of food in schools
Making healthy foods more affordable and accessible
Focusing more on physical education
New school lunch standards

MY PLATE: ensuring that children are getting a balanced diet. Including of fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, and dairy.

Question 17

Glycemic Index

Answer 17

The glycemic index is a measure of how quickly a food raises blood sugar after eating it. Low GI food (GI = 55 or less): skim milk, soy beverages, apples, plums, oranges, slow-cooked oatmeal. Moderate GI foods (GI= 56-69): Bananas, Pineapple, Raisins, Brown rice, Whole Wheat and Rye Bread. High- GI foods (GI = 70 or more): Watermelon, dried dates, white potato, instant rice, sugary breakfast cerelas, bagels, french fries, table sugar.

Question 18

Chronic conditions & diet

Answer 18

Multiple Chronic Conditions: Two or more chronic conditions, lasting a year or more, requiring medical attention, limiting daily activities.
Diet and Disease:
Fats - densest sources of food energy & helps body absorb
vitamins
-1 gram = 9 calories for fats; 1 gram = 4 calories for carbs &
proteins
1. Trans fat (Hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated fats)
2. Saturated fat
3. Monounsaturated fat
4. Polyunsaturated fat (Omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids)

Question 19

Food securty

Answer 19

Food secure- have access at all times to the kinds and amounts of food necessary to enjoy and active, healthy life. Lower food security associated with increases in 10 chronic diseases. 12.7% of US households experience food insecurity at some point. (near or below poverty, single-parent households, black & Hispanic households, single adult living alone)

Question 20

Biological influences of weight regulation

Answer 20

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH):
* Triggers hunger
* Stimulation leads to hunger – even if full
* Lesion leads to no signs of hunger (self-starvation)
* Secrets hormone orexin, hunger-triggering

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH):
-triggers satiety
-stimulation causes an animal to STOP eating
-Lesion leads to hunger

Adipocytes- collapsible body cells that store fat
* Fat-cell hyperplasia — adipocytes
divide when they reach maximum
capacity
* Once fat cells increase, they never
decrease
* ~30 billion in average weight
person, up to 200+ billion in
severely obese population
* Increased feelings of hunger
linked to the number of
adipocytes

Question 21

Short and Long Term Appetite Regulation

Answer 21

Short-Term Appetite Regulation:
-When glucose levels rise, insulin productions increases by pancreas. Helps convert glucose into fat/energy.
-As time passes since our last meal, glucose levels naturally fall. Plus the insulin converts glucose into fat, we start to feel hungry
again.
-Cholecystokinin (CCK): satiety hormone released by the intestine;
suppresses appetite
-Ghrelin: appetite stimulant produced by stomach, rises 1-2 hours
before meals
-Peptide YY (PYY): appetite suppressant

Long-term:
-Leptin signals normal brain to suppress
hunger
-Laboratory mice with a defective gene for
leptin produces too little leptin & become
obese
-Leptin levels increase with body fat – lower
leptin levels in those with less body fat
-Gives support for set-point theory

Question 22

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 22

• Body’s base rate of energy expenditure
• Influenced by heredity, age, gender, activity level and body
  composition (fat tissue has a lower metabolic rate)

Set point Hypothesis:
* The idea that each person’s body weight is genetically set
within a given range, or set point, that the body works hard to
maintain
* When body weight falls below, an increase in hunger and a
lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
* Based on evolutionary perspective

Question 23

BMI & Obesity & CBT Treatment

Answer 23

BMI: Underweight: <18.5, Normal= 18.5-24.9, overweight= 25-29.9, class 1 obesity- 25-29.9, class 2- 25-39.9, class 3- 40+
Obesity (BMI30-40+):
 Weight affects physical & psychological
well-being
 Weight stigma (weight bias)
 Body mass index (BMI) – measure of
obesity calculated by dividing body
weight by the square of a person’s height

Treatment and Prevention:
Dieting
 Successful weight loss defined as ~10% reduction of
initial weight, maintained for 1+ year
 55% of adults would like to lose weight
 27% actively trying to lose weight
Why Diets Fail
 Not accurate at estimating calorie needs
 Dieters underestimate consumption
 Unrealistic expectations & struggle with compliance
 Lack of post-treatment following weight loss

Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy:
Most behavior modification programs include the following
components:
 Stimulus control
 Self-control
 Aerobic exercise
 Contingency contracts
 Social support
 Careful self-monitoring
 Relapse prevention therapy
 Cognitive Behavior Therapies (CBT)
 Focus on interdependence of feelings, thoughts, behavior, consequences,
social context and physiology
 Eating habits and attitudes must be modified for weight loss to be maintained

