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Intro to Marine Bio > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cnidarian classes includes the animals that build massive coral reefs?

A

Anthozoa

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2
Q

What feature found in many members of the phylum Mollusca is absent in the class Bivalvia?

A

Radula

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3
Q

The tongue-like rasping __________ is very efficient for mollusks that feed by scraping algae off of rocks.

A

radula

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4
Q

What group of phytoplankton is symbiotic with corals and performs photosynthesis while living in the coral tissues?

A

dinoflagellates

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5
Q

What homology do chordates and echinoderms share that differs from the homology shared by the nematode, arthropods, annelids, mollusc group?

A

During early embryo develpoment for chordates and echinoderms, the anus forms first then the mouth (deuterostomes). For the nematode, arthropods, annelids, mollusc group, the mouth forms first then the anus (protostomes).

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6
Q

Cnidocytes (stinging cells) belong to what phylum?

A

cnidaria (sea anemones, jellyfish, corals)

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7
Q

What body form is more often associated with adaptation to infaunal habitats?

A

worm-like

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8
Q

cephalization

A

well-defined head, sensory cells/organs in the anterior end

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9
Q

What animal groups undergo alternating body forms during their life cycle?

A

hydrozoans

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10
Q

In sponges, what cell type has the capacity to change into other cell types?

A

amoebocyte

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11
Q

What does it means for an animal to be sessile?

A

It is attached to a surface and cannot move on its own.

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12
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

Sponges:
- simplest animals: multicellular but lack true tissues or organs
- asymmetrical
- sessile as adults (larvae can swim)
- exterior pores (ostia)
- atrium/spongocoel: big internal cavity water flows into
- osculum: large opening water leaves through
- water movement achieved by choanocytes/collar cells (flagellated cells)
- filter feeders (purpose of currents)

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13
Q

Phylum porifera (sponges) live in

A

quiet, clear waters (intertidal and abyssal)

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14
Q

Types of cells in sponges

A
  • pinacocytes - form the exterior
  • porocytes - line the channels
  • choanocytes - some create currents
  • amoebocyte - totipotent (can become new thing), move food particles around to share
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15
Q

Intracellular digestion in sponges

A

All cells can “grab” food and digest. All cells release waste.

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16
Q

reproduction in sponges

A

asexual: budding (plants somewhere and grows), fragmentation

sexual: No gonads. Most species are hermaphroditic but only release one gamete at a time to avoid inbreeding. Sperm is released from choanocytes, eggs from amoebocytes.

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17
Q

glass sponges

A

abundant in shallow polar water or deep temperate/tropical waters

18
Q

intertidal sponges

A

very diverse in shallow, rocky coral reefs

19
Q

The structural shape of sponges is supported by:

A
  • spongin: flexible fibers
    AND/OR
  • spicules: skeleton made of silicates or CaCO3 (serves as defense)
20
Q

a phylogenetic tree depicts

A

the relative order of speciation events

21
Q

Homologies vs Convergent

A

homology: traits are shared between similar species because of a common ancestor

convergent: comes from different ancestors and converges at the same point

22
Q

PHYLOGENETIC TREE

A
  • Red dots represent common ancestors.
  • Branches represent evolutionary differences.
  • Everything listed are the taxa.
  • Dash marks are traits/characters - for annotating information.
  • Up and down orientation doesn’t matter. Left to right is time.
23
Q

sponge’s relevance to humans

A

produce chemical defense compounds which can be used for anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumor, and anti-microbial purposes

24
Q

Phylum Cnidaria Classes:

A
  • Hydrozoa
  • Scyphozoa
  • Cubozoa
  • Anthozoa
25
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A
  • very ancient, almost all marine
  • one of the earliest groups to develop TRUE TISSUES
  • radial symmetry: no “head” and centralized brain
  • simple network of nerves, tissues are differentiated
  • incomplete gut: food and waste use the same spaces/openings
  • GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY: receives food for digestion
  • mostly carnivorous, mouth surrounded by tentacles for catching prey
  • defining characteristic: cnidocytes (stinging cells)
  • nematocysts: housed inside cnidocytes, grab prey, inject toxin to paralyze, defense
  • DIMORPHIC life style
26
Q

dimorphic life cycle

A

free swimming medusa (medusoid stage), benthic attached (polyp/polypoid stage)

