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KNAT 504 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

right upper quadrant organs

A

liver
gallbladder
duodenum
head of pancrea
R adrenal gland
portion of R kidney
portion of ascending and transverse colon

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2
Q

left upper quadrant organs

A

left lobe of liver
spleen
stomach
body of pancreas
L adrenal gland
portion of L kidney
portion of descending and transverse colon

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3
Q

right lower quadrant organs

A

lower pole of R kidney
cecum and appendix
portion of ascending colon
bladder
ovary, uterus if enlarged
R spermatic cord
R ureter

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4
Q

left lower quadrant organs

A

lower pole of L kidney
sigmoid colon
portion of descending colon
bladder
ovary, uterus if enlarged
L spermatic cord
L ureter

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5
Q

liver contusion or lacerations

A

MOI: abdominal blunt trauma
S&S: hemorrhage, shock, abdominal rigidity, referred pain to R arm
Rx: ER

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6
Q

injury of the spleen

A

MOI: direct blow or mono
S&S: signs of shock, abdominal rigidity, nausea, vomiting, Kehr’s sign
Management: self splint (bed rest), conservative treatment = 1wk hospitalization, gradual return play, surgery takes longer

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7
Q

GI bleeding

A

MOI: distance running, gastritis, anemia, ingestion of aspirin or NSAIDs, stress, bowel irritation, colitis
S&S: blood in stool, abdominal pain, water stool (w/ pus), dehydration, fever
Management: refer

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8
Q

blow to solar plexus

A

MOI: aka getting the wind knocked out of you; paralysis of diaphragm due to direct blow to stomach
S&S: stops respiration, leads to anoxia, comes and goes
Management: help overcome apprehension, short inspirations and long expirations, calm athlete to prevent hyperventilation

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9
Q

indigestion (dyspepsia)

A

MOI: distress after eating, reactions before comp, emotional stress, esophageal or stomach spasms, inflammation of mucous lining of stomach and esophagus
S&S: increased HCl secretion, nausea, flatulence
Management: eliminate irritating food, regular eating habits, avoid stressors, follow-up if persists

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10
Q

peptic ulcer

A

MOI: acids destroy mucous lining of stomach or small intestine, long periods of anxiety
S&S: gnawing pain localized to gastric region, appears 1-3 hours after meal, dyspepsia, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, pain last rather than hours
Management: antacids, surgery if hemorrhaging or perforation occurs

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11
Q

vomiting/emesis

A

MOI: result of irritation most often in the stomach
S&S: stimulates vomiting center of brain causing forceful diaphragm and abdominal contractions
Management: anti nausea meds, fluids

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12
Q

viral gastroenteritis

A

MOI: caused by stomach virus, inflammation of stomach and intestines
S&S: resolves in 2-3 days
Management: rest, fluids, avoid contact

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13
Q

food poisoning or bacterial diarrhea

A

-suspect when multiple who ate the same food becomes ill about the same time
-typically occurs when food is improperly handled, cooked, stored, or refrigerated

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14
Q

gastroenteritis (food poisoning)

A

MOI: infectious microorganism contaminates food
S&S: nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, anorexia, subsides 3-6 hrs
Management: fluid replacement, bed rest, BRAT diet

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15
Q

diarrhea

A

MOI: diet, inflammation, infection, drug side effect, psychogenetic factors
S&S: loose stools
Management: depends on cause, hydrate

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16
Q

constipation

A

MOI: dehydrated, lack of roughage, anxiety, overuse of laxatives
S&S: failure of bowels to evacuate feces
Management: depends on cause, hydrate, and eat fiber

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17
Q

stress-induced GI symptoms

A

diffuse abdominal pains and cramps, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
-exclude everything else first

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18
Q

heartburn or GERD

A

MOI: stomach acid travels up through lower esophageal sphincter into esophagus or back of throat, may result in hiatal hernia, may cause inflammation of esophagus
S&S: heartburn like pain similar to angina pectoris, burning feeling with sour liquid taste
Management: meds, surgery is it persists

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19
Q

gastritis

A

diffuse or patchy inflammation of lining of the stomach

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20
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

more serious condition in which deeper ulcer in the stomach or in duodenum

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21
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

MOI: group of disorders of GI tract
S&S: abdominal pain relieved with defecation, irregular bowel patterns
Management: diet modification, med, counseling, refer to MD

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22
Q

hemorrhouds

A

MOI: chronic constipation
S&S: pain, bleeding, itching
Management: minimize constipation, use of local anesthetic, possible surgery

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23
Q

celiac disease

A

autoimmune disorder that affects GI tract and triggered by gluten
-chronic inflammation of small intestine which leads to atrophy of small intestine
-more common in women
-not a food allergy

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24
Q

two type of IBS

A

Crohn’s (small intestine) and UC (symptoms beyond GI system
-no underlying causes

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25
Q

appendicits

A

-McBurney’s point
-most common cause for urgent abdominal surgery
-pain localized to RLQ within 12-18 hours
-low-grade fever
-nausea or vomiting

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26
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder caused by gallstones (cholelithiasis)

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27
Q

colorectal cancers

A

-neoplasm arising from lining of large intestine
-2nd leading cause of all cancer deaths
-increase with age
-obesity, family history, diet

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28
Q

hernia

A

MOI: protrusion of abdominal viscera thru abdominal wall
S&S: natural weakness, aggravated by direct blow or strain, pain with coughing, discomfort, pulling sensation
Management: surgery

