Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Science of the structure of organisms and their parts, focusing on the physical structure and relationships of body organs and systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Physiology

A

Branch of biology studies the functions and processes of living organisms, focusing on how organs and tissues work and interact to sustain life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions convert food into energy, build tissues, & remove waste. The catabolic process releases energy (tears down). Anabolic Process uses energy (builds & repairs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body’s process of maintaining stable internal conditions through receptors, control centers, and effectors that regulate variables like temperature, pH, and glucose levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Feedback mechanism restores homeostasis by reversing deviations using - Receptor: Detects changes
Control Center: Processes information.
Effector: Restores balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Biology Progression

A

Molecules: Basic chemical units.
Cells: Basic unit of life.
Tissues: Groups of similar cells.
Organs: Structures of different tissues.
Organ Systems: organs work together.
Organism: Complete living entity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Transports nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body (heart, blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Supports immune function and returns excess fluid to the bloodstream (lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Respiratory System

A

Facilitates gas exchange and helps regulate blood pH (lungs, trachea).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nervous System

A

Controls and coordinates body activities through electrical signals (brain, spinal cord, nerves). (Sense Organs - smell, tastes buds, hearing, feeling, seeing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Urinary System

A

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates fluid balance (kidneys, bladder).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reproductive System

A

Facilitates reproduction and produces sex hormones (ovaries, testes).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Skeletal System

A

Supports the body, protects organs, and provides a framework for movement (bones, joints).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Muscular System

A

Enables movement, maintains posture, and produces heat (skeletal muscles).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Integumentary System

A

Protects the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information (skin, hair, nails).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Endocrine System

A

Regulates body functions through hormones (glands such as thyroid, adrenal).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Digestive System

A

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste (stomach, intestines).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anatomical Position

A

The standard reference position in anatomy is the body standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides, palms facing forward, legs parallel, feet flat, and toes pointing forward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Planes

A

Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right parts.

Coronal Plane: Divides the body into front and back parts.

Transverse Plane: Divides the body into upper and lower parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cross Section

A

A cut made along a plane perpendicular to the long axis of a structure, typically viewed in a transverse plane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Superior VS Inferior

A

Superior: Toward the head or upper part of the body (e.g., the head is superior to the chest).

Inferior: Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body (e.g., the feet are inferior to the knees).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anterior vs. Posterior

A

Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front of the body (e.g., the sternum is anterior to the spine).

Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back of the body (e.g., the spine is posterior to the heart).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Medial vs. Lateral

A

Medial: Toward the midline of the body (e.g., the nose is medial to the eyes).

Lateral: Away from the midline of the body (e.g., the arms are lateral to the chest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cavities

A

Cranial Cavity: Brain.
Spinal Cavity: Spinal cord.
Thoracic Cavity: Heart and lungs; includes the mediastinum, pleural cavities, and pericardial cavity.
Diaphragm: Separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominal cavity (digestive organs) and pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs).

25
Q

Abdominal Quadrants

A

RUQ: Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, parts of stomach and intestines.
LUQ: Stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney, parts of liver and intestines.
RLQ: Appendix, right ovary (females), parts of intestines, right ureter.
LLQ: Left ovary (females), parts of intestines, left ureter.

26
Q

Abdominal Regions

A

Right Hypochondriac: liver, gallbladder.
Epigastric : stomach, liver, pancreas.
Left Hypochondriac: spleen, stomach.
Right Lumbar: ascend colon, right kid.
Umbilical: small intestine, stomach.
Left Lumbar: descending colon, left kid.
Right Iliac: appendix, cecum.
Hypogastric: bladder, sigmoid colon.
Left Iliac: descend colon, sigmoid colon.

27
Q

Atom

A

The basic unit of matter consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.

Protons: (+) particles in the nucleus.
Neutrons: (neutral) particles in nucleus.
Electrons: (-) particles orbit nucleus.

28
Q

Barium

A

(BA)

29
Q

Calcium

A

(CA)

30
Q

Carbon

A

(C)

31
Q

Chlorine

A

(CL)

32
Q

Copper

A

(CU)

33
Q

Fluorine

A

(F)

34
Q

Hydrogen

A

(H)

35
Q

Iodine

A

(I)

36
Q

Iron

A

(Fe)

37
Q

Magnesium

A

(MG)

38
Q

Nitrogen

A

(N)

39
Q

Oxygen

A

(O)

40
Q

Phosporus

A

(P)

41
Q

Potassium

A

(K)

42
Q

Sodium

A

(NA)

43
Q

Sulfur

A

(S)

44
Q

Molecule

A

A group of two or more like atoms bonded together. Molecules are the smallest units of a chemical compound that can exist independently while retaining the compound’s chemical properties (e.g., H₂O is a water molecule made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom)

45
Q

Compound

A

A substance formed when two or more different elements chemically bond together in fixed proportions. Compounds have properties different from the individual elements they are made of (e.g., H₂O is a compound made of hydrogen and oxygen).

46
Q

Ionic Bonds vs. Covalent Bonds

A

Ionic Bonds: Form when one atom transfers electrons to another, resulting in positive and negative ions that attract each other. Typically, it occurs between metals and non-metals (e.g., NaCl).

Covalent Bonds: Form when two atoms share electrons. Typically, it occurs between non-metals (e.g., H₂O).

47
Q

NA+CL bond

A

forms an ionic bond. Sodium (Na) donates an electron to chlorine (Cl), resulting in a positive sodium ion (Na⁺) and a negative chloride ion (Cl⁻), which attract each other to form the compound NaCl.

48
Q

Electrolytes and what they do

A

Minerals with electrical charges regulate fluid balance, muscle contractions, nerve signaling, and acid-base balance, and are crucial for hydration and proper cell function.

49
Q

pH scale

A

A measurement of how acidic or basic (alkaline) a substance is, ranging from 0 to 14.

50
Q

Alkali(Base)

A

Release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) into solutions or accept hydrogen ions (H⁺) from solutions. They have a pH greater than 7 and neutralize acids.

51
Q

Acid

A

Release hydrogen ions (H⁺) into solutions or accept hydroxide ions (OH⁻). They have a pH less than 7 and neutralize bases.

52
Q

Free Standing Hydrogen Ions in a Fluid

A

Increase acidity and lower pH, affecting chemical reactions, enzyme activity, and biological processes.

53
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Macronutrients are made up of (C), (H) & (O). Primary source of energy for body. Carbohydrates can be classified into simple carbohydrates - monosaccharides (like glucose) and disaccharides (sugars) and complex carbohydrates - polysaccharides (starches and fibers).

54
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic compounds like fats, oils, waxes, and steroids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They store energy, maintain cell membrane structure, provide insulation, and produce hormones. Key types include triglycerides, which store excess energy and can increase cardiovascular risk if elevated.

55
Q

Proteins

A

Proteins are large molecules made of amino acid chains. They serve as enzymes, hormones, and structural components. The sequence of the 20 amino acids determines their function.

56
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Chemicals with carbon. They have carbon-based structures, covalent bonds, various shapes, functional groups, and isomers, and are highly reactive.

57
Q

Proximal vs. Distal

A

Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or origin (e.g., the elbow is proximal to the wrist).

Distal: Further from the point of attachment or origin (e.g., the fingers are distal to the elbow).

58
Q

Buffers

A

Solutions that stabilize pH by neutralizing small amounts of acids or bases. They contain a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Buffers keep pH steady, which is vital for biological and chemical processes, like how blood uses bicarbonate to regulate pH.

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions