Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
right upper quadrant organs
A
liver
gallbladder
duodenum
head of pancrea
R adrenal gland
portion of R kidney
portion of ascending and transverse colon
2
Q
left upper quadrant organs
A
left lobe of liver
spleen
stomach
body of pancreas
L adrenal gland
portion of L kidney
portion of descending and transverse colon
3
Q
right lower quadrant organs
A
lower pole of R kidney
cecum and appendix
portion of ascending colon
bladder
ovary, uterus if enlarged
R spermatic cord
R ureter
4
Q
left lower quadrant organs
A
lower pole of L kidney
sigmoid colon
portion of descending colon
bladder
ovary, uterus if enlarged
L spermatic cord
L ureter
5
Q
liver contusion or lacerations
A
MOI: abdominal blunt trauma
S&S: hemorrhage, shock, abdominal rigidity, referred pain to R arm
Rx: ER
6
Q
injury of the spleen
A
MOI: direct blow or mono
S&S: signs of shock, abdominal rigidity, nausea, vomiting, Kehr’s sign
Management: self splint (bed rest), conservative treatment = 1wk hospitalization, gradual return play, surgery takes longer
7
Q
GI bleeding
A
MOI: distance running, gastritis, anemia, ingestion of aspirin or NSAIDs, stress, bowel irritation, colitis
S&S: blood in stool, abdominal pain, water stool (w/ pus), dehydration, fever
Management: refer
8
Q
blow to solar plexus
A
MOI: aka getting the wind knocked out of you; paralysis of diaphragm due to direct blow to stomach
S&S: stops respiration, leads to anoxia, comes and goes
Management: help overcome apprehension, short inspirations and long expirations, calm athlete to prevent hyperventilation
9
Q
indigestion (dyspepsia)
A
MOI: distress after eating, reactions before comp, emotional stress, esophageal or stomach spasms, inflammation of mucous lining of stomach and esophagus
S&S: increased HCl secretion, nausea, flatulence
Management: eliminate irritating food, regular eating habits, avoid stressors, follow-up if persists
10
Q
peptic ulcer
A
MOI: acids destroy mucous lining of stomach or small intestine, long periods of anxiety
S&S: gnawing pain localized to gastric region, appears 1-3 hours after meal, dyspepsia, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, pain last rather than hours
Management: antacids, surgery if hemorrhaging or perforation occurs
11
Q
vomiting/emesis
A
MOI: result of irritation most often in the stomach
S&S: stimulates vomiting center of brain causing forceful diaphragm and abdominal contractions
Management: anti nausea meds, fluids
12
Q
viral gastroenteritis
A
MOI: caused by stomach virus, inflammation of stomach and intestines
S&S: resolves in 2-3 days
Management: rest, fluids, avoid contact
13
Q
food poisoning or bacterial diarrhea
A
-suspect when multiple who ate the same food becomes ill about the same time
-typically occurs when food is improperly handled, cooked, stored, or refrigerated
14
Q
gastroenteritis (food poisoning)
A
MOI: infectious microorganism contaminates food
S&S: nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, anorexia, subsides 3-6 hrs
Management: fluid replacement, bed rest, BRAT diet
15
Q
diarrhea
A
MOI: diet, inflammation, infection, drug side effect, psychogenetic factors
S&S: loose stools
Management: depends on cause, hydrate
16
Q
constipation
A
MOI: dehydrated, lack of roughage, anxiety, overuse of laxatives
S&S: failure of bowels to evacuate feces
Management: depends on cause, hydrate, and eat fiber
17
Q
stress-induced GI symptoms
A
diffuse abdominal pains and cramps, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
-exclude everything else first
18
Q
heartburn or GERD
A
MOI: stomach acid travels up through lower esophageal sphincter into esophagus or back of throat, may result in hiatal hernia, may cause inflammation of esophagus
S&S: heartburn like pain similar to angina pectoris, burning feeling with sour liquid taste
Management: meds, surgery is it persists
19
Q
gastritis
A
diffuse or patchy inflammation of lining of the stomach
20
Q
peptic ulcer disease
A
more serious condition in which deeper ulcer in the stomach or in duodenum
21
Q
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
A
MOI: group of disorders of GI tract
S&S: abdominal pain relieved with defecation, irregular bowel patterns
Management: diet modification, med, counseling, refer to MD
22
Q
hemorrhouds
A
MOI: chronic constipation
S&S: pain, bleeding, itching
Management: minimize constipation, use of local anesthetic, possible surgery
23
Q
celiac disease
A
autoimmune disorder that affects GI tract and triggered by gluten
-chronic inflammation of small intestine which leads to atrophy of small intestine
-more common in women
-not a food allergy
24
Q
two type of IBS
A
Crohn’s (small intestine) and UC (symptoms beyond GI system
-no underlying causes
25
appendicits
-McBurney's point
-most common cause for urgent abdominal surgery
-pain localized to RLQ within 12-18 hours
-low-grade fever
-nausea or vomiting
26
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder caused by gallstones (cholelithiasis)
27
colorectal cancers
-neoplasm arising from lining of large intestine
-2nd leading cause of all cancer deaths
-increase with age
-obesity, family history, diet
28
hernia
MOI: protrusion of abdominal viscera thru abdominal wall
S&S: natural weakness, aggravated by direct blow or strain, pain with coughing, discomfort, pulling sensation
Management: surgery
29
stitch in the side
MOI: idiopathic condition with obscure cause and several hypotheses, potential causes include constipation, gas, overeating, diaphragm spasm, poor conditioning, lack of visceral support and weak abs,
S&S: cramp-like pain during hard activity
Management: relax the spasm
30
coronal suture
between frontal and parietal
31
lambdoidal suture
between occipital and parietal bones
32
sagittal suture
between the parietal bones
33
3 layers of meninges
outermost dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater
34
frontal lobe characteristics
-motor control
-problem solving
-speech production
35
temporal lobe characteristics
-auditory processing
-language comprehension
-memory/info retrieval
36
parietal lobe characteristic
-touch perception
-body orientation and sensory discrimination
37
occipital lobe characteristics
-sight
-visual reception and visual interpretation
38
what acts as the main conduit for information between brain and spinal cord
brainstem
39
what comprises the brainstem
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
40
Broca's area
speech
41
somatosensory cortex
pain, heat, sensory
42
Wernicke's area
language comprehension
43
parasympathetic nervous system
-rest and digest
-constrict pupils
-decrease HR
-increase GI peristalsis and secretion
-expel waste
44
sympathetic nervous system
-fight or flight
-increase HR and breathing
-dilate blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac, constricted in GI tract
-dilate bronchial passages and pupils
-erects hairs for protection
-increase sweat
-mobilizes glucose
45
gray matter consists of
neurons
46
white matter
surrounds gray matter and consists of ventral, lateral, and dorsal columns containing myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
47
how many pairs nerves
31 pairs
48
dorsal roots contain
sensory fibers carryinh
-pain and temp info
-axons from muscle spindles and skin
-joint mechanoreceptors
49
ventral roots contain
-motor neuron fibers from skeletal
-muscle spindle fibers
-autonomic axons
-axons carrying abdominal and visceral sensory and info
50
positive manifestations
-represent inappropriate excitation of the nervous system
-seizures
-movement disorders that include tremor, spasm, tics
51
negative manifestations
-represent loss of function
-paresis
-paralysis
-hyposensitivity
-dementia
-aphasia
52
signs of cerebrum injury
-abnormal mental state
-unilateral weakness
-visual field abnormalities
-movement abnormalities
53
signs of brainstem injury
-cranial nerve abnormalities
-crossed weakness and sensory abnormalities
54
signs of spinal root injury
-radiating limb pain
-weakness and sensory abnormalities
55
signs of peripheral nerve injury
-mid or distal limb pain
-weakness, stocking or glove distribution of sensory loss
-loss of reflexes
56
signs of neuromuscular junction injury
-bilateral weakness
-increasing weakness with exertion
-normal sensory functions
57
signs of muscle injury
