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Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)

A

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which makes the membrane flexible and strong, forming the skeleton of the cell. Each phospholipid has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and two hydrophobic (water-hating) tails. It is selectively permeable, which allows certain substances to pass and blocks others. The Microvilli increase surface area for absorption in certain cells.

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2
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Channels, Transporters, Receptors, Enzymes, Linkers, and Cell Identity Markers

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The material between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane. The storage and working area of the cell. Includes the cytosol (fluid portion) and organelles (specialized cell structures that perform different functions within the cell).

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

The nucleus is the largest organelle of the cell and acts as the command center (brain) of the cell. The nuclear membrane, also called the envelope, is the outer layer of the nucleus. Nucleoplasm is the space between the nuclear membrane and nucleolus, where DNA is located. The nucleolus, or ‘little nucleus,’ makes ribosomes.

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Referred to as the ‘power plant’ of the cell, it converts nutrients into the chemical adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the usable form of energy for cellular processes.

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6
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A network of membranes within the cytoplasm. The Rough ER has ribosomes attached and is involved in folding and sorting proteins. The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is primarily involved in lipid synthesis.

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7
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

The Golgi apparatus processes & packages proteins & lipid molecules. Transport vesicles bring molecules from the Rough ER to Golgi apparatus. Molecules fuse with Golgi membrane & are sorted based on destination.
Molecules undergo remodeling & modifications in Golgi cisternae. Modified molecules are secreted out of cell or sent to another organelle.

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8
Q

Lysosomes

A

Lysosomes use their digestive enzymes to degrade and remove waste materials and foreign substances from the cell. Lysosomes break down waste and foreign materials from the cell.

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes are minute particles consisting of RNA and are involved in protein synthesis.

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

Produces somatic cells by having a parent stem cell give rise to two identical daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes.

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11
Q

Meiosis

A

Produces gametes (egg and sperm) and cuts the chromosome number in half to prepare for the union of egg and sperm during fertilization, resulting in 23 chromosomes in each gamete.”

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12
Q

Interphase

A

The cell prepares for division by replicating its DNA before mitosis begins. Identical strands of DNA are held together at the centromere until they separate during mitosis.

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13
Q

Prophase

A

DNA strands coil into chromosomes. The nucleus and nuclear membrane disappear. Centrioles move to opposite poles and form the spindle.

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14
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Identical strands of chromosomes are held together at the centromere until they separate.

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15
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split. Identical chromosomes move toward opposite centrioles.

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16
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes continue to move toward centrioles. A nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes. The plasma membrane pinches off in the middle of the cell, forming two new identical daughter cells.

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17
Q

Membrane Transport

A

Plasma membrane - a gatekeeper for the cell. Lipid-soluble substances (like hormones and oxygen) pass through easily using diffusion. Water-soluble substances (like sugar and salt) need membrane proteins to get through.

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18
Q

Passive Movement

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration

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19
Q

Active Movement

A

Active transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis

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20
Q

Diffusion

A

The passive movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until the concentration becomes equal throughout a space. It occurs along the concentration gradient, guided by the presence of another molecule, usually an integral membrane protein forming a pore or channel.

21
Q

Osmosis (passive transport)

A

Movement of water from an area where solutes are less concentrates to area where they are more concentrated

osmotic pressure - pressure required to stop water from moving through a barrier by osmosis

22
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell byosmosisis known as itstonicity.
A solution’stonicityis related to its osmolarity, which is the total concentration of all solutes.
Isotonic 0.9% Sodium Chloride (Normal Saline Solution) has the same concentration as our cells

23
Q

Filtration

A

Passive movement refers to the movement of molecules through a membrane without energy input, often driven by pressure differences. The pushing force in filtration is the pressure greater on one side of the membrane, which forces molecules through the membrane. Commonly used to separate solids from liquids.

24
Q

Active transport

A

Active transport uses chemical energy from ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) to drive movement against the gradient

25
Q

Endocytosis vs Exocytosis

A

Endocytosis- Pulling substances into the cell
Exocytosis- Removing substances from the cell

26
Q

Phagocytosis (cell eating)

A

Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis, and a form of active transport. A cell engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment called a phagosome.

27
Q

Pinocytosis (cell drinking)

A

A type of endocytosis where cells engulf dissolved substances within a liquid. Often called ‘cell drinking.’’ An important method for getting dissolved materials into the cell.

28
Q

Isotonic Fluid

A

The same concentration of solutes as the fluid inside a cell, leading to no net movement of water into or out of the cell. In an isotonic solution, the cell is in equilibrium with its environment, maintaining its normal shape and volume. An example of an isotonic solution is normal saline, which has a 0.9% salt concentration.

