Exam 2

Question 1

What type of theory is Health belief model

Answer 1

a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals.

Question 2

Why was health belief model initially developed?

Answer 2

Developed in the 1950s by Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and Kegels to understand the widespread failure of people to accept disease preventatives or screening tests.

Question 3

(6) constructs of Health belief model

Answer 3

Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived Benefits
Perceived Barriers
Cues to Action
Self-Efficacy

Question 4

How is the health belief model used

Answer 4

used to design interventions that encourage healthy behaviors by addressing individual beliefs about health risks and benefits of action.

Question 5

Perceived Susceptibility

Answer 5

Belief about the chances of getting a condition

• Example: A person believes they are at risk for diabetes due to family history.

Question 6

Perceived Severity

Answer 6

Belief about the seriousness of a condition and its consequences

• Example: Understanding that diabetes can lead to severe health issues

Question 7

Perceived Benefits

Answer 7

Belief in the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or severity

• Example: Believing that exercise can lower diabetes risk.

Question 8

Perceived Barriers

Answer 8

Beliefs about the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action

• Example: Concerns about time and access to a gym.

Question 9

Cues to Action

Answer 9

Factors that trigger the decision-making process to accept a recommended health action

• Example: A health scare or a reminder from a healthcare provider.

Question 10

Self-Efficacy

Answer 10

Confidence in one’s ability to take action

• Example: Feeling capable of making dietary changes.

Question 11

What two constructs encompass perceived threat?

Answer 11

Perceived Susceptibility and Perceived Severity

Question 12

What is perceived threat
moderated by?

Answer 12

Cues to action

which can prompt individuals to engage in health-promoting behaviors.

Question 13

What are stage models?

Answer 13

frameworks that describe the process of behavior change as a series of stages that individuals move through.

Question 14

What is the importance of stage models

Answer 14

They emphasize that change is not linear but rather a dynamic process that can involve moving back and forth between stages.

Question 15

What are the constructs of Transtheoretical Model

Answer 15

Stage of Change
Processes of Change
Decisional Balance
Self-Efficacy
Temptation

Question 16

Stages of Change

Answer 16

Five stages individuals go through when changing behavior: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance.

Question 17

Processes of Change

Answer 17

Ten strategies used to facilitate change, divided into
- Experiential
(consciousness raising, emotional arousal)

• Behavioral
  (reinforcement management, helping relationships).

Question 18

Decisional Balance

Answer 18

Weighing the pros and cons of changing behavior

Question 19

Self-Efficacy

Answer 19

Confidence in one’s ability to perform the behavior

Question 20

Temptation

Answer 20

The intensity of urges to engage in the unhealthy behavior

Question 21

What are the Criticisms of TTM

Answer 21

• Critics argue that TTM oversimplifies the complexity of behavior change and does not account for social and environmental factors
• Researchers suggest that the stages may not be as distinct as proposed, and individuals may not progress through them linearly

Question 22

What is the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM)

Answer 22

describes the stages individuals go through when adopting a precautionary behavior, including being unaware, unengaged, deciding about acting, and acting.

Question 23

What are the Criticisms of PAPM

Answer 23

its limited applicability to behaviors that are not precautionary and the lack of empirical support for some of its stages.

Question 24

What is the social cognitive theory

Answer 24

emphasizes the importance of social influence and the role of observational learning in behavior change

Question 25

Where did SCT evolve from

Answer 25

Albert Bandura’s work in the 1960s, focusing on the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment.

Question 26

Constructs of Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 26

Knowledge
Perceived self-efficacy
Outcome Expectations
Goal Formations
Sociostructural Factors

Question 27

Knowledge

Answer 27

Differentiates between content knowledge (facts) and procedural knowledge (how to do something)

Question 28

Perceived Self-Efficacy

Answer 28

Belief in one’s capabilities to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments.
Outcome Expectations: Anticipated consequences of a behavior, influencing motivation and behavior

Question 29

Goal Formation

Answer 29

Setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals to guide behavior

Question 30

Sociostructural Factors

Answer 30

Social and environmental influences that affect behavior, such as policies and community resources

Question 31

What ae the 4 methods to Increase Self-Efficacy

Answer 31

Mastery Experiences
Vicarious Experiences
Social Persuasion
Emotional Arousal

Question 32

Mastery Experiences

Answer 32

Successfully performing a behavior increases self-efficacy

Question 33

Vicarious Experiences

Answer 33

Observing others successfully perform a behavior can enhance self-efficacy

Question 34

Social Persuasion

Answer 34

Encouragement from others can boost confidence

Question 35

Emotional Arousal

Answer 35

Managing emotional responses can help individuals feel more capable.

Question 36

Outcome expectancies vs. expectations

Answer 36

Refer to the anticipated results of a behavior, while expectations are the beliefs about the likelihood of achieving those outcomes

Question 37

expectancies vs. expectations work together to determine

Answer 37

an individual’s motivation to engage in a behavior

Question 38

What are the three levels of readiness

Answer 38

Precontemplation (not ready)
Contemplation (thinking about it)
Preparation (ready to act)

Question 39

What are the Criticisms of SCT

Answer 39

• Critics argue that SCT may overemphasize individual agency and neglect broader social and environmental factors
• Some suggest that the theory lacks specificity in its constructs, making it difficult to apply in practice