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29
Q

stitch in the side

A

MOI: idiopathic condition with obscure cause and several hypotheses, potential causes include constipation, gas, overeating, diaphragm spasm, poor conditioning, lack of visceral support and weak abs,
S&S: cramp-like pain during hard activity
Management: relax the spasm

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30
Q

coronal suture

A

between frontal and parietal

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31
Q

lambdoidal suture

A

between occipital and parietal bones

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32
Q

sagittal suture

A

between the parietal bones

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33
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

outermost dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater

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34
Q

frontal lobe characteristics

A

-motor control
-problem solving
-speech production

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35
Q

temporal lobe characteristics

A

-auditory processing
-language comprehension
-memory/info retrieval

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36
Q

parietal lobe characteristic

A

-touch perception
-body orientation and sensory discrimination

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37
Q

occipital lobe characteristics

A

-sight
-visual reception and visual interpretation

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38
Q

what acts as the main conduit for information between brain and spinal cord

A

brainstem

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39
Q

what comprises the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

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40
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech

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41
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

pain, heat, sensory

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42
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

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43
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

-rest and digest
-constrict pupils
-decrease HR
-increase GI peristalsis and secretion
-expel waste

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44
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

-fight or flight
-increase HR and breathing
-dilate blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac, constricted in GI tract
-dilate bronchial passages and pupils
-erects hairs for protection
-increase sweat
-mobilizes glucose

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45
Q

gray matter consists of

A

neurons

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46
Q

white matter

A

surrounds gray matter and consists of ventral, lateral, and dorsal columns containing myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

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47
Q

how many pairs nerves

A

31 pairs

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48
Q

dorsal roots contain

A

sensory fibers carryinh
-pain and temp info
-axons from muscle spindles and skin
-joint mechanoreceptors

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49
Q

ventral roots contain

A

-motor neuron fibers from skeletal
-muscle spindle fibers
-autonomic axons
-axons carrying abdominal and visceral sensory and info

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50
Q

positive manifestations

A

-represent inappropriate excitation of the nervous system
-seizures
-movement disorders that include tremor, spasm, tics

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51
Q

negative manifestations

A

-represent loss of function
-paresis
-paralysis
-hyposensitivity
-dementia
-aphasia

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52
Q

signs of cerebrum injury

A

-abnormal mental state
-unilateral weakness
-visual field abnormalities
-movement abnormalities

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53
Q

signs of brainstem injury

A

-cranial nerve abnormalities
-crossed weakness and sensory abnormalities

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54
Q

signs of spinal root injury

A

-radiating limb pain
-weakness and sensory abnormalities

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55
Q

signs of peripheral nerve injury

A

-mid or distal limb pain
-weakness, stocking or glove distribution of sensory loss
-loss of reflexes

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56
Q

signs of neuromuscular junction injury

A

-bilateral weakness
-increasing weakness with exertion
-normal sensory functions

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57
Q

signs of muscle injury

A

-bilateral proximal or distal weakness
-sparing of sensation

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58
Q

sport-related concussion

A

MOI: complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces, caused by direct blow to head, face or neck
S&S: gradual onset of symptoms, headaches, dizziness
Management: RTP and avoid lights and loud noises

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59
Q

S&S for immediate referral to ED

A

-deterioration of neurological function
-decrease levels of consciousness or mental state
-seizures
-decrease or irregular respirations or pulse
-unequal, unreactive, or dilated pupils
-skull fracture

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60
Q

mononeuropathy

A

-damage by trauma
-diabetics: nerve sensitive to pressure
-damage to bloody supply
-vasoculitic disease

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61
Q

polyneuropathy

A

-multiple peripheral nerves
-distal, symmetrical pattern
-lower limbs before upper limbs
-causes: inflammatory, metabolic, toxic

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62
Q

diabetic neuropathy

A

-loss of feeling
-freezing
-tingling
-hypersensitivity
-sharp, jobbing pain
-burning sensation
-numbness

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63
Q

stroke (CVA)

A

-caused by lack of oxygen to the brain
-may lead to paralysis
-caused by interrupted blood flow from a blood clot or aneurysm

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64
Q

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A

-warnings that full blood flow to the brain is not occurring
-FAST symptoms

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65
Q

guillain-barre syndrome

A

-acute, diffuse demyelinating disorder of spinal roots and peripheral nerves
-autoimmune syndrome- produce antibodies against myelin sheath
-S&S: parenthesis in hands and feet, infection, severe respiratory muscle weakness, absent or decreased deep tendon reflex
-treatment: plasma exchange and IVIG

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66
Q

vascular headaches

A

-caused by spasms of the vessels surrounding the brain
-include migraines and cluster headaches

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67
Q

symptoms that warrant medical attention regarding headaches

A

-new headaches
-sudden severe headaches
-changes in pattern
-chronic headaches with localized pain
-headaches that awake patient from deep sleep
-headaches with nausea or vomiting
-visual disturbances
-numbness or weakness

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68
Q

what may cause traction and inflammatory headaches

A

-eye strain
-hypoglycemia
-stroke
-sinus infection

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69
Q

seizure

A

-caused by abnormal discharges of electrical activity in the brain
-altered awareness
-involuntary movements or convulsions
-may occur due to brain injury, insult, heatstroke, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, alcohol consumption, drug withdrawal

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70
Q

epliepsy

A

-chronic condition consisting of unprovoked, randomly recurring seizures

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71
Q

tonic-clonic seizures

A

-unconscious
-rigid posture
-jerking movements
-incontinence
-confusion post seizure