29
Q

Hypotonic Fluid

A

Lower concentration of solutes compared to the fluid inside a cell. In a hypotonic solution, the cell takes in water, which can cause it to swell and possibly burst. The cell swells because water moves into the cell to balance the lower solute concentration outside, increasing internal pressure.

30
Q

Hypertonic Fluid

A

A solution that has less concentration than the fluid within the cell, lose water, can shrink and undergoes crenation

31
Q

Tissues

A

Groups od cells that are layered and have similar functions

32
Q

Connective

A

This tissue is found all over your body. It helps hold things together, gives support, keeps you safe, and has lots of blood. It also has a special space called the matrix that helps it work!

33
Q

Epithelial - define

A

tightly packed together, covers organs and the body, lines all body cavities and hollow organs, is avascular (lacks blood supply), has a basement membrane, and its cells readily divide

34
Q

muscle

A

Cells called muscle fibers, which are long and threadlike. It contracts (shortens) and pulls fibers to cause movement. Muscle tissue has closely packed cells that generate force.”

35
Q

nerve

A

This tissue is super organized and can feel everything around it. It’s in your brain, spine, and nerves. The main cell is called a neuron, and it has helpers called neuroglial cells.

36
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Goblet cells secrete mucus, which keeps tissue moist and traps foreign particles

37
Q

Glandular Tissue

A

Exocrine glands excrete substances that eventually EXIT the body, such as sweat glands and sebaceous (oil) glands.

Endocrine glands secrete substances (hormones) directly INTO tissue or the blood, such as the pituitary gland and thyroid gland.”

38
Q

Serous membrane - watery function in lubrication

A

Serous membranes line closed internal body cavities. Three types are:

  1. Pleura covers the lungs
  2. Pericardium covers the heart
  3. Peritoneum supports structures in the abdomen
39
Q

Epithelial function

A
  1. Protection: Skin acts as a barrier against bacteria, and bones protect organs.
  2. Absorption: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract absorbs nutrients.
  3. Secretion: Glands secrete hormones and sweat.
  4. Excretion: Epithelial tissue in the kidneys excretes waste.
40
Q

Epithelial Type

A

Shape/Layers -
1. Squamous: Flat and irregular
2. Cuboidal: Square
3. Columnar: Long and narrow
4. Transitional: Found in bladder, allows great expansion & returns to normal size when empty

  1. Simple - Single thin layer
  2. Stratified - Multiple layers
41
Q

Connective Function

A

Serves as a framework for the body, has an extracellular matrix that fills spaces between cells, and provides support and structure. It stores fat, produces blood cells, protects against infection, helps repair tissue damage, and is the primary tissue in tendons and ligaments

42
Q

Connective - cells found

A
  1. Fibroblasts - strong, stretchy fibers
  2. Macrophages eat germs
  3. Adipose tissue stores fat to cushion
  4. Mast cells help you stay healthy.
  5. Osteoblasts build bones.
43
Q

Connective types

A
  1. Circulating: Found in lymph tissue and blood
  2. Loose: Soft consistency includes areolar and adipose (fat) tissue
  3. Dense: Found in tendons and ligaments, provides strength
  4. Cartilage: Firm and strong, lines articulating joints
  5. Bone: The hardest type of connective tissue
44
Q

Muscle types

A

Cardiac - heart wall, involuntary, striated, intercalated discs
Skeletal - attached to bones, multinucleated, striated and voluntary
Smooth - walls of organs and blood vessels, skin, involuntary and non-striated

45
Q

3 types of cells

A

A neuron, or nerve cell, is a conducting cell of the nervous system responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.
An osteocyte is a mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue but does not produce new bone tissue.”
An immune cell is a white blood cell, also known as a leukocyte, which is involved in protecting the body from infections.

46
Q

DNA

A

Nucleotides are building blocks of DNA, made of phosphate group, sugar group, and 1 of 4 nitrogen bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C). Linked into chains, with alternating phosphate and sugar groups, forming a double-stranded helix. DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, reproduce, and make proteins.

47
Q

Chromatin

A

Chromatin is the tangled, spread-out form of DNA found inside the nuclear membrane. During mitosis, chromatin becomes visible as separate bodies and is renamed chromosomes.

48
Q

RNA

A

Uracil (U), not thymine (T), ribose, not deoxyribose, & single-stranded. RNA’s primary function - assist in producing proteins - copy DNA’s code & take to cytoplasm. DNA code transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) by nucleotide base, pairing leaves nucleus & goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm, where tRNA helps translate it into an amino acid sequence, creates specific protein

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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