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Biopsych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The variable manipulated?

A

independent variable

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2
Q

the variable under investigation

A

independent variable

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3
Q

the variable being measured

A

dependent variable

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4
Q

a testable scientific prediction

A

hypotheses

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5
Q

an organism’s genetic makeup (DNA)

A

genotype

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6
Q

physical/observable characteristics

A

phenotype

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7
Q

having brown hair is?

A

a phenotype

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8
Q

Having blue eyes is?

A

genotype

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9
Q

species that are uniquely adapted to their environments tend to have higher survival rates than species that are not

A

natural selection

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10
Q

those that survive produce more offspring than those that are less well adapted, increasing proportion of organisms in succeeding generations with those adaptive traits

A

rule of natural selection

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11
Q

in genetic engineering, a specific targeted gene is made inoperative to determine the impact on the animal’s function

A

gene knockout models

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12
Q

certain human genes can be introduced to add a disorder not normally seen in rodents

A

gene knockin models

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13
Q

reduce, refine, replace

A

3 Rs of animal research

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14
Q

do you need that many animals?

A

reduce

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15
Q

minimize pain

A

refine

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16
Q

do you need to use animals?

A

replace

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17
Q

what two types of cells produce myelin for the nervous system

A

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

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18
Q

produces myelin in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

produces myelin in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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20
Q

star-like bodies that transports nutrients from blood to neurons

A

astrocytes

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21
Q

helps in the blood-bain barrier

A

astrocytes

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22
Q

protects the release of K and brings exposed K back in K+ spatial buffering

A

astrocytes

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23
Q

innate immunity cells

A

microglia

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24
Q

cellular clean up crew that monitors the extracellular environment; searching for dead cells and debris

A

microglia

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25
Q

accepting nerves

A

afferent

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26
Q

exiting nerves

A

efferent

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27
Q

when you touch a hot stove this is

A

sensory neurons afferent to the CNS

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28
Q

when you think about swatting a fly

A

motor neurons efferent from the CNS

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29
Q

what division of our nervous system is the sympathetic nervous system

A

autonomic–> periphreal

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30
Q

toward the face or front

A

anterior

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31
Q

toward the back or behind

A

posterior

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32
Q

toward the head or above

A

superior

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33
Q

toward the feet or below

A

inferieor

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34
Q

toward the middle

A

medial

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35
Q

toward the edge

A

lateral

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36
Q

toward the top of the brain or the back of the spinal cord

A

dorsal

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37
Q

toward the bottom of the brain or the front of the spinal cord

A

ventral

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38
Q

toward the front of the brain or the top of the spinal cord

A

rostral

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39
Q

toward the back of the brain or the bottom of the spinal cord

A

caudal

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40
Q

this cut will create a left and a right

A

sagittal plane

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41
Q

this cut will divide into a top & bottom

A

horizontal plane

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42
Q

this cut will divide into a front & a back

A

coronal plane

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43
Q

part of the brain located in the brainstem of the hindbrain

A

cerebellum

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44
Q

“little brain”; regulates motor coordination and balance

A

cerebellum

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45
Q

processes visual info so that the head can be oriented to the visual present

A

superior colliculus

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46
Q

I turn my head to view the bird that just flew by is what part of the midbrain working

A

superior colliculus

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47
Q

processes auditory info so that the body can be oriented to the sound present

A

inferior colliculus

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48
Q

I hear a dog growl near by and I turn toward the sound is what part of the midbrain working

A

inferior colliculus

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49
Q

composed of cell bodies

A

gray matter

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50
Q

composed of myelinated axons that allows parts of the brain to be connected

A

white matter

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51
Q

parts of a neuron found in white matter

A

myelinated axons

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52
Q

parts of a neuron found in gray matter

A

soma & dentrites

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53
Q

All sensory systems go through the thalamus first before their respective cortex except
which sense

A

olfaction

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54
Q

fighting, feelings, feeding, and fornicating

A

the 4 Fs of the Hypothalamus

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55
Q

a part of the limbic system important for the collection of nuclei important for emotional regulation