Question 24

Eating Disorders & History

Answer 24

Eating Disorders:
 Anorexia nervosa
 Characterized by persistent food intake restriction, fear of gaining
weight, BMI <18, distorted body image
 0.6% US population meets criteria
 Bulimia nervosa
 Characterized by alternating cycles of binge eating and
compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (e.g., vomiting,
laxative abuse, exercise, fasting)
 1% of US population
 Binge-eating disorder (BED)
 Binge-eating episodes (eating a large amount of food) create
distressed feelings but no compensatory behaviors
 2.8% US population

History and Prevalence:
Before the 1970s, generally only found in upper-middle class
women in Western culture
* 10:1 ratio women to men in the past; now 2:1 ratio
* Found across genders, age, racial/ethnic and sexual orientation
groups
* Believed to be underdiagnosed, particularly for marginalized
groups and low SES
* Male eating disorders now receiving more attention
* Muscle Dysmorphia: body image dissatisfaction, excessive
desire to develop a more muscular build

Question 25

Biopsychosocial influences in EDs

Answer 25

Genes & Biology:
* Genetic influence on eating disorders
* First-degree relative with ED, 7-12x more likely to develop
* ED are linked to highly heritable personality traits
* Obsessive thinking, perfectionism, rigidity, persistence, impulsivity
* Imaging shows altered activity in parts of brain that regulate reward, emotion,
planning & interception

Psychosocial Factors:
Some competitive families, athletic teams and sororities may foster disordered
eating
* Family Characteristics:
* Anorexia: High achieving, Competitive, Overprotective, Intense interactions, Poor
conflict resolution, poor coping
* Bulimia: higher rates of alcoholism, drug addiction, obesity, depression
* As many as 50% of those with ED may also be struggling with PTSD or trauma

Question 26

Treatment for various EDs

Answer 26

Treatment for Anorexia:
 Behavioral treatments: required feeding, family therapy,
interpersonal therapy, DBT
 Restoring body weight is the first priority
 Family therapy is the most research-supported treatment for Anorexia (Maudsley model)- Parents coached to guide youth’s eating effectively, Parent-child communication – learn healthier ways to interact & resolve conflict, Psychoeducational programs less successful
 Anorexia is one of the most difficult to treat
 Often short-term weight gain but a high long-term relapse rate

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy:
-CBT is the treatment of choice for bulimia and binge-eating disorder
- Focus on procedures designed to:
* Enhance motivation for change, Replace unhealthy dieting with regular & flexible patterns of eating, Reduce an unhealthy concern with body weight & shape, Prevent relapse
-CBT is fairly effective for binge eating in 30-50% of cases
-Success may be a function of two variables: 1. self-esteem and 2. body image
-Some disordered eating is more common in college women; reduction of disordered eating after graduation is also common

Question 27

Substance Use Disorder criteria

Answer 27

• A pattern of behavior characterized by impaired control, social impairment, and risky use of a drug- Mild (2-3), Moderate (4-5), or Severe (6+ symptoms),10 classes of drugs
  -Behavioral Addiction – a new category of behaviors, such as gambling, that displays the characteristics of SUD. Social Media Addiction? or Food Addiction?

Question 28

Blood-brain brarrier

Answer 28

The metwork of tightly packed capillary cells that separate the blood and the brain.- A drug’s fat solubility determines the ease with which it passes through this barrier.

Question 29

Agonist, antagonist, reuptake

Answer 29

1. Agonist - drug that attaches to a
   receptor and produces neural
   actions that mimic or enhance those
   of a naturally occurring
   neurotransmitter
2. Antagonist - drug that blocks the
   action of a naturally occurring
   neurotransmitter or agonist
3. Drugs alter reuptake of
   neurotransmitters in the synapse

Question 30

Neural sensitization theory

Answer 30

addiction is the result of efforts by the body
and brain to counteract the effects of a drug to maintain an optimal
internal state

Question 31

psychoactive drug categories

Answer 31

affect mood, behavior, and cognition
by altering the function of neurons in the brain
Includes 3 categories:
1. Hallucinogens
2. Stimulants
3. Depressants

Question 32

biomedical models of addiction

Answer 32

Biomedical Models
- The simplest model assumes that addicts inherit a biological vulnerability to physical dependence
- Genetically or biologically driven Withdrawal-

Relief Hypothesis
-The idea that drug use serves to restore abnormally low levels of key neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin)
-Support: depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are associated with
neurotransmitter deficiencies

