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Biopsych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

our environment influences gene expression

A

epigenetics

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2
Q

the environment can directly impact genetics

A

epigenetics

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3
Q

Michael Meaney at McGill University showed what in his research on maternal behavior?

A

offspring born to high-licking maternal rats exhibit less anxiety in the elevated plus maze compared with offspring from low-licking maternal rats

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4
Q

key takeaway from Michael Meaney’s study

A

manipulating the environment led to changes in gene expression

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5
Q

early differentiation

A

gastrulation

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6
Q

occurs between days 13-19 as the developing embryo reorganizes to form 3 germ layers

A

gastrulation

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7
Q

the three germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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8
Q

forms the skin and nervous system

A

ectoderm

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9
Q

forms the bones of the skeleton and muscle

A

mesoderm

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10
Q

forms the digestive tract and organs

A

endoderm

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11
Q

develops into the brain and spinal cord

A

neural tube

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12
Q

how is the neural tube formed

A

the ends of the neural plate fold inward

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13
Q

what does the neural tube do

A

allows for the CNS to develop and MOST of the PNS

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14
Q

what helps guide cells to their appropriate target locations

A

radial glia

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15
Q

radial glia are present when?

A

in cell migration

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16
Q

this type of disease is characterized by severe losses of memory and cognition

A

alzheimer’s disease

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17
Q

the two hallmarks of alzheimer’s

A

amyloid plagues and tau tangles

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18
Q

how is the hippocampus affected by alzheimer’s

A

there is a noticeable shrinkage of this area that leads to losses in memory and learning

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19
Q

clump up between cells and impair information transfer

A

amyloid plaques

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20
Q

tangle within the neuron and impair communication and axonal structure

A

tau tangles

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21
Q

process whereby environmental energy is converted into a neural signal that the brain is able to make sense of

A

sensory transduction

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22
Q

how the environment is converted to a form our brain can understand

A

sensory transduction

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23
Q

what holds the eye in place

A

extraocular muscles and the optic nerve

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24
Q

the optic nerve is what cranial nerve

A

cranial nerve ll

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25
Q

where light is able to enter the eye

A

pupil

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26
Q

has the ability to constrict or dialte to accommodate light

A

iris

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27
Q

located behind the pupil

A

lens

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28
Q

helps to focus light on the retina

A

lens

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29
Q

tissue layer containing photoreceptors and visual cells

A

retina

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30
Q

the transparent covering over the pupil and iris

A

cornea

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31
Q

provides more focusing power than the lens

A

cornea

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32
Q

what is the internal cavity of the eye filled with?

A

vitreous humor

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33
Q

space between the cornea and the lens is filled with what

A

aqueous humor

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34
Q

the axons of these cells make up the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

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35
Q

carries visual information from the retina at the back of the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

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36
Q

where is the optic nerve located

A

retina

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37
Q

the optic nerve exits where

A

the optic disc

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38
Q

the optic disc is also known as

A

the blind spot

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39
Q

the outermost cell layer of the retina

A

photoreceptors

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40
Q

the middle cell layer of the retina

A

bipolar cells

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41
Q

the inner most cell layer of the retina

A

ganglion cells

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42
Q

the only cells that are able to fire action potentials in the eye

A

ganglion cells

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43
Q

the photoreceptor cells are made up of what

A

rods and cones

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44
Q

rods detect what forms of light

A

black & white

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45
Q

cones detect what forms of light

A

color

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46
Q

where are rods located

A

periphery

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47
Q

where are cones located

A

fovea, macula

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48
Q

light-sensitive cells in the retina

A

photoreceptors

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49
Q

young-helmhltz trichromatic theory of color vision says what about the cones in the retina

A

medium, short, and long wavelengths of light are going to be received by cones, which will aid in our perception of color

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50
Q

11-cis-retinal + light = > all-trans-retinal + energy

A

The chemical reaction that occurs when light is absorbed by our rods

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51
Q

a steady inward flow of sodium ions into the retina’s rod outer segments that occurs in the dark

A

dark current

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52
Q

the dark current is usually at what charge

A

-40mV

53
Q

the dark current

A

In the dark cGMP levels are high and keep cGMP-gated sodium channels open allowing a steady inward current keeping the cell in a depolarized state

54
Q

how does the rod hyperpolarize in response to light

A

leads to reduced cGMP levels and closure of cGMP-gated sodium channels. Stopping the influx of Na+ ions effectively switches off the dark current. Reducing this dark current causes the photoreceptor to hyperpolarise, which reduces glutamate release

55
Q

the optic tract and the optic nerve are the same

A

no

56
Q

the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the retina of the eye directly to the brain

A

optic nerve

57
Q

optic tract

A

the continuation of the optic nerve within the brain itself, occurring after the optic chiasm where some nerve fibers from each eye cross over, allowing for this to carry visual information from both eyes to the brain’s visual processing center

58
Q

post-crossing part of the visual pathway

A

optic tract

59
Q

pre-crossing part of the visual pathway

A

optic nerve

60
Q

superior colliculus allows us to do what

A

localize what we see

61
Q

the primary function of the superior colliculus does what

A

involvement in eye movements, head/visual orientation

62
Q

the “what” pathway in the visual stream

A

ventral stream

63
Q

the ventral stream allows us to do what

A

identify objects

64
Q

the final destination of the ventral stream

A

inferior temporal cortex

65
Q

the “where” pathway of the visual stream

A

dorsal stream

66
Q

the dorsal stream allows us to do what

A

know information about the location of objects

67
Q

the dorsal stream allows us to know the location of objects as well as

A

integration of vision with action

68
Q

the final destination of the dorsal stream

A

posterior parietal cortex

69
Q

the bones of the middle ear

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

70
Q

the inferior colliculus allows us to do what?

