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2024 CLASSES > EXAM #2 > Flashcards

EXAM #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Is bacteria living or non-living?

A

Bacteria is a living organism

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2
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic & polar?

A

The head is hydrophilic (water-loving) and polar

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3
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic & non-polar?

A

The tail is hydrophobic (water-hating) and non-polar

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4
Q

What type of cell transport do viruses use to enter the host cell?

A

Mediated Endocytosis

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5
Q

Which organelle carries out photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplast

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6
Q

What happens in the Golgi Appartus?

A

where proteins and lipids are modified, packed, sorted, and directed to their final destination

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7
Q

What prevents chemical messages from leaving the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope

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8
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

Emphazies that cells are the building blocks of life and explains the continuity of life through cell division

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9
Q

What are 3 main principles of Cell Theory?

A
  1. All living organisms are made up of cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life
  3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
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10
Q

How do you determine living from non-living?

A

Living things can grow, reproduce, have cells and can respnd to their evironment while non-living have none of these characteristics.

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11
Q

What is cellular organization?

A

Composed of one or more cells

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12
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Energy transformation and usage

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13
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Regulation of internal environment

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14
Q

What is Growth and Development?

A

Something that changes over time

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15
Q

What is the response to stimuli?

A

Interaction with the environment ; a change in an organisms environment that causes a physiological behavior response

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16
Q

What is adaption through evolution?

A

This is the change over generations

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17
Q

Do viruses need a host?

A

Viruses need a host to replicate and survive

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18
Q

What is a viruses structure?

A

A virus consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and is surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

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19
Q

Are viruses living or non-living?

A

Viruses are non-living because they cannot replicate or carry out any processes without a host

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20
Q

Describe Prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes are the genetic info in a single cell ; They DO NOT have a nucleus ; EX: bacteria and Archaea

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21
Q

What is a Prokaryotes structure?

A

Unicellular organism with no nucleus ; DNA is circular and found in the nucleoid region ; have ribosomes & a cell membrane

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22
Q

Describe Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes are complex cells with organelles ; They HAVE a nulceus ; EX: plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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23
Q

What is Eukaryotes structure?

A

Can be unicellular or multicellular ; contains a nulceus & membrane-bound organelles ; EX: mitochondria, edoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

What are phospholipid heads attracted to?

A

Water and each other

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25
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hyrdophobic tails facing inward.

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26
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Allows smalled, nonpolar molecules to pass through easily

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27
Q

Does passive transport require energy (ATP)?

A

NO, passive transport does not require energy

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28
Q

Which way does passive transport move? What are some examples?

A

Passive transport moves along the concentration gradient from high to low ; EX: Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

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29
Q

Does active transport require energy (ATP)?

A

YES, active transport requires energy

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30
Q

Which way does active transport move? What are some examples?

A

Active transport moves along the concentration gradient from low to high ; EX: Sodium-potassium pump, proton pump

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31
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

The process of vesticles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell

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32
Q

What are 3 forms of Endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

33
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

the process of actively transporting molecules into the cell by engulfing it with its membrane.

34
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

“cell-eating” ; where the cell engulfs large particles or cells

35
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

“cell-drinking” ; where the cell takes in liquid and small molecules

36
Q

What is Receptor- Mediated Endocytosis?

A

cells observe specific molecules ; A specific uptake of molecules based on receptor binding

37
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Tonicity is the ability of a solution to make water move in or out of the cell by osmosis

38
Q

What is Isotonic?

A

THINK: “Iso” = equal ; extracellular and inteacellular environments are equal

39
Q

What is Hypertonic?

A

THINK: “Hyper” = more ; extracellular environment has a higher concentration than the cell interior

40
Q

What is Hypotonic?

A

THINK: “Hypo” = less ; extracellular environment has a lower solute concentration than the cell interior

41
Q

What is a Solute?

A

The thing being dissolved ; EX: kool aid powder, salt

42
Q

What is a Solvent?