The model doesn’t explain:
-why addicts begin taking a drug in the first place
-why relapses are common (even after withdrawal symptoms have subsided)

Question 33

Reward model

Answer 33

Addiction as Pleasure Seeking:
-Genetic Reward Deficiency Syndrome (Certain addictions occur when the brain’s reward circuitry
malfunctions and leads to powerful cravings.)
-Addiction is motivated by pleasure seeking. (Dopamine release may be the underlying mechanism for addictions
-Psychoactive drugs may induce physical dependence due to an increase in dopamine availability in the brain. (Amphetamines, opioids, nicotine, marijuana, alcohol – all
increase dopamine levels) -Nucleus accumbens (NAC)

Evidence for Reward Models:
-Support: people who are dependent on one substance are more likely to be addicted to others as well.
-The model doesn’t explain: that some drugs that produce feelings of well-being are not considered physically addictive. Unable to explain why drug use continues even when unpleasant side effects occur.

Question 34

Social Learning Models

Answer 34

-View addiction as behavior shaped by learning, as well as by social and cognitive factors
-A person’s identification with a particular drug (“seeing oneself as a drinker”) plays a key role in the initiation and maintenance
of an addiction
-Social control theory — the stronger a person’s attachment to family, school, religion, and other social institutions, the less likely they will be to break any social norm
-Peer cluster theory — maintains that peer groups are strong enough to overcome the controlling influence of such social institution

Question 35

Marijuana legalization

Answer 35

Cannabis is the most popular recreational drug worldwide. Comes from the hemp plant (cannabis sativa), and contains the mild hallucinogen THC. Legal in 24 states plus DC. Six states fully illegal & remains an offense under US

Question 36

Cognitive impacts of marijuana use

Answer 36

Amygdala- altered emotions; anxiety and panic in some cases.
Basal ganglia- impaired motor skills and learning
cerebellum-impaired coordination and balance
cortex- altered consciousness, perceptual distortions
Hippocampus-impaired memory storage recall
hypothalamus- altered metabolic process such as increased appetite
Nucleus accumbens- euphoria; altered motivation and decision-making

Question 37

structure of the heart

Answer 37

The size of a clenched fist, 11 ounces, consists of three layers of tissue (epicardium, endocardium, myocardium), pumps five or more quarts of blood each minute through four chambers, and then throughout the body.

Question 38

various cardiovascular diseases & causes of disease

Answer 38

-Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Disorders of the heart and blood vessel system, including stroke and coronary heart disease
-Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
A chronic disease in which the arteries that supply the heart become narrowed or clogged

The Causes:
-Atherosclerosis: Chronic disease in which cholesterol and other fats are deposited on the inner walls of the coronary arteries, reducing circulation to the heart
-Atheromatous plaques: Buildup of fatty deposits within the wall of an artery that occurs in atherosclerosis
-Atherogenesis: The process of forming atheromatous plaques in the lining of arteries
-Arteriosclerosis: “Hardening of the arteries,” chronic disease in which blood vessels lose their elasticity- Unable to expand and contract as blood flows them, making blockages more likely

-Angina Pectoris
A condition of extreme chest pain caused by a restriction of the blood supply to the heart (ischemia)
-Myocardial Infarction (MI)
A heart attack; the permanent death of heart tissue in response to an interruption of blood supply

Question 39

Symptoms of CVD, including strokes

Answer 39

Stroke: A cerebrovascular accident that results in damage to the brain due to lack of oxygen.
Usually caused by atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis (Ischemic Stoke, Hemorrhagic Stroke)

Question 40

Landmark studies of CVD

Answer 40

The Framingham Heart Study, Nurses’ Health Study, INTERHEART study.
Findings from these studies identified two risk factors categories:
Uncontrollable risk factors: Family history, age, race, gender
Controllable risk factors: Hypertension, cholesterol level, obesity, tobacco use

Question 41

Uncontrollable & controllable risk factors

Answer 41

Uncontrollable risk factors:
Family History: male relative with MI < 55 & female relative < 65
Age: advanced age, approx. half are 65+
Hypertension: (race/ethnicity): African-American men & women in the US among the highest in the world
Gender: Sharp rise for men after 40; low for women until menopause (unless smokers)
-Transgender, a higher rate of CVD risk factors
-Differences may be due to sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen)
-Gender risk is not worldwide, findings point more to lifestyle factors rather than biology

