Exam #2 Flashcards
Force is a means of…
achieving state goals
Clausewitz said: “War is politics by….”
other means
During the cold war we see a material balance of power between what two states?
USA and USSR
Clausewitz believes that military and government should be?
separate
Clausewitz believes that militaries are funded based on?
Cost vs. Need. If a state does not need military power it will not spend money on it and vice versa.
What is the “Fog of War”
It is the “Chain of Command”, based on hierarchy and is required during war.
The cold war emanates from the…
The German Problem
The cold war is a ____ struggle.
bipolar
During the cold war the US implements a policy of _____ to control soviet union power.
containment
What is the ideological argument of the cold war?
Communism Vs. Anti-Communism (each side tries convincing the other they are the enemy)
By the 70s we see the collapse of the?
cold war consensus
What are the realist explanations for the cold war?
Balance of power, material power, containment, deterrence, and Nuclear arms racing
The first nuclear arms race was between what two countries?
US and Nazi Germany
What are some contributions to the nuclear arms race?
The Manhattan project, Roosevelt & Truman, Oppenheimer
What was the “Trinity” detonation?
The first atomic bomb to be detonated in the US, in Alamagordo, New Mexico. July 16, 1945.
What happens on August 6th, 1945?
The United States drops “Little Boy” on Hiroshima. It’s enriched with Uranium and 13 Kilotons.
What happens on August 9th, 1945?
The United States dropped “Fat Man” on Nagasaki. Enriched with plutonium and 20 kilotons.
What would be some causes of war on the individual level?
-Rationality (as a cause of war)
–Irrationality
–Role of education, experience, etc.
–mentality of leaders
What would be some causes of war on the domestic level?
–greedy states
—forms of government
–nationalism
–economics
What would be some causes of war on the systemic level?
-power transition/hegemonic stability
–security dilemma
–linear long-term change in the system
–role of systemic changes in tech, international norms
What are the three levels of analysis?
Individual, state, and systemic/structural
What does hegemonic mean?
change in the global or systemic control
What does “total” mean in war?
defeat enemy, take territory, capital, occupy
What is limited war?
single or limited objective (Gulf War, Vietnam war)
What is civil war?
–war with two goals—irredentism or territorial control
–control of the state government
Define terrorism?
the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims. Not a traditional war.
What is guerrilla warfare?
engagement in or the activities involved in a war fought by small groups of irregular soldiers against typically larger regular forces
WWI is an important case because it is?
Overdetermined, meaning there are many theoretical causes
What were the major powers involved in WWI?
Austria-Hungary, Germany, France, Russia, and England
What are the three outcomes of the Franco-Prussian war after Germany wins?
-A new balance of power
-Germany becomes a powerful state(empire)
-Germany takes French provinces (causing the French to want revenge)
Define the July crisis?
–Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Assassination in Sarajevo
–Austria-Hungary sees Serbia as an opp
–Serbs team up with russians
–A-H teams up with Germans
–A-H declares war on serbs
What is French Plan 17?
The French, never able to dispel the humiliating defeat of
1871, put first and foremost in their plan the retaking of the lost provinces of
Alsace-Lorraine.
What is the German Schlieffen Plan ?
a strategy prepared in the event that Germany faced a two-fronted war with France and Russia.
IR Theory wants to predict ?
war, peace, trade, cooperate, etc.
Foreign Policy is?
determines how and when specific outcomes will take place
- spells out tactics or methods
- can be modeled
Biggest problem with foreign policy decision-making?
RATIONALITY
RATIONALITY IS ASSUMED.. therefore actors are?
rational
What are known countries with nuclear weapons?
USA, UK, France, Russia, India, North Korea, Pakistan and China
What are Allison’s three models
Rational
organizational
Bureaucratic
What is Nuclear Proliferation?
the spread of nuclear weapons to other countries.
What is a MIRV?
rocket missile that has a nose cone and is used as a warhead to launch 7 missiles.
What is the difference between affective bias and effective bias?
Affective bias: cognitive or behavioral bias towards (or away from) rewards or punishments
Effective bias: not a thing
If terrorists are rational actors, then…
they want something
What does START mean?
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
What does SALT mean?
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
What is the NPT treaty?
An agreement between countries promising they will not create more nuclear weapons and if they have weapons already they will not proliferate them.
What is the difference between chemical and bio weapons?
Both are difficult to use but chemical weapons are designed to kill immediately
What is fission?
the process where the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei and other particles.
what is affective bias?
how individuals FEEL about the other
what is cognitive bias?
defined as how rationality might be limited by cognitive,
or each individuals brain may create bias towards the other
what defines the bureaucratic model?
-different agencies with competing interests are involved in the
decision making process
-seek their own interest as the best means to
national interest
What defines the organizational model?
-Assumes goals and objectives are already established
-Makes decisions based on standard operating procedures
Define the Rational model?
-Assumes the process is rational and predictable
-select the “best” or most rational policy
Describe the presidential management model? (not Allisons)
-ultimately accepts much of other models but reduces to most trusted advisors
-collegial
Describe the Nixon-Kissinger model? (not Allisons)
-must have harmony between advisor and president
-must have president completely active in foreign policy
Who is “Willy?”
Kaiser Wilhelm II (last German emperor/King of Prussia)
Who is “Nicky?”
Nicholas II (Last Czar of Russia)
Who is the power in Europe, post 1900?
Germany
What was the Dreadnought?
British Battleship
What does “Lebensraum” refer to?
In WWII Germany had a goal to expand their territory. This word translates to “room to live…”