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72
Q

status epilepticus

A

-continuous tonic-clonic seizures

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73
Q

absence seizures

A

-loss of attention or awareness for 3-15 sec
-may have automatism that go along with the seizure (tics)

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74
Q

partial seizures

A

-motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic disturbance
-gustatory hallucinations
-psychic phenomena

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75
Q

seizure management

A

-refer
-protect from harm
-recovery position
-assess and maintain ABCs
-high-risk disorder should not play

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76
Q

vertigo

A

-sensation of instability, loss of equilibrium, rotation usually caused by disturbance in semicircular canals of inner ear or vestibular nuclei of brainstem

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77
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

-neurodegnerative lifelong chronic diseases diagnosed primarily in young adults
-gradual accumulation of focal plaques of demyelination in the brian
-meylinated cells being destroyed and replaced by hard sclerotic tissue

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78
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

-aka Lou Gehrig’s
-fatal, progressive neurological disease that slowly attacks neurons responsible for voluntary muscular actions
-leads to complete loss of all voluntary muscular movement
-does not affect other sense or cognition

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79
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

-affects 1 nerve (CN VII)), resulting in unilateral or bilateral facial weakness or paralysis
-rapid onset
-most always spontaneously resolves
-herpes simplex is most common trigger

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80
Q

type 1 complex regional pain syndrome

A

-traditionally follows an injury where soft tissue is damage, crushed, or immobilized mechanically, or pathologically

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81
Q

type 2 complex regional pain syndrome

A

-new term for the condition causalgia, a documented injury to the nerve

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82
Q

epidermis

A

-composed of dead cells
-forms the body’s primary protective shield

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83
Q

dermis

A

-composed of a papillary layer and a reticular layer
-contains variety of vascular and sensory structures, hair follicles, sebaceous or sweat glands

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84
Q

hypodermis

A

-aka subcutaneous layer
-made up of CT which binds dermis to deeper structures
-adipose tissue

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85
Q

functions of integumentary system

A

-sense and adapt to the environment
-thermoregulation
-fluid loss
-proprioception
-kinesthesis

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86
Q

what makes up nails

A

keratin
-hard, clear surface that presents a pink color from underlying highly vascular epithelial cell layer

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87
Q

nail lunula

A

at the proximal end, moon-shaped, white opaque layer that protects the nail matric

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88
Q

urticaria

A

-group of distinct skin conditions characterized by itchy, wheal-and-flare skin reactions (hives)
-treat with antihistamines, may require steroids

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89
Q

what occurs during a histamine response

A

-vasodilation causing local erythema
-erythematous flare beyond the local erythema
-leakage of fluid causing local tissue edema

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90
Q

dermatographism

A

induced by rubbing or stroking the skin or contact with clothing
-occur 1-3 min following rubbing, clear up within 30-60 min

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91
Q

cholinergic urticaria

A

caused by physical stimulus
-limit strenuous exercise, stressful environments, hot showers

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92
Q

cold urticaria

A

reactive disorder that manifests as hives after exposure to cold within 5 min
-local reaction causes no stoppage in participation

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93
Q

solar urticaria

A

manifested by hives that occur within minutes of exposure to UV light
-RTP immediate if no systemic symptoms

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94
Q

epidermoid cysts

A

-thin walled filled with keratin material produced by epithelium
-common youth to middle age
-face, scalp, neck, and trunk

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95
Q

sebaceous cysts

A

-thin wall filled with white keratin
-nontender, slow growing and can occur anywhere on the body

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96
Q

psoriasis

A

-genetic, chronic, reoccurring disorder
-lesion is silvery white plaque with surrounding erythema
-scalping, papular infection similar to eczema
-gradual onset, chronic remission and frequent flare ups

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97
Q

eczema

A

-indicates vesicular dermatitis
-most common inflammatory skin disease
-3 components: erythema, scales, vesciles
-3 stages: acute, subacute, chronic
-treatment: remove allergen oral steroids, antihistamines, topical steroids

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98
Q

atopic dermatitis

A

dermatological reaction between environmental and genetic factors

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99
Q

most common cancer in humans worldwide

A

nonmelanoma skin cancer

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100
Q

melanoma

A

-skin cancer arising from melanocytes found in stratum basale, eye, inner ear, meninges, heart, bone
ABCDE
-refer and prevent

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101
Q

frostbite

A

-caused by vasoconstriction in response to cold, resulting in freezing body tissues
-occurs commonly on exposed skin of ears, neck, cheeks, and wrists
-fatigue, circulatory impairment, malnutrition, prior history of cold injury

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102
Q

examples of bacterial conditions

A

-impetigo
-folliculitis
-abscess
-furuncle
-carbuncle
-acne
-paronychia

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103
Q

NCAA restrictions of bacterial infections

A

-wrestlers complete 72 hrs of antibiotic therapy
-no new lesions 48 hrs
-no moist, draining, or exudative lesions while participating

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104
Q

impetigo

A

-highly contagious and common
-skin to skin contact
-nonbullous: yellow/honey colored crusted lesions with a red base
-bullous: red, moist skin that resembles a burn, progresses to vesicles that are filled with yellow fluid
-treat with topical antibiotics
-RTP once no active areas

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105
Q

folliculitis

A

-inflammatory reaction in hair follicles, small red tender bumps in hair follicles, itchy
-occur in face, chest, axilla, butt, groin, legs
-aka razor bumps
-contracted from hot tubs, pools, baths, water slides
-treat with anitmicrobial ointment, wash with antibacterial soap, topical/oral antibiotics, single use razors
-RTP when lesions are healed