A

hippocampus

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56
Q

part of the brain most associated with learning and memory

A

hippocampus

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57
Q

three-layered structure which covers the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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58
Q

outermost layer of meninges; underneath the skull

A

dura mater

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59
Q

layer of meninges underneath the dura with blood vessels

A

arachnoid mater

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60
Q

innermost layer of the meninges that adheres closely to the brain

A

pia mater

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61
Q

regulates the body’s stress response. made up of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, which work together to release hormones into the blood in response to nervous system stimulation

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA Axis)

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62
Q

Release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla. CRH from the hypothalamus to the pituitary that then releases ACTH that travels to the adrenal gland then releases stress hormones

A

HPA Axis

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63
Q

Na+

A

Sodium

64
Q

K+

A

Potassium

65
Q

Ca2+

A

Calcium

66
Q

Cl-

A

Chloride

67
Q

where is Na+ found

A

outside

68
Q

where is K+ found

A

inside

69
Q

where is Ca2+ found

A

outside

70
Q

where is Cl- found

A

outside

71
Q

if the diameter of the axon is wider during AP propagation (greater) what happens

A

there is a faster conduction velocity

72
Q

if a nueron is more myelinated during AP propagation what happens

A

faster conduction velocity

73
Q

Two mechanisms enable the
resting membrane potential to depolarize
toward the threshold for action potential

A

temporal & spatial summation

74
Q

requires multiple presynaptic neurons, each altering
the membrane potential

A

spatial summation

75
Q

involves the rapid firing of presynaptic
neurons that build on graded potentials
to depolarize toward the action potential
threshold.

A

temporal summation

76
Q

APs very close together in time contributes to more EPSP

A

temporal summation

77
Q

APs has to make a connection with others in different locations

A

spatial summation

78
Q

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, seretonin

A

monoamine

79
Q

dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are what type of monoamines?

A

catecholamines

80
Q

produced in the substantia nigra & the ventral tegmental area

A

dopamine

81
Q

involved in movement and reward systems

A

dopamine

82
Q

produced in the locus coeruleus

A

norepinephrine

83
Q

involved in increased vigilance, focused attention and enhanced energy

A

norepinephrine

84
Q

released from the adrenal glands

A

epinephrine

85
Q

Most prominent in fight or flight. similar in action of norepinephrine

A

epinephrine

86
Q

produced in the raphe nuclei

A

serotonin

87
Q

synthesized from tryprophan (a dietary amino acid)

A

serotonin

88
Q

involved in mood regulation, sleep/wake cycles, temperature regulation, sexual activity, and aggression

A

serotonin

89
Q

primary excitatory signaling

A

glutamate

90
Q

primary inhibitory signaling

A

GABA

91
Q

mimics or enhances effects of a neurotransmitters

A

agonist

92
Q

blocks or decreases the effects of the neurotransmitters

A

antagonist

93
Q

tendency to bind to a receptor/target

A

affinity

94
Q

ability to have an effect; produce a desired effect

A

efficacy

95
Q

T/F you can have high affinity and low efficacy

A

true

96
Q

T/F you can have low affinity and high efficacy

A

false

97
Q

serotonin is what type of monoamine

A

indolamine

98
Q

Small molecule neurotransmitters are primarily synthesized within where

A

the presynaptic terminal

99
Q

what is synthesized in the cell body and then transported down the axon to the terminal

A

peptides

100
Q

synthesis location = the synapse

A

small molecule neurotransmitters

101
Q

synthesis location = the cell body and transported to the synaptic terminal

A

peptides

102
Q

caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine are

A

CNS stimulants

103
Q

blocks adenosine receptors

A

caffeine

104
Q

activates nicotinic cholinergic receptors

A

nicotine

105
Q

blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

A

cocaine

106
Q

increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure; increased metabolism

A

nicotine

107
Q

blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

A

cocaine

107
Q

effects include euphoria, increased energy, alterness

A

cocaine

108
Q

binds to transporters which leaves the neurotransmitters in the synapse for longer periods of time

A

cocaine

108
Q

indirect catecholamine agonist; blocks reuptake and enhances release

A

amphetamine

108
Q

produces enhanced sensory perceptions and desires for social interactions

A

MDMA (Ecstasy)