-bilateral proximal or distal weakness
-sparing of sensation
58
sport-related concussion
MOI: complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces, caused by direct blow to head, face or neck
S&S: gradual onset of symptoms, headaches, dizziness
Management: RTP and avoid lights and loud noises
59
S&S for immediate referral to ED
-deterioration of neurological function
-decrease levels of consciousness or mental state
-seizures
-decrease or irregular respirations or pulse
-unequal, unreactive, or dilated pupils
-skull fracture
60
mononeuropathy
-damage by trauma
-diabetics: nerve sensitive to pressure
-damage to bloody supply
-vasoculitic disease
61
polyneuropathy
-multiple peripheral nerves
-distal, symmetrical pattern
-lower limbs before upper limbs
-causes: inflammatory, metabolic, toxic
62
diabetic neuropathy
-loss of feeling
-freezing
-tingling
-hypersensitivity
-sharp, jobbing pain
-burning sensation
-numbness
63
stroke (CVA)
-caused by lack of oxygen to the brain
-may lead to paralysis
-caused by interrupted blood flow from a blood clot or aneurysm
64
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
-warnings that full blood flow to the brain is not occurring
-FAST symptoms
65
guillain-barre syndrome
-acute, diffuse demyelinating disorder of spinal roots and peripheral nerves
-autoimmune syndrome- produce antibodies against myelin sheath
-S&S: parenthesis in hands and feet, infection, severe respiratory muscle weakness, absent or decreased deep tendon reflex
-treatment: plasma exchange and IVIG
66
vascular headaches
-caused by spasms of the vessels surrounding the brain
-include migraines and cluster headaches
67
symptoms that warrant medical attention regarding headaches
-new headaches
-sudden severe headaches
-changes in pattern
-chronic headaches with localized pain
-headaches that awake patient from deep sleep
-headaches with nausea or vomiting
-visual disturbances
-numbness or weakness
68
what may cause traction and inflammatory headaches
-eye strain
-hypoglycemia
-stroke
-sinus infection
69
seizure
-caused by abnormal discharges of electrical activity in the brain
-altered awareness
-involuntary movements or convulsions
-may occur due to brain injury, insult, heatstroke, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, alcohol consumption, drug withdrawal
70
epliepsy
-chronic condition consisting of unprovoked, randomly recurring seizures
71
tonic-clonic seizures
-unconscious
-rigid posture
-jerking movements
-incontinence
-confusion post seizure
72
status epilepticus
-continuous tonic-clonic seizures
73
absence seizures
-loss of attention or awareness for 3-15 sec
-may have automatism that go along with the seizure (tics)
74
partial seizures
-motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic disturbance
-gustatory hallucinations
-psychic phenomena
75
seizure management
-refer
-protect from harm
-recovery position
-assess and maintain ABCs
-high-risk disorder should not play
76
vertigo
-sensation of instability, loss of equilibrium, rotation usually caused by disturbance in semicircular canals of inner ear or vestibular nuclei of brainstem
77
multiple sclerosis
-neurodegnerative lifelong chronic diseases diagnosed primarily in young adults
-gradual accumulation of focal plaques of demyelination in the brian
-meylinated cells being destroyed and replaced by hard sclerotic tissue
78
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
-aka Lou Gehrig's
-fatal, progressive neurological disease that slowly attacks neurons responsible for voluntary muscular actions
-leads to complete loss of all voluntary muscular movement
-does not affect other sense or cognition
79
Bell's palsy
-affects 1 nerve (CN VII)), resulting in unilateral or bilateral facial weakness or paralysis
-rapid onset
-most always spontaneously resolves
-herpes simplex is most common trigger
80
type 1 complex regional pain syndrome
-traditionally follows an injury where soft tissue is damage, crushed, or immobilized mechanically, or pathologically
81
type 2 complex regional pain syndrome
-new term for the condition causalgia, a documented injury to the nerve
82
epidermis
-composed of dead cells
