Exam 2 Flashcards
What type of theory is Health belief model
a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals.
Why was health belief model initially developed?
Developed in the 1950s by Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and Kegels to understand the widespread failure of people to accept disease preventatives or screening tests.
(6) constructs of Health belief model
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived Benefits
Perceived Barriers
Cues to Action
Self-Efficacy
How is the health belief model used
used to design interventions that encourage healthy behaviors by addressing individual beliefs about health risks and benefits of action.
Perceived Susceptibility
Belief about the chances of getting a condition
- Example: A person believes they are at risk for diabetes due to family history.
Perceived Severity
Belief about the seriousness of a condition and its consequences
- Example: Understanding that diabetes can lead to severe health issues
Perceived Benefits
Belief in the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or severity
- Example: Believing that exercise can lower diabetes risk.
Perceived Barriers
Beliefs about the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action
- Example: Concerns about time and access to a gym.
Cues to Action
Factors that trigger the decision-making process to accept a recommended health action
- Example: A health scare or a reminder from a healthcare provider.
Self-Efficacy
Confidence in one’s ability to take action
- Example: Feeling capable of making dietary changes.
What two constructs encompass perceived threat?
Perceived Susceptibility and Perceived Severity
What is perceived threat
moderated by?
Cues to action
which can prompt individuals to engage in health-promoting behaviors.
What are stage models?
frameworks that describe the process of behavior change as a series of stages that individuals move through.
What is the importance of stage models
They emphasize that change is not linear but rather a dynamic process that can involve moving back and forth between stages.
What are the constructs of Transtheoretical Model
Stage of Change
Processes of Change
Decisional Balance
Self-Efficacy
Temptation
Stages of Change
Five stages individuals go through when changing behavior: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance.
Processes of Change
Ten strategies used to facilitate change, divided into
- Experiential
(consciousness raising, emotional arousal)
- Behavioral
(reinforcement management, helping relationships).
Decisional Balance
Weighing the pros and cons of changing behavior
Self-Efficacy
Confidence in one’s ability to perform the behavior
Temptation
The intensity of urges to engage in the unhealthy behavior
What are the Criticisms of TTM
- Critics argue that TTM oversimplifies the complexity of behavior change and does not account for social and environmental factors
- Researchers suggest that the stages may not be as distinct as proposed, and individuals may not progress through them linearly
What is the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM)
describes the stages individuals go through when adopting a precautionary behavior, including being unaware, unengaged, deciding about acting, and acting.
What are the Criticisms of PAPM
its limited applicability to behaviors that are not precautionary and the lack of empirical support for some of its stages.
What is the social cognitive theory
emphasizes the importance of social influence and the role of observational learning in behavior change
Where did SCT evolve from
Albert Bandura’s work in the 1960s, focusing on the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment.
Constructs of Social Cognitive Theory
Knowledge
Perceived self-efficacy
Outcome Expectations
Goal Formations
Sociostructural Factors
Knowledge
Differentiates between content knowledge (facts) and procedural knowledge (how to do something)
Perceived Self-Efficacy
Belief in one’s capabilities to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments.
Outcome Expectations: Anticipated consequences of a behavior, influencing motivation and behavior
Goal Formation
Setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals to guide behavior
Sociostructural Factors
Social and environmental influences that affect behavior, such as policies and community resources
What ae the 4 methods to Increase Self-Efficacy
Mastery Experiences
Vicarious Experiences
Social Persuasion
Emotional Arousal
Mastery Experiences
Successfully performing a behavior increases self-efficacy
Vicarious Experiences
Observing others successfully perform a behavior can enhance self-efficacy
Social Persuasion
Encouragement from others can boost confidence
Emotional Arousal
Managing emotional responses can help individuals feel more capable.
Outcome expectancies vs. expectations
Refer to the anticipated results of a behavior, while expectations are the beliefs about the likelihood of achieving those outcomes
expectancies vs. expectations work together to determine
an individual’s motivation to engage in a behavior
What are the three levels of readiness
Precontemplation (not ready)
Contemplation (thinking about it)
Preparation (ready to act)
What are the Criticisms of SCT
- Critics argue that SCT may overemphasize individual agency and neglect broader social and environmental factors
- Some suggest that the theory lacks specificity in its constructs, making it difficult to apply in practice