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106
Q

abscess

A

collection of pus
-begin as tender, deep, firm, red papule
-treat with warm, moist compress

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107
Q

furuncles

A

-aka a boil
-walled-off abscess that develops in preexisting site of folliculities

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108
Q

carbuncles

A

collection of several coalescing furuncles

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109
Q

acne

A

-concentric of sebaceous glands
-inflammatory (red papules and pustules)
-noninflammatory lesions (made up of open and closed comedones, treated with topical creams)

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110
Q

paronychia

A

infection that affects proximal or lateral nail folds
-bright red swelling with pus

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111
Q

onychia

A

infection of the nail matric

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112
Q

herpes simplex virus (HSV)

A

-extremely contagious viral infection
-cold sores or fever blisters, genital herpes
-enters thru site of previous injury, cut, or abrasion
-S&S mimic flu with red vesicles, tingling and pain
-treat with oral antiviral meds

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113
Q

molluscum contagiosum

A

-viral infection in kids and sexually active adults
-small, skin colored smooth papules appears on face, trunk, arms, legs, genital areas
-spread via direct contact, sharing bath and equipment
-resolves spontaneously or freeze them off
-common in swimmers, wrestlers, gynnasts

114
Q

HPV

A

-aka warts
-skin to skin contact
-occurs at sites of trauma, abrasion, or eczema
-present as small, smooth, skin-colored papules

115
Q

dermatophytes

A

superficial fungal infections of the skin
-common in athletes, wrestlers

116
Q

how to prevent fungal infections

A

-keep wet materials away from body
-fully dry clothes before wearing
-allow light and air to infected skin
-good hygeine
-no sharing towels, clothing, or personal grooming appliances
-shower and wash hair immediately after practice

117
Q

tinea corporis

A

-aka ringworm
-spread via skin to skin
-red, scaly areas
-topical antifungals
-RTP 3 days post treatment and cover lesions

118
Q

tinea cruris

A

-aka jock itch
-affects inner thigh, perineum, perianal areas
-topical antifungals, drying off after shower, loose fit clothing

119
Q

tinea unguium

A

-aka ringworm of the nails
-oral meds 2x daily for 4 months
-wear clean socks each practice,

120
Q

tinea pedis

A

-aka athletes foot
-area between toes is scaly
-topical antifungals cream 2x daily for 4 wks

121
Q

tinea capitus

A

-aka scalp ringworm
-black dots on scalp, or semibald spots
-fer for oral antifungals
-all grooming appliances and headgear to be cleaned
-2 weeks meds before RTP

122
Q

tinea versicolor

A

-yeast infection, not contagious
-common in high humidity or long term use of corticosteroids
-multiple, small, round, scaly macules
-may have white, brown, or pink areas of skin that do not tan
-treat with Selsun blue shampoo

123
Q

prediculosis

A

-infection caused by lice
-spread via person to person or person to object

124
Q

non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

-medial diagnosis age is 50
-common sites are abdomen, mediastinum, and neck
-S&S: excessive sweating/night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, unexplained fever, enlarged lymph nodes

125
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

-malignant
-Reed-Sternberg cells
-peak age is 30
-S&S: enlarged lymph nodes, itching, fevers, night sweats
-higher success rate than NHL

126
Q

characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs in the bone marrow, which accumulates and replace normal RBC

A

leukemia

127
Q

S&S of leukemia

A

-mimic viral infection
-pallor, petechiae, ecchymosis, frequent nose bleeds, weight loss
-treatment: chemo, radiation, blood/platelet transfusion, bone marrow transplants

128
Q

Lyme disease

A

-caused by ticks
-if left untreated can lead to serious arthritic and Neuro symptoms leading to permanent damage
-red, circular rash called erythema migrans
-viral-like illness, headache, muscle and joint aches, fever, fatigue
-transmission once tick attached for 48 hrs
-treat asap

129
Q

disseminated Lyme disease

A

-untreated at onset
-may cause facial nerve palsies
-can lead to meningitis
-may affect heart; irregular rhythma and abnormal ECG

130
Q

late Lyme disease

A

-attacks muscoskeletal and CNS
-joint swelling and chronic pain

131
Q

raynaud’s disease

A

-disorder characterized by vasospasm of the arteries
-cold temps and emotional trauma
-phenomenon caused by underlying condition
-oral contraceptives, lupus, RA, and vibration tools

132
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

-chronic autoimmune disorder potentially affecting many parts of the body, musculoskeletal system, skin, kidneys, cardiac cells, and nervous system
-immune system makes autoantibodies
-butterfly rash, arthritis, oral ulcers, scaly skin, muscle/joint aches, kidney problems, seizure

133
Q

fibromyalgia

A

-chronic, noninflammatory, diffuse pain syndrome characterized by multiple areas of musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, fatigue, depression
-affected by emotional and physical trauma
-genetics
-infections may aggravate, PTSD
-must have 11 of 18 tender points
-play as long as symptoms are under control

134
Q

treatment for fibromyalgia

A

-analgesics, NSAIDs
-antidepressants
-anti-seizure druges
-therapy

135
Q

chronic fatigue system

A

-primary system of being severe fatigue persisting 6mo or longer
-cognitive, musculoskeletal, immunological, and Neuro
-no known cause
-no tests, diagnosed by exclusion
-RTP while symptoms controlled, but level of play may be affected