Controllable Risk Factors:
Hypertension: high blood pressure
-A sustained elevation of diastolic and systolic blood pressure (exceeding 140/90 mmHg; normal 120/80)
Cardiovascular Reactivity (CVR)
-An individual’s characteristic reaction to stress, including changes in heart rate, blood pressure and hormones
-Increased levels of stress related to racial discrimination and low SES
Obesity
-Abdominal obesity promotes the greatest risk of CVD
- This could explain why men have a greater risk of CVD
Cholesterol level: influenced by heredity, diet & lifestyle
1. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - carries cholesterol around the body for use by cells - linked to the development of heart disease, “bad”
2. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - may offer some protection against the development of heart disease, “good”
3. Triglycerides – chemical form in which most fat exists in food
Metabolic Syndrome:
-Large waist circumference
-Elevated serum triglyceride
-Low HDL cholesterol (<40 men, <50 women)
-Elevated blood pressure (> 130/85 mmHg)
-Glucose intolerance
Tabacco Use:
-smoking more than doubles the chances of a heart attack or stroke

Question 42

psychosocial factors including type A,B,D

Answer 42

Type A
Friedman & Rosenman’s term for competitive, hurried, impatient, hostile people who may be at increased risk for developing CVD

Type B
More relaxed people who are not pressured by time considerations and thus tend to be more resistant to coronary disease

Negative Affect
Tendency to experience negative emotions, such as hostility

Depression
Independent risk factor (has own genetic and environmental factors) for CVD
Often underdiagnosed and untreated

Type D (distressed)
Personality type found in people who tend to experience negative emotions and have difficulty expressing their feelings (social inhibition) state of unease, tension, worry, insecurity, socially distant

John Henryism (JH)
Active style of coping with psychosocial stressors by expending high levels of effort
Promotes hypertension, especially among lower-SES individuals

Question 43

Psychosocial Vulnerability Hypothesis, Health Behavior Explanation, And Cardiovascular Reactivity Model

Answer 43

Health Behavior Explanation
-Hostility has an indirect effect through its relationship to other CVD risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, alcohol use, and tobacco use

Cardiovascular Reactivity Model
-Depression, anger, may slowly damage heart arteries over time
-Varies with tendency to dwell on anger-provoking events and tendency to forgive; rumination
-Depression linked to elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers

Education, Income & Work Environment
-Low SES is another psychosocial risk factor for CVD
-Loneliness & Little Social Support

Question 44

Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes

Answer 44

Type 1:
-Autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system. The pancreas no longer produces insulin
-Age of onset 10-14, but can be any age. 5-10% of all cases
-Symptoms: mimic flu, excessive thirst & urination, weight loss, irritability, fatigue (due to the body’s inability to metabolize glucose for energy)
-Risk factors: family history, European-American

Type 2:
Body fails to produce enough insulin and/or use it properly (insulin resistance)
Onset usually after age 30; 90-95% of all cases of diabetes
Requires strict diet and exercise to manage. Some medications.
Symptoms: any of Type 1 symptoms, blurred vision, frequent infections, slow healing cuts, tingling/numbness in hands/feet
Risk factors: age 45+, family history, overweight, little exercise, low HDL/high triglycerides, female, minority race/ethnicity, low SES

Question 45

Prevention/Treatment of diabetes

Answer 45

Causes of Type 1 Diabetes: May be caused by multiple factors:
-Viral or bacterial infections (damage the islet cells)
-Overactive immune system
-Genetic vulnerability

Causes of Type 2 Diabetes:
-Nutritional “Westernization” is HUGE risk factor (high fat, processed foods)
-Obesity (more fat tissue = less sensitive to insulin)
-Reduced physical activity
-Stress; diathesis-stress model of disease
-Genetic vulnerability

Treatment:
Type 1: insulin injections or pumps
Type 2: many can prevent or control the disease through lifestyle modifications:
Changing diet
Regulating weight
Exercising regularly
Using medication or insulin

Require frequent, daily testing of blood sugar

Question 46

Self-management of diabetes

Answer 46

-Patient’s knowledge, beliefs and behavior strongly affect the ability to manage diabetes
-Self-management is the cornerstone of treatment, based on glycemic control and keeping blood sugar at a stable, healthy level
-Health psychologists can play a central role in helping patients with diabetes manage their illness

Question 47

illness intrusiveness

Answer 47

Illness Intrusiveness: the extent to which a chronic illness disrupts an individual’s life
1. Interfere with activities, interests, values
2. Disrupt perceptions of personal control, self-esteem, and self-efficacy
(Treatment designed to reduce the disruptive effects of the disease on daily life)
-Treat diabetes-related depression, anxiety & eating disorders
-Increasing Adherence to Diabetes Treatment Regimens
-Enhancing communication and increasing social support