A

What you are dissolving something INTO ; EX: water

43
Q

Where can the cell wall be found? Animal cells or plant cells?

A

In plants cells but not in animal cells

44
Q

Where can the Chloroplast be found? Animal or plant cells?

A

Present in plant cells (for photosynthesis), absent in animal cells

45
Q

Where can Vacuoles be found? Animal or plant cells?

A

Large central vacuoles in plant cells, smaller or absent in animal cells

46
Q

The Endoplasmic Reticulum has 2 genres, what are they?

A

Rough (synthesis & production of proteins) ; Smooth (synthesis of lipids)

46
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

The production of ATP through cellular respiration

47
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

47
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

breaks down waste material

48
Q

Describe the Cytosplasm

A

gel-like substance that contains organelles

49
Q

Describe the Cell Membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cells, provides
structure and protection.

50
Q

Describe the Nucleolus

A

structure within the nucleus where ribosome assembly begins

51
Q

Describe Microtubules

A

part of the cytoskeleton, maintain cell shape, facilitate
intracellular transport, involved in cell division.

52
Q

Describe Centrioles

A

made of microtubules, found in pairs, play a key role in cell dvision

53
Q

What are the two main phases of the Cell Cycle?

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2) and M Phase (Mitosis & Cytokinesis)

54
Q

Describe the G2 Phase (Gap 2)

A

Further growth and preparation for mitosis ; Synthesis of proteins and organelles needed for division

54
Q

Describe the S Phase (Synthesis)

A

DNA replication occures, resulting in two sister chromatids for each
chromosome.

54
Q

Describe G1 Phase (Gap 1)

A

Cell growth and development ; Organelles dublicate and teh cell increases in size

54
Q

Describe Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells

55
Q

Describe Mitosis

A

The process of nuclear division, consisting of prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase.

56
Q

Describe Mitosis

A

Process used by eukaryotic somatic cells ; Involves several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; Produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.

57
Q

Describe Binary Fission

A

Process used by prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria); the cell grows, duplicates its DNA, and divides into two identical cells

58
Q

What are Sister Chromatids?

A

Identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere
after DNA replication; formed during the S phase of the cell cycle.

58
Q

What are the steps of Mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

59
Q

What are Homologous Chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content but are
not identical; One homologous chromosome comes from the mother and one from the
father.

59
Q

Describe Meiosis

A

Specialized form of cell division for producing gametes (sperm and eggs); Consists of two rounds of division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II), resulting in four
genetically diverse haploid cells; Involves processes like crossing over and independent assortment to
enhance genetic diversity

60
Q

What are the steps of Meosis?

A

Meiosis I:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I

Meiosis II:
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

61
Q

What is the importance of Checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

Checkpoints are critical regulatory points in the cell cycle that monitor and control
progression through the cycle.

62
Q

What are the 3 major checkpoints in the Cell Cycle?

A

G1 Checkpoint, G2 Checkpoint, M Checkpoint (aka Spindle Checkpoint)

63
Q

What’s the consequences of Bypassing the checkpoints?

A

can lead to uncontrolled cell division, contributing to
cancer development and other diseases.

64
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, spindle fibers form

65
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up at the cell’s equator.

66
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles

67
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A

Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes, and the
cell begins to divide.

68
Q

What happens during the G1 Checkpoint?

A

Assesses cell size, DNA integrity, and nutrient availability. If
conditions are not favorable; the cell may enter G0 (a resting state)

69
Q

What happens during the G2 Checkpoint?

A

Checks for DNA damage and ensures DNA replication is complete
before mitosis.

70
Q

What happens during the M Checkpoint (aka Spindle Checkpoint)?

A

Ensures that all chromosomes are properly
attached to the spindle apparatus before anaphase

71
Q

What ate examples of Genetic Diversity through Meiosis?

A

Crossing over & independent assortment

72
Q

Define Fertilization

A

Combines genetic material from two parents, resulting in offspring
with a unique combination of genes

2024 CLASSES (5 decks)

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