136
Q

pancreatitis

A

-inflammatory process of the pancreas with intrapancreatic activation of enzymes
-40% caused by blockage of biliary tract by gallstone (females)
-35% caused by alcohol (males)
-S&S: abdominal pain, pain radiates to the back, nausea/vomiting, guarding, hypoactive bowl sounds, fever, jaundice

137
Q

diabetes mellitus (type 1)

A

-disease which body cannot produce or use insulin effectively
-abrupt insulin
-thin and younger of 40

138
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

-bodys inability to use insulin effectively
-combo of insulin resistance and decrease in insulin production
-obesity
-gradual onset

139
Q

common symptoms of diabetes

A

-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
-weight loss
-blurred vision

140
Q

glucose numbers

A

-glucose intolerant 111-125
-hypoglycemia <60
-unconscious at 30

141
Q

management of diabetes

A

-relieve symptoms
-maintain glucose near normal levels
-avoid hypoglycemia
-prevent chronic complications

142
Q

complications of diabetes

A

-infections
-diabetic ketoacidosis
-dehydration
-cataracts
-blindness
-cardiovascular complications

143
Q

ideal blood sugar levels

A

120-180 mg/dL

144
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

-excess production of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland
-Grave’s disease
-autoimmune characterized by diffuse toxic goiter or enlargement of thyroid gland
-S&S: heart palpitations/increased HR, nervousness, GI changes, menstrual irregularities, weight loss
-treat with meds, radioactive iodine, thyroid surgery
-RTP with management of symptoms

145
Q

hypothyroidism

A

-common cause is inflammatory disorder of the thyroid, deficiency of thyroid hormone
-Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
-S&S: fatigue/weakness, dry skin, cold intolerance, weight gain, tongue swelling
-treat with thyroid replacement hormone med

146
Q

4 types of transmission of infectious disease

A

direct contact
airborne
bloodborne
food/water borne

147
Q

influenza

A

-A and B viruses
-contagious 1 day before onset then 7 days

148
Q

infectious mono

A

-aka kissing disease
-Epstein-Barr virus (EBC)
-S&S: fatigue, inability to get enough sleep, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, fever, chills, dysphagia, anorexia, pharyngitis
-enlarged spleen, liver, and lymph nodes
-avoid sharing cups
-throat culture, liver fxn test, CBC
-treat: rest, NSAIDs
-RTP avoid contact, flack jacket

149
Q

splenic rupture

A

-2-4 weeks occur after mono
-abdominal pain, tender ULQ, hypotension, Kehr’s sign, shock like symptoms

150
Q

mumps

A

-contagious viral disease that manifests with enlarged parotid and salivary glands involves sublingual or submaxillary
-spread thru infected droplets via saliva
-S&S: parotitis, headache, malaise, anorexia, low grade fever
-RTP once symptoms resolve

151
Q

rubeola

A

-aka measles or red measles
-highly communicable infectious disease
-isolate
-S&S: prodromal fever, rash on face then spreads, conjunctivitis, sore throat, headache

152
Q

rubella

A

-aka German measles
-acute contagious virus that has mild symptoms
-transmitted via upper respiratory tract or placental blood exchange
-rash, rose-colored spots on palate
-reportable disease

153
Q

chicken pox and shingles

A

-varicella-zoster virus causes chicken pox
-herpes zoster causes shingles
-vesicles, maculopapular rash
-follows nerve root
-avoid sports

154
Q

hepatitis

A

-diffuse necrosis affecting smallest secretory units of the liver
-caused by bacteria, virus, drugs, toxins, alcohol abuse
-jaundice occurs 5-10 days after symptoms and resolve in 4-8 weeks
-limit alcohol and limit sex partners

155
Q

hepatitis A

A

-caused by poor sanitation
-oral-fecal contact
-occurs in crowded areas via contaminated food or water
-self-limiting

156
Q

hepatitis B

A

-transmitted by sexual activity, IV drug use, piercing, tattooing, contamination with blood and body fluids
-vaccine
-can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer
-refrain from sports til they are not infectious

157
Q

hepatitis C

A

-causes of liver disorderes
-develop cirrhosis or carcinoma
-transmitted via IV or intranasal drugs use, multiple sex partners, needle sticks
-reportable disease

158
Q

hepatitis D

A

-less common than others
-transmission via sexual contact and injected drug use

159
Q

small, spherical, gram-positive chains of bacteria commonly found in human tissue

A

streptococci (strep)

160
Q

group A strep infections

A

GABS aka flesh eating bacteria aka necrotizing fasciitis

161
Q

group B strep infections

A

GBS cause infections, endocarditis, septic arthritis, sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyeltiis, and soft-tissue infections

162
Q

group D strep infections

A

enterococcal and nonenterococcal species
-GI, bacterial endocarditis, UTIs, abdominal sepsis, cellulitis, wound infections

163
Q

grape-like clusters of gram-positive bacteria that causes a tremendous number of infections in nearly every human body system

A

staphylococcal infections

164
Q

CA-MRSA

A

-begins as a small lesion in a pimple, mosquito bite, recent injury or abrasion, or surgery wound

165
Q

MRSA

A

-painful open wound that is extremely infected
-cannont engage in contact athletic activity until infection free

166
Q

encephalitis

A

-inflammation of the brain
-caused by viral infections
-direct viral invasion of the brain and spinal cord (primary)
-complication of viral infection of another part the body that enters the brain (secondary)