A

localize sound and detect where sound is heard (L or R)

71
Q

where does the “what” auditory pathway end in the brain?

A

prefrontal cortex

72
Q

where does the “where” auditory pathway end in the brain?

A

posterior parietal cortex

73
Q

the “where” auditory pathway allows us to do what

A

localize sound. orientation to the stimulus

74
Q

the “what” auditory pathway allows us to do what

A

identify sound. can state what the sound is

75
Q

the five basic tastes

A

salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami

76
Q

the two structures that are important for our emotional and hedonic responses to food

A

hypothalamus and amygdala

77
Q

bipolar cells that detect and transmit odor information from the nasal cavity to the brain

A

olfactory receptor neurons

78
Q

What sensory systems go through the thalamus first prior to going to their respective
cortices?

A

All sensory systems except for olfaction (smell)

79
Q

What is the corticospinal tract

A

fibers going from motor cortex to the spinal cord

80
Q

fibers in the corticospinal tract that go contralaterally aid in what

A

moving the distal limbs and digits

81
Q

the contralateral fibers in the corticospinal tract are a part of what tract

A

lateral corticospinal tract

82
Q

fibers in the corticospinal tract that remain ipsilateral aid in what

A

controlling muscles of the core or the midline of the body

83
Q

the ipsilateral fibers in the corticospinal tract are a part of what tract

A

anterior or ventral corticospinal tract

84
Q

2 major tracts of the corticospinal tract

A

lateral and anterior/ventral

85
Q

the synapse formed between a motor neuron’s axon terminal and the motor end plate

A

neuromuscular junction

86
Q

the reason as to why muscles contract

A

the neuromuscular junction

87
Q

what neurotransmitter is present at the neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

88
Q

muscle spindles do what?

A

muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length (stretch),

89
Q

golgi tendon organs do what?

A

Golgi tendon organs detect muscle tension and initiates a compensatory action when a muscle contracts excessively

90
Q

antagonistic muscles do what

A

produce actions that are opposite of one another

91
Q

when flexing the arm what happens

A

biceps contract

92
Q

when extending the arm what happens

A

triceps contract

93
Q

majority of neurons can be found where

A

the cerebellum

94
Q

the cerebellum helps control what

A

movement coordination, balance, and muscle tone

95
Q

a part of the cerebellum that controls muscle tone

A

vermis

96
Q

a part of the cerebellum that helps with balance and posture

A

flocculonodular lobe

97
Q

a part of the cerebellum that helps with motor and non-motor area communication

A

lateral cerebellar hemispheres

98
Q

a part of the cerebellum that communications with additional brain regions

A

cerebellar peduncles

99
Q

Huntington’s disease involves an abundance of repeats of what amino acid?

A

Huntingtin gene

100
Q

What area of the brain deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease

A

substantia nigra

101
Q

Broca’s area deals with

A

speech production (motor cortex)

102
Q

Wernicke’s area deals with

A

speech perception and comprehension (learning & memory)

103
Q

the visual system is connected to what thalamic nuclei

A

LGN

104
Q

the auditory system is connected to what thalamic nuclei

A

MGN

105
Q

the somatosensory system is connected to what thalamic nuclei

A

VPL

106
Q

the central taste pathways is connected to what thalamic nuclei

A

VPM

107
Q

the motor system is connected to what thalamic nuclei

A

VA/VL

108
Q

Primarily involved in motor function, receiving input from the cerebellum and basal ganglia and sending it to the motor cortex.

A

VA/VL

109
Q

Also part of the somatosensory system, but specifically receives facial sensory information specifically taste

A

VPM

110
Q

Part of the somatosensory system, primarily relaying information about pain, temperature, and crude touch from the body to the cortex

A

VPL

111
Q

Responsible for the auditory system, receiving sound information and sending it to the primary auditory cortex

A

MGN

112
Q

Associated with the visual system, receiving information directly from the retina and relaying it to the primary visual cortex

A

LGN

113
Q

helps store glucose as glycogen

A

insulin

114
Q

assists in moving glucose from the blood supply into body cells

A

insulin

115
Q

produced by fatty tissue

A

leptin

116
Q

a critical hunger regulatory signal conveying metabolic information from the body to the hypothalamus

A

leptin

117
Q

low levels of this hormone and insulin stimulate the release of NPY and AgRP

A

leptin

118
Q

participates in the initiation of eating

A

lateral hypothalamus

118
Q

the brain’s mechanism for satiety

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

119
Q

What nerve is important in conveying distension of the stomach

A

vagus nerve

120
Q

characterized by behaviors of binging and purging

A

bulimia nervosa

121
Q

an exaggerated fear of gaining weight, unrealistic perception of weight, and significantly low body weight

A

anorexia nervose

122
Q

Located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes, this area processes bodily sensations like touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception

A

Primary somatosensory cortex:

123
Q

Located in Heschl’s gyrus of the temporal lobes, this area receives auditory information

A

Primary auditory cortex

124
Q

Located in the occipital lobe, this area processes visual information

A

Primary visual cortex

125
Q

A1

A

Primary auditory cortex

126
Q

V1

A

primary visual cortex

127
Q
A
128
Q
A

Biopsych (2 decks)

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