-forms the body's primary protective shield
83
dermis
-composed of a papillary layer and a reticular layer
-contains variety of vascular and sensory structures, hair follicles, sebaceous or sweat glands
84
hypodermis
-aka subcutaneous layer
-made up of CT which binds dermis to deeper structures
-adipose tissue
85
functions of integumentary system
-sense and adapt to the environment
-thermoregulation
-fluid loss
-proprioception
-kinesthesis
86
what makes up nails
keratin
-hard, clear surface that presents a pink color from underlying highly vascular epithelial cell layer
87
nail lunula
at the proximal end, moon-shaped, white opaque layer that protects the nail matric
88
urticaria
-group of distinct skin conditions characterized by itchy, wheal-and-flare skin reactions (hives)
-treat with antihistamines, may require steroids
89
what occurs during a histamine response
-vasodilation causing local erythema
-erythematous flare beyond the local erythema
-leakage of fluid causing local tissue edema
90
dermatographism
induced by rubbing or stroking the skin or contact with clothing
-occur 1-3 min following rubbing, clear up within 30-60 min
91
cholinergic urticaria
caused by physical stimulus
-limit strenuous exercise, stressful environments, hot showers
92
cold urticaria
reactive disorder that manifests as hives after exposure to cold within 5 min
-local reaction causes no stoppage in participation
93
solar urticaria
manifested by hives that occur within minutes of exposure to UV light
-RTP immediate if no systemic symptoms
94
epidermoid cysts
-thin walled filled with keratin material produced by epithelium
-common youth to middle age
-face, scalp, neck, and trunk
95
sebaceous cysts
-thin wall filled with white keratin
-nontender, slow growing and can occur anywhere on the body
96
psoriasis
-genetic, chronic, reoccurring disorder
-lesion is silvery white plaque with surrounding erythema
-scalping, papular infection similar to eczema
-gradual onset, chronic remission and frequent flare ups
97
eczema
-indicates vesicular dermatitis
-most common inflammatory skin disease
-3 components: erythema, scales, vesciles
-3 stages: acute, subacute, chronic
-treatment: remove allergen oral steroids, antihistamines, topical steroids
98
atopic dermatitis
dermatological reaction between environmental and genetic factors
99
most common cancer in humans worldwide
nonmelanoma skin cancer
100
melanoma
-skin cancer arising from melanocytes found in stratum basale, eye, inner ear, meninges, heart, bone
ABCDE
-refer and prevent
101
frostbite
-caused by vasoconstriction in response to cold, resulting in freezing body tissues
-occurs commonly on exposed skin of ears, neck, cheeks, and wrists
-fatigue, circulatory impairment, malnutrition, prior history of cold injury
102
examples of bacterial conditions
-impetigo
-folliculitis
-abscess
-furuncle
-carbuncle
-acne
-paronychia
103
NCAA restrictions of bacterial infections
-wrestlers complete 72 hrs of antibiotic therapy
-no new lesions 48 hrs
-no moist, draining, or exudative lesions while participating
104
impetigo
-highly contagious and common
-skin to skin contact
-nonbullous: yellow/honey colored crusted lesions with a red base
-bullous: red, moist skin that resembles a burn, progresses to vesicles that are filled with yellow fluid
-treat with topical antibiotics
-RTP once no active areas
105
folliculitis
-inflammatory reaction in hair follicles, small red tender bumps in hair follicles, itchy
-occur in face, chest, axilla, butt, groin, legs
-aka razor bumps
-contracted from hot tubs, pools, baths, water slides
-treat with anitmicrobial ointment, wash with antibacterial soap, topical/oral antibiotics, single use razors
-RTP when lesions are healed
106
abscess
collection of pus
-begin as tender, deep, firm, red papule
-treat with warm, moist compress
107
furuncles
-aka a boil
-walled-off abscess that develops in preexisting site of folliculities
108
carbuncles
collection of several coalescing furuncles
109
acne
-concentric of sebaceous glands
-inflammatory (red papules and pustules)
-noninflammatory lesions (made up of open and closed comedones, treated with topical creams)
110