167
Q

Zika virus

A

-may cause encephalitis
-related to yellow fever, dengue, west Nile, St Louis encephalitis
-loss of pregnancy and birth defectsv

168
Q

viral meningitis

A

-viral or aseptic is most common form of meningitis
-inflammation of meninges and CSF surrounding brain and spinal cord
-enterovirus
-Brudzinski’s sign

169
Q

acute bacterial meningitis

A

-potential life threatening infection of meninges and CSF
-may cause permeant brain damage, hearing loss, learning disability, limb amputation, kidney failure, death

170
Q

HIV

A

-90% will develope AIDs
-no banned from sports but limited participation

171
Q

reportable STIs

A

chlamydia
syphilis

172
Q

role of AT in psycholoigcal

A

-recognize emotional and behavioral signs
-know when to refer
-establish relationships with qualified mental and physical health profressional

173
Q

5 stages of grief

A

denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance

174
Q

Kubler Ross Classic Model

A

reactions on death and dying to sport injury
-terminal illness or death

175
Q

Cognitive Appraisal Model

A

focuses on injured athletes personal and situational factors and how those influence their cognitive Appraisal of the injury situation

176
Q

framework for understanding the persons response in a given situation and the development of symptoms

A

biopsychosocial-spiritual model (BPSS)

177
Q

acculturation

A

-moving an injured athlete from a familiar sport culture to the unfamiliar rehab culture

178
Q

ATs should do the following in a psych eval

A

-be a good listener
-find out what the problem is
-be aware of body language
-project a caring image
-explain the injury to the PT
-manage the stress of the injury
-help the athlete/PT RTP

179
Q

positive and negative forces that can disrupt the body’s equilibrium

A

stress

180
Q

eustress

A

positive/beneficial stress

181
Q

distress

A

negative stressors

182
Q

acute stress

A

threat is immediate and response instantaneous
-response often entails release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

183
Q

chronic stress

A

-leads to an increase in blood corticosteroids from adrenal cortex

184
Q

what hormone is released in response to stress

A

cortisol

185
Q

neurosis

A

-unpleasant mental symptom in an individual with intact reality testing
-symptoms include anxiousness, depression, or obsession with solid base of reality

186
Q

psychosis

A

-disturbance in which there is disintegration in personality and loss of contact with reality
-delusions and hallucinations

187
Q

depression

A

-unipolar, feeling moving to helplessness, loss of energy, excessive guilt, diminished ability to think, changes in sleeping eating habits, recurrent thoughts of death
-can be physical, mental, emotional, relational, spiritual changes
-bipolar (manic): exaggerate feelings
-treat with meds

188
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

-depression during certain seasons (winter)
-fatigue, diminished concentration, daytime drowsiness
-treat with light therapy, stress management, antidepressants, exercise

189
Q

anxiety disorders

A

-panic attacks: unexpected and unprovoked emotionally intense experience of terror and fear
-behavior mods and meds

190
Q

phobias

A

-persistant and irrational fear of specific situation, activity, or object that creates desired to avoid feared stimulus
-S&S: increased HR, difficulty breathing, sweating, dizziness
-treat with behavior mods, antidepressants, systemic desensitization

191
Q

paranoia

A

-having unrealistic and unfounded suspicions about people or things
-constantly on guard and cannot be convinced suspicions are incorrect
-meds and psychotherapy

192
Q

OCD

A

-combo of emotional and behavioral symptoms
-recurrent, inappropriate thoughts, feelings, impulses, or images arise from within
-repetitive acts that disrupts ADLs
-meds and psychotherapy

193
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

condition in which the person is worries or nervous about many or most things in life
-excessive daily anxiety or worry for 6 mo
-3+ anxiety symptoms

194
Q

PTSD and ASD

A
195
Q

situational and developmental stressors in athletes

A

-not meeting performance expectations of self or others
-change in playing status, coaches, teams, partners
-death or serious illness in a family member
-relationship break uo
-major life transitions
-birth of a baby in the family

196
Q

red flags for depression

A

-depressed mood
-diminished interest in usual activities
-irritability or anger
-diminished performance
-substance abuse
-social withdrawal or isolation
-preoccupation with escape or death

197
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

-refusal to maintain weight at a minimum of 85% BW
-intense fear of gaining weight or being fat
-disturbed perception of body weight or image
-overtraining

198
Q

bulimia

A

-binge eating followed by compensatory act to prevent weight gain
-restrict food, vomiting, laxative, diuretic, exercise

199
Q

alcohol and drug use

A

using the substance without meaningful impairment

200
Q

alcohol and drug misuse

A

occasional use of substance to excess, resulting in impairment of ones ability to function

201
Q

alcohol and drug abuse

A

maladaptive pattern of substance use occurring within 12 mo period that causes impairment in social or occupational functioning; will continue this pattern despite ongoing negative consequences

202
Q

ADHD

A

Neuro behavioral condition that impairs a persons ability to sustain attention or to control activity and impulses in at least 2 settings

203
Q

5 stages of readiness

A

-precontemplation stage
-contemplation stage
-preparation stage
-action stage
-follow up or relapse prevention stage

204
Q

identifying factors for increased risk

A

-inconsolable emotion
-drastic change in typical behavior
-use of alcohol or drugs
-suicidal or homicidal ideation, threats, plans
-history of suicidal or homicidal ideation

205
Q

techniques for reducing tension, anxiety, and stress

A

-deep abdominal breathig
-Jacobsen’s progressive relaxation
-mediation
-imagery

206
Q

coping rehearsal

A

visually rehearse obstacles and how they will overcome themma

207
Q

mastery rehearsal

A

visualize the individuals successful return to competition (accomplish a goal)