108
Q

psychological effects similar to cocaine: sense of well-being, alertness, and diminished fatigue

A

amphetamine

109
Q

amphetamine and MDMA are what type of drugs

A

CNS stimulants

110
Q

Alcohol is what type of drug

A

CNS depressant

111
Q

in low doses it can improve mood and increase confidence. may also can increase drowsiness, impair judgment and muscle coordination

A

alcohol

112
Q

high doses can create slow and irregular breathing patterns; cause extreme confusion and disorientation

A

alcohol

113
Q

inhibits glutamate transmission

A

alcohol

114
Q

enhances the effect of GABA

A

alcohol

115
Q

highly addictive, causes a sense of euphoria, severe withdraw

A

opium

116
Q

Regulates pain, reward, and addiction.

A

why humans have opioid receptors

117
Q

leads to hallucinations, illusions, alterations in perception of time and space

A

LSD

118
Q

a partial serotonin agonist

A

LSD

119
Q

the primary psychoactive ingredient of marijuana is?

A

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

120
Q

medicinal use of marijuana includes

A

treatment of nausea and appetite stimulation in AIDS and cancer patients

121
Q

altered sensations, increased appetite, euphoria, relaxation, and disinhibition

A

effects of marijuana

122
Q

effects may also include impaired memory and motor performance; cognitive impairments

A

marijuana

123
Q

can inhibit dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA

A

cannabis

124
Q

this drug activates cannabinoid receptors that are located in various regions of the brain

A

cannabis

125
Q

is when the need for a drug to maintain physiological functions

A

dependence

126
Q

2 types of dependence

A

physical & psychological

127
Q

taking a substance to alleviate the pains of withdrawls

A

an example of physical dependence

128
Q

taking a drug to maintain how we feel

A

an example of psychological dependence

129
Q

is when a reaction to a given drug decreases with repeated exposure

A

tolerance

130
Q

higher doses are needed to achieve the same desired effect

A

drug tolerance

131
Q

2 types of drug tolerance

A

behavioral & pharmacodynamic

132
Q

results from exposure to high drug doses. How the drug impacts the synaptic receptors

A

pharmacodynamic tolerance

133
Q

sensitive to behavioral & environmental manipulations –> taking drug in new context raises tolerance

A

behavioral tolerance

134
Q

consuming a drug repeatedly in the same environmental setting leads to what type of tolerance

A

behavioral tolerance

135
Q

-65/-70 mV is

A

resting membrane potential of a resting neuron

136
Q

-55 mV

A

activation threshold: charge needed for a neuron to fire an action potential

137
Q

when a neuron reaches -55 mV it will fire an action potential

A

all or none law

138
Q

when a neuron fires close to the activation threshold (-55) but goes back to baseline

A

depolarization

139
Q

a depolarization is also a

A

EPSP

140
Q

when a neuron’s charge is below resting potential

A

hyperpolarization

141
Q

a hyperpolarization is also a

A

IPSP

142
Q

at activation threshold what happens

A

vgNa+ channels open

143
Q

when vgNa+ channels open what happens

A

the positively charged ion floods into the cell

144
Q

when do vgK+ channels open?

A

at +30 mV

145
Q

when do vgNa+ channels close?

A

at +40 mV

146
Q

when vgK+ channels open what happens to K+ inside the cell

A

it rushes outside of the cell due to concentration and voltage gradients causing the neuron to repolarize back to resting state

147
Q

The period in which no AP can occur (activation threshold to +40 mV)

A

absolute refractory period

148
Q

The neuron may fire another AP but will have to jump from a hyperpolarized state

A

relative refractory period

149
Q

when an AP reaches the axon terminal what happens

A

vgCa2+ channels open

150
Q

what happens when vgCa2+ channels open

A

the ion will rush into the cell and depolarizing the cell and allows for the release of neurotransmitters to reach the post synaptic membrane

151
Q

how do we get out of the relative refractory period?

A

the sodium-potassium (Na+K+) pump

152
Q

how does the Na+K+ pump function?

A

3 Na+ ions are pumped out of the cell, and 2 K+ ions are pumped into the cell

Biopsych (2 decks)

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