paronychia
infection that affects proximal or lateral nail folds
-bright red swelling with pus
111
onychia
infection of the nail matric
112
herpes simplex virus (HSV)
-extremely contagious viral infection
-cold sores or fever blisters, genital herpes
-enters thru site of previous injury, cut, or abrasion
-S&S mimic flu with red vesicles, tingling and pain
-treat with oral antiviral meds
113
molluscum contagiosum
-viral infection in kids and sexually active adults
-small, skin colored smooth papules appears on face, trunk, arms, legs, genital areas
-spread via direct contact, sharing bath and equipment
-resolves spontaneously or freeze them off
-common in swimmers, wrestlers, gynnasts
114
HPV
-aka warts
-skin to skin contact
-occurs at sites of trauma, abrasion, or eczema
-present as small, smooth, skin-colored papules
115
dermatophytes
superficial fungal infections of the skin
-common in athletes, wrestlers
116
how to prevent fungal infections
-keep wet materials away from body
-fully dry clothes before wearing
-allow light and air to infected skin
-good hygeine
-no sharing towels, clothing, or personal grooming appliances
-shower and wash hair immediately after practice
117
tinea corporis
-aka ringworm
-spread via skin to skin
-red, scaly areas
-topical antifungals
-RTP 3 days post treatment and cover lesions
118
tinea cruris
-aka jock itch
-affects inner thigh, perineum, perianal areas
-topical antifungals, drying off after shower, loose fit clothing
119
tinea unguium
-aka ringworm of the nails
-oral meds 2x daily for 4 months
-wear clean socks each practice,
120
tinea pedis
-aka athletes foot
-area between toes is scaly
-topical antifungals cream 2x daily for 4 wks
121
tinea capitus
-aka scalp ringworm
-black dots on scalp, or semibald spots
-fer for oral antifungals
-all grooming appliances and headgear to be cleaned
-2 weeks meds before RTP
122
tinea versicolor
-yeast infection, not contagious
-common in high humidity or long term use of corticosteroids
-multiple, small, round, scaly macules
-may have white, brown, or pink areas of skin that do not tan
-treat with Selsun blue shampoo
123
prediculosis
-infection caused by lice
-spread via person to person or person to object
124
non-hodgkin's lymphoma
-medial diagnosis age is 50
-common sites are abdomen, mediastinum, and neck
-S&S: excessive sweating/night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, unexplained fever, enlarged lymph nodes
125
Hodgkin's lymphoma
-malignant
-Reed-Sternberg cells
-peak age is 30
-S&S: enlarged lymph nodes, itching, fevers, night sweats
-higher success rate than NHL
126
characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs in the bone marrow, which accumulates and replace normal RBC
leukemia
127
S&S of leukemia
-mimic viral infection
-pallor, petechiae, ecchymosis, frequent nose bleeds, weight loss
-treatment: chemo, radiation, blood/platelet transfusion, bone marrow transplants
128
Lyme disease
-caused by ticks
-if left untreated can lead to serious arthritic and Neuro symptoms leading to permanent damage
-red, circular rash called erythema migrans
-viral-like illness, headache, muscle and joint aches, fever, fatigue
-transmission once tick attached for 48 hrs
-treat asap
129
disseminated Lyme disease
-untreated at onset
-may cause facial nerve palsies
-can lead to meningitis
-may affect heart; irregular rhythma and abnormal ECG
130
late Lyme disease
-attacks muscoskeletal and CNS
-joint swelling and chronic pain
131
raynaud's disease
-disorder characterized by vasospasm of the arteries
-cold temps and emotional trauma
-phenomenon caused by underlying condition
-oral contraceptives, lupus, RA, and vibration tools
132
systemic lupus erythematosus
-chronic autoimmune disorder potentially affecting many parts of the body, musculoskeletal system, skin, kidneys, cardiac cells, and nervous system
-immune system makes autoantibodies
-butterfly rash, arthritis, oral ulcers, scaly skin, muscle/joint aches, kidney problems, seizure
133
fibromyalgia
-chronic, noninflammatory, diffuse pain syndrome characterized by multiple areas of musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, fatigue, depression