208
Q

emotive rehearsal

A

gains confidence by visualizing scenes relating to positive feelings of enthusiasm, confidence, and pride

209
Q

body rehearsal

A

visualize the individuals body healing internally

210
Q

3 methods to reduce pain

A

1) tension reduction: work to reduce muscle tension associated with anxiety, pain spasm pain cycle

2) attention diversion: divert attention away from pain and injury, engage in mental problem solving

3) altering the pain sensation: imagination

211
Q

bipolar

A

-mania
-excessive energy
-flight of ideas
-impulsivity
-cycled with depressed mood

212
Q

schizophrenia/psychotic thinking

A

-hallucinations, delusions, paranoia

213
Q

physiological changes of pregnancy

A

-cardiac output increases (increase in SV and HR)
-plasma volume increases
-decrease BP
-increased tidal volume
-higher core temp

214
Q

kidney contusion or laceration

A

MOI: external force
S&S: shock nausea, vomiting, rigidity of back muscles, hematuria
-treat: monitor, increase fluids, possible surgery

215
Q

kidney stones

A

MOI: unknown; supersaturated urine
S&S: painful condition
-treat: passes sponatneously

216
Q

contusion of ureters, bladder, and urethra

A

MOI: blunt force to abdomen, runners bladder
S&S: pain, lower abd pain, abd rigidity, nausea, vomiting, shock, bleeding from urethra, inability to urinate
-treat: check urine for blood, empty bladder prior to competition, wear protective equipment

217
Q

sports heamturia

A

MOI: unknown
S&S: asymptomatic
-treat: resolves in 72 hr

218
Q

UTI

A

MOI: bacterial infection
S&S: burning and painful urination
-treat: antibiotics
-prevent with fluids, sanitary bowel and bladder habits, washing genitals, emptying bladder

219
Q

urethritis

A

-inflammation of urethra, caused by gonorrhea
-painful urination, urethral discharge
-treat with antibiotics

220
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of urinary bladder and ureters
-frequent, painful urination, chills, fever
-antibiotics

221
Q

chlamydia

A

MOI: bacteria
S&S: pelvic inflammation, males have discharge, painful urination and blood in urine, vaginal discharge
-treat: antibiotics

222
Q

genital herpes

A

MOI: type 1 or 2 herpes simplex virus
S&S: 4-7 days after sex, crust 14-17 days, females asymptomatice, males itching and soreness, lesions
-treat: no cure

223
Q

trichomoniasis

A

MOI: flagellate protozoan trichomonas vaginalis
S&S: foul smelling vaginal discharge that is greenish yellow and frothy, painful urination, males are asymptomatic
-treat: meds

224
Q

genital candidiasis/yeast infections

A

MOI: white patches at base of penis, vulva, vagina, or skin folds
S&S: severe itching, burning, soreness, irritation of vagina or vulva, whitish gray discharge and curdlike
-treat: antifungals

225
Q

genital warts/HPV

A

MOI: warts on glans penis, vulva, anus
S&S: cauliflower like warts, soft moist pink or red swellings
-treat: frozen off

226
Q

gonorrhea (clap)

A

MOI: gonococcal bacteria via sex
S&S: males have tingling in urethra, greenish yellow discharge, painful urination, females asymptomatic or vaginal discharge
-treat: penicilin

227
Q

syphylis

A

MOI: enters body via mucus membrane or skin
S&S: 4 stages, rash, flu like symptoms
-treat: penicillin

228
Q

scrotal contusion

A

MOI: direct trauma
S&S: discoloration, swelling, spasm, ascended testicles
-treat: bouncing, ice

229
Q

spermatic cord torsion

A

MOI: direct trauma
S&S: swelling, nausea, swollen veins, dull pain, dragging feeling in scrotum
-treat: refer to ER

230
Q

hydrocele

A

fluid collection within tunica vaginalis of scrotum or a long spermatic cord
-asymptomatic, scrotal aching or swelling

231
Q

traumatic hydrocele

A

MOI: direct trauma -> water or fluid collects on testes
S&S: flashlight, swelling, pain
-treat: ice and reder

232
Q

variocele

A

dilation of pampiniform venous plexus and internal spermatic vein in scrotum
-asymptomatic, aching pain or heaviness, bag of worms feeling
-varicose veins, testes temp rise

233
Q

testicular cancer S&S

A

-painless swelling
-testicular growth
-testicular pain
-sense of heaviness

234
Q

vaginitis

A

MOI: inflammation of vagina
S&S: vaginal discharge, strong odor, itching, urination is frequent and painful
-treat: meds, proper hygeine

235
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

-bacterial infection of upper genital tract that originates in and ascends from lower genital tract
-endometritis
-salpingitis
-STIs
-S&S: abnormal vaginal bleeding, lower abd pain, cervix tenderness, fever, amenorrhea

236
Q

chronic abdominal pain, cramping, weight loss, severe bloody diarrhea are common S&S of

A

Crohns

237
Q

many meds such as anti-depressants, narcotics pain relievers, NSAIDs may contribute to

A

constipation

238
Q

T/F upper and lower GI series and x-rays with barium swallow are most effective means of diagnosing irritable bowel syndrome

A

false

239
Q

T/F during abdomen exam, palpation is always performed before auscultation because palpation will enhance most normal abdominal soundds

A

false

240
Q

very dark or black stools with a very sticky, tar like consistency is likely from blood passing thru digestive tract, condition?

