Exam 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Science of the structure of organisms and their parts, focusing on the physical structure and relationships of body organs and systems.
Physiology
Branch of biology studies the functions and processes of living organisms, focusing on how organs and tissues work and interact to sustain life.
Metabolism
Chemical reactions convert food into energy, build tissues, & remove waste. The catabolic process releases energy (tears down). Anabolic Process uses energy (builds & repairs)
Homeostasis
Body’s process of maintaining stable internal conditions through receptors, control centers, and effectors that regulate variables like temperature, pH, and glucose levels.
Negative Feedback Loop
Feedback mechanism restores homeostasis by reversing deviations using - Receptor: Detects changes
Control Center: Processes information.
Effector: Restores balance.
Biology Progression
Molecules: Basic chemical units.
Cells: Basic unit of life.
Tissues: Groups of similar cells.
Organs: Structures of different tissues.
Organ Systems: organs work together.
Organism: Complete living entity.
Cardiovascular System
Transports nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body (heart, blood vessels)
Lymphatic System
Supports immune function and returns excess fluid to the bloodstream (lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen).
Respiratory System
Facilitates gas exchange and helps regulate blood pH (lungs, trachea).
Nervous System
Controls and coordinates body activities through electrical signals (brain, spinal cord, nerves). (Sense Organs - smell, tastes buds, hearing, feeling, seeing)
Urinary System
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates fluid balance (kidneys, bladder).
Reproductive System
Facilitates reproduction and produces sex hormones (ovaries, testes).
Skeletal System
Supports the body, protects organs, and provides a framework for movement (bones, joints).
Muscular System
Enables movement, maintains posture, and produces heat (skeletal muscles).
Integumentary System
Protects the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information (skin, hair, nails).
Endocrine System
Regulates body functions through hormones (glands such as thyroid, adrenal).
Digestive System
Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste (stomach, intestines).
Anatomical Position
The standard reference position in anatomy is the body standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides, palms facing forward, legs parallel, feet flat, and toes pointing forward.
Planes
Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right parts.
Coronal Plane: Divides the body into front and back parts.
Transverse Plane: Divides the body into upper and lower parts.
Cross Section
A cut made along a plane perpendicular to the long axis of a structure, typically viewed in a transverse plane.
Superior VS Inferior
Superior: Toward the head or upper part of the body (e.g., the head is superior to the chest).
Inferior: Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body (e.g., the feet are inferior to the knees).
Anterior vs. Posterior
Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front of the body (e.g., the sternum is anterior to the spine).
Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back of the body (e.g., the spine is posterior to the heart).
Medial vs. Lateral
Medial: Toward the midline of the body (e.g., the nose is medial to the eyes).
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body (e.g., the arms are lateral to the chest)
Cavities
Cranial Cavity: Brain.
Spinal Cavity: Spinal cord.
Thoracic Cavity: Heart and lungs; includes the mediastinum, pleural cavities, and pericardial cavity.
Diaphragm: Separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominal cavity (digestive organs) and pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs).
Abdominal Quadrants
RUQ: Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, parts of stomach and intestines.
LUQ: Stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney, parts of liver and intestines.
RLQ: Appendix, right ovary (females), parts of intestines, right ureter.
LLQ: Left ovary (females), parts of intestines, left ureter.
Abdominal Regions
Right Hypochondriac: liver, gallbladder.
Epigastric : stomach, liver, pancreas.
Left Hypochondriac: spleen, stomach.
Right Lumbar: ascend colon, right kid.
Umbilical: small intestine, stomach.
Left Lumbar: descending colon, left kid.
Right Iliac: appendix, cecum.
Hypogastric: bladder, sigmoid colon.
Left Iliac: descend colon, sigmoid colon.
Atom
The basic unit of matter consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Protons: (+) particles in the nucleus.
Neutrons: (neutral) particles in nucleus.
Electrons: (-) particles orbit nucleus.
Barium
(BA)
Calcium
(CA)
Carbon
(C)
Chlorine
(CL)
Copper
(CU)
Fluorine
(F)
Hydrogen
(H)
Iodine
(I)
Iron
(Fe)
Magnesium
(MG)
Nitrogen
(N)
Oxygen
(O)
Phosporus
(P)
Potassium
(K)
Sodium
(NA)
Sulfur
(S)
Molecule
A group of two or more like atoms bonded together. Molecules are the smallest units of a chemical compound that can exist independently while retaining the compound’s chemical properties (e.g., H₂O is a water molecule made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom)
Compound
A substance formed when two or more different elements chemically bond together in fixed proportions. Compounds have properties different from the individual elements they are made of (e.g., H₂O is a compound made of hydrogen and oxygen).
Ionic Bonds vs. Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds: Form when one atom transfers electrons to another, resulting in positive and negative ions that attract each other. Typically, it occurs between metals and non-metals (e.g., NaCl).
Covalent Bonds: Form when two atoms share electrons. Typically, it occurs between non-metals (e.g., H₂O).
NA+CL bond
forms an ionic bond. Sodium (Na) donates an electron to chlorine (Cl), resulting in a positive sodium ion (Na⁺) and a negative chloride ion (Cl⁻), which attract each other to form the compound NaCl.
Electrolytes and what they do
Minerals with electrical charges regulate fluid balance, muscle contractions, nerve signaling, and acid-base balance, and are crucial for hydration and proper cell function.
pH scale
A measurement of how acidic or basic (alkaline) a substance is, ranging from 0 to 14.
Alkali(Base)
Release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) into solutions or accept hydrogen ions (H⁺) from solutions. They have a pH greater than 7 and neutralize acids.
Acid
Release hydrogen ions (H⁺) into solutions or accept hydroxide ions (OH⁻). They have a pH less than 7 and neutralize bases.
Free Standing Hydrogen Ions in a Fluid
Increase acidity and lower pH, affecting chemical reactions, enzyme activity, and biological processes.
Carbohydrates
Macronutrients are made up of (C), (H) & (O). Primary source of energy for body. Carbohydrates can be classified into simple carbohydrates - monosaccharides (like glucose) and disaccharides (sugars) and complex carbohydrates - polysaccharides (starches and fibers).
Lipids
Hydrophobic compounds like fats, oils, waxes, and steroids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They store energy, maintain cell membrane structure, provide insulation, and produce hormones. Key types include triglycerides, which store excess energy and can increase cardiovascular risk if elevated.
Proteins
Proteins are large molecules made of amino acid chains. They serve as enzymes, hormones, and structural components. The sequence of the 20 amino acids determines their function.
Organic Compounds
Chemicals with carbon. They have carbon-based structures, covalent bonds, various shapes, functional groups, and isomers, and are highly reactive.
Proximal vs. Distal
Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or origin (e.g., the elbow is proximal to the wrist).
Distal: Further from the point of attachment or origin (e.g., the fingers are distal to the elbow).
Buffers
Solutions that stabilize pH by neutralizing small amounts of acids or bases. They contain a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Buffers keep pH steady, which is vital for biological and chemical processes, like how blood uses bicarbonate to regulate pH.