(polyps are often attached together in colonies)

  • unique to phylum cnidaria
27
Q

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Hydrozoa

A
  • most species have polyp and medusa stages in equal prominence
  • polyp tentacles grab zooplankton that float by
  • example: man o war
28
Q

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Scyphozoa

A
  • medusa stage is dominant, polyp stage is either short lived or absent
  • true jellyfish, often planktonic
29
Q

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Cubozoa

A
  • box jellies
  • biology not well known (especially polyp stages)
  • medusa stage dominant
  • crazy powerful toxin responsible for dozens of human deaths
  • tentacles can be 3 meters long
30
Q

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa

A
  • primarily in the polyp stage
  • solitary (e.g. ANEMONES) or colonial (e.g. CORALS)
  • intertidal zone
31
Q

Corals (class anthozoa) are unique within cnidarians because they produce external skeletons made of _______ _______.

A

calcium carbonate

32
Q

Most corals, some anemones (class anthozoa) are hosts to…

A

symbiotic phytoplankton (dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae). Algae colonizes corals to feed on coral waste, corals obtain sugars from algae

33
Q

Class Anthozoa reproduction

A
  • during polyp stage, most species reproduce asexually by dividing
  • coral release gametes into water during reproduction, some are hermaphroditic
34
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A
  • comb jellies
  • superficially similar to cnidarian jellyfish; radial symmetry, bell-shaped
  • differ from jellyfish: complete digestive system, monomorphic (no polyp stage)
35
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A
  • round worms
  • most abundant animal on Earth (80-90%), hugely successful on land and sea
  • mostly tiny (0.1-5 mm), some long (10 cm - 8 m)
  • mostly infaunal: these eat microbes and small animals, some are parasitic
  • tube shaped body with longitudinal muscles, covered in cuticle that is molted as it grows
  • largest ever described lives in sperm whale placenta (over 8 m)
  • complete gut
36
Q

Phylum Annelida

A
  • segmented worms
  • highly successful in most habitats (intertidal to abyssal)
  • body: ringed structural units (metameres)
  • complete gut
  • many infaunal: burrow in sand, make mucus tubes
  • DEPOSIT FEEDERS: ingest sand, digest organic matter, excrete sand
  • some have specialized head appendages for filter feeding
  • most have planktonic larvae, but are benthic as adults (some planktonic)
37
Q

Osedax (phylum annelida)

A
  • bone eating worm
  • no mouth, anus, gut
  • have “root” appendage that secretes acid and burrows into bone to access lipids
  • head filaments serve as gills
38
Q

Major morphological transitions between cnidaria/ctenophores to nematode/annelids:

A
  • complete gut
  • symmety: radial to bilateral
    • bilateral: only one plane of
      symmetry with four orientations
    • well-defined head
      (cephalization), sensory
      cells/organs in the anterior end
39
Q

Phylum Mollusca includes:

A
  • gastropoda
  • chitons
  • cephalopods
  • bivalves
40
Q

Phylum Arthropoda includes:

A
  • crustaceans
    • copepods
    • amphipods
    • barnacles
  • sea spiders (pycnogonida)
41
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A
  • all marine
  • abundant in shallow and deep waters
  • sea stars, urchins, sea cucumbers
  • five sided body
  • bilateral as larvae; (somewhat) radial as adults
  • calcareous endoskeleton, external spines
  • tube feet: soft, flexible, sticky; used for locomotion, respiration, waste excretion, feeding
  • some are major ecological players
42
Q

Phylum chordata

A
  • vertebrates, but many are invertebrates
  • notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, postanal tail, gill slits on pharynx

Intro to Marine Bio (4 decks)

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