A

peptic ulcer disease

241
Q

an athlete vomiting undigested food is a common occurrence and not worrisome, vomiting what warrants immediate referral

A

dark, coffee ground like substance

242
Q

athletes with candidiasis may experience and report which type of vaginal discharge

A

thick, white, resembling cottage cheese

243
Q

the diagnosis of uncomplicated UTI is often made based on history, exam and eval of urine, presence of what in the urine confirms UTI

A

presence of nitrates or leukocytes

244
Q

T/F due to the large size of the left lobe of the liver, the left kidney lies lower than the right making it easily palpable during exam

A

false

245
Q

specific state laws and reporting requirements of STIs are of significant concern for AT when dealing with what population

A

adolescents under 18

246
Q

T/F sports hematuria is often asymptomatic in athletes but discovered in routine testing, this condition is considered an emergency

A

false

247
Q

pregnant athletes will typically experience which of the following physiological changes when exercising

A

increased respiratory quotient

248
Q

this STI may cause infertility and ectopic pregnancy in females

A

chlamydia

249
Q

your PT complains of severe right sided flank pain, nausea, vomiting, restlessness; appears slightly pale and is diaphoretic. vital signs are BP 140/90, pulse 118 bpm, respirations 33 bpm, temp 98.0F. what subjective data supports diagnosis of renal calculi

A

pain radiating to the right upper quadrant

250
Q

a female client is diagnosed with genital warts, what info is appropriate to tell the client

A

the condition puts her at higher risk for cervical cancers, get an annual Pap smear

251
Q

ALS is a progressive neuro disease that slowly attacks neurons responsible for

A

voluntary muscle actions

252
Q

assessment of Neuro system begins with clinical history and reported symptoms; reports of hypersensitivity, numbness, or tingling would be classified as

A

positive manifestations

253
Q

T/F CRPS type 1 and CRPS type 2 are both conditions of overactivity of parasympathetic nervous system that create regional pain disproportionate to injury or event

A

false

254
Q

cranial nerves emerge from cranium and provide sensory and motor intervention to head and neck, CN III may be assessed using

A

shining light into the eye

255
Q

T/F SRC can occur with direct blow to head, neck, face or by blow elsewhere on body with force transmitted to the head; diagnostic imaging (CT or MRI) is always suggested in athletes with S&S of SRC

A

false

256
Q

scuba diving, red wine, and chocolate triggers what type of headache

A

migraines

257
Q

problems with memory and learning would relate relates to which lobe

A

temporal

258
Q

T/F benign lessions have a uniform, tan, brown or black color

A

true

259
Q

T/F a group of distinct skin conditions characterized by itchy, wheal-and-flare skin reactions often triggered by allergies to shellfish, nuts, salicylates, dyes, penicillin, pollens, cold, etc referred as urticaria

A

true

260
Q

which is a topical fungal conditions caused by yeast

A

tinea versicolor

261
Q

when referral to physical for a dermatological condition is necessary, the HCP must be able to effectively describe findings, how would you describe a vescile

A

small blister up to 5 mm in diameter, fluid collection subcorneal

262
Q

outermost layer of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum

263
Q

frostbite that is characterized by subdermal freezing with destruction of skin, formation o fhemorrhagic blisters, hard waxy skin is which classification

A

3rd degree frostbite

264
Q

NCAA guidelines for wrestlers

A

active lesions may not be covered to participate

265
Q

slowed metabolic rate that presents with S&S of fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, memory impairment referred to as

A

hypothyroidism

266
Q

T/F the lymphatic system is a closed circuit system

A

false

267
Q

T/F the pancreases is the primary endocrine gland secreting insulin and glucagon; when glucose is high alpha cells produce insulin; when blood sugar is low, beta cells secrete glycogen

A

false

268
Q

out of 11 possible criteriaia for lupus need to be present

A

4

269
Q

what blood sugar level is participation postponed for athlete

A

above 200 mg/dL with ketones in the urine

270
Q

infectious mono is caused by what virus

A

epstein barr virus

271
Q

tonsilitis, impetigo, toxic shock syndrome, and cellulitis are all forms of what type strep infections

A

supportative group A

272
Q

T/F hep A and E are infections and highly contagious associated with poor sanitation and fecal-oral; help B,C,D are transmitted via blood or sexual contact

A

true

273
Q

reportable disease in the US

A

Zika virus

274
Q

athlete who experience an indentifiable, acutely stressful event that is so overwhelming it often results in symptoms of chest pain or shortness of breath is referref to as

A

pani attaacks

275
Q

if an AT cannot calm down an athlete and unable to cope what should the AT do

A

call 911

276
Q

T/F rubeola is a minimally infectious diseases manifesting a rash that appears prior to onset of prodromal fever and typically presents on 3rd to 7th day

A

false

277
Q

gymnast who frequently comments to others that they are fat, avoids team dinners, over trains, and does not maintain over 85% BW

A

anorexia nervoisa

278
Q

designed to measure stress levels, athletes coping strategies, and degree to which he or she is coping

A

COPE inventory

279
Q

CA-MRSA in an athlete may RTP when

A

infected region is completely infection free

280
Q

T/F a psycholgist is credentialed with MD or DO who treats mental health conditions using medical approach prescribed meds

A

false

281
Q

illness where nearly simultaneously transmission occurs worldwide or spread rapidly worldwide, WHO classifies it as

A

pandemic

KNAT 504 (3 decks)

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