-affected by emotional and physical trauma
-genetics
-infections may aggravate, PTSD
-must have 11 of 18 tender points
-play as long as symptoms are under control
134
treatment for fibromyalgia
-analgesics, NSAIDs
-antidepressants
-anti-seizure druges
-therapy
135
chronic fatigue system
-primary system of being severe fatigue persisting 6mo or longer
-cognitive, musculoskeletal, immunological, and Neuro
-no known cause
-no tests, diagnosed by exclusion
-RTP while symptoms controlled, but level of play may be affected
136
pancreatitis
-inflammatory process of the pancreas with intrapancreatic activation of enzymes
-40% caused by blockage of biliary tract by gallstone (females)
-35% caused by alcohol (males)
-S&S: abdominal pain, pain radiates to the back, nausea/vomiting, guarding, hypoactive bowl sounds, fever, jaundice
137
diabetes mellitus (type 1)
-disease which body cannot produce or use insulin effectively
-abrupt insulin
-thin and younger of 40
138
type 2 diabetes
-bodys inability to use insulin effectively
-combo of insulin resistance and decrease in insulin production
-obesity
-gradual onset
139
common symptoms of diabetes
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
-weight loss
-blurred vision
140
glucose numbers
-glucose intolerant 111-125
-hypoglycemia <60
-unconscious at 30
141
management of diabetes
-relieve symptoms
-maintain glucose near normal levels
-avoid hypoglycemia
-prevent chronic complications
142
complications of diabetes
-infections
-diabetic ketoacidosis
-dehydration
-cataracts
-blindness
-cardiovascular complications
143
ideal blood sugar levels
120-180 mg/dL
144
hyperthyroidism
-excess production of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland
-Grave's disease
-autoimmune characterized by diffuse toxic goiter or enlargement of thyroid gland
-S&S: heart palpitations/increased HR, nervousness, GI changes, menstrual irregularities, weight loss
-treat with meds, radioactive iodine, thyroid surgery
-RTP with management of symptoms
145
hypothyroidism
-common cause is inflammatory disorder of the thyroid, deficiency of thyroid hormone
-Hashimoto's thyroiditis
-S&S: fatigue/weakness, dry skin, cold intolerance, weight gain, tongue swelling
-treat with thyroid replacement hormone med
146
4 types of transmission of infectious disease
direct contact
airborne
bloodborne
food/water borne
147
influenza
-A and B viruses
-contagious 1 day before onset then 7 days
148
infectious mono
-aka kissing disease
-Epstein-Barr virus (EBC)
-S&S: fatigue, inability to get enough sleep, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, fever, chills, dysphagia, anorexia, pharyngitis
-enlarged spleen, liver, and lymph nodes
-avoid sharing cups
-throat culture, liver fxn test, CBC
-treat: rest, NSAIDs
-RTP avoid contact, flack jacket
149
splenic rupture
-2-4 weeks occur after mono
-abdominal pain, tender ULQ, hypotension, Kehr's sign, shock like symptoms
150
mumps
-contagious viral disease that manifests with enlarged parotid and salivary glands involves sublingual or submaxillary
-spread thru infected droplets via saliva
-S&S: parotitis, headache, malaise, anorexia, low grade fever
-RTP once symptoms resolve
151
rubeola
-aka measles or red measles
-highly communicable infectious disease
-isolate
-S&S: prodromal fever, rash on face then spreads, conjunctivitis, sore throat, headache
152
rubella
-aka German measles
-acute contagious virus that has mild symptoms
-transmitted via upper respiratory tract or placental blood exchange
-rash, rose-colored spots on palate
-reportable disease
153
chicken pox and shingles
-varicella-zoster virus causes chicken pox
-herpes zoster causes shingles
-vesicles, maculopapular rash
-follows nerve root
-avoid sports
154
hepatitis
-diffuse necrosis affecting smallest secretory units of the liver
-caused by bacteria, virus, drugs, toxins, alcohol abuse
-jaundice occurs 5-10 days after symptoms and resolve in 4-8 weeks
-limit alcohol and limit sex partners
155
hepatitis A
-caused by poor sanitation
-oral-fecal contact
-occurs in crowded areas via contaminated food or water
-self-limiting
156
hepatitis B
-transmitted by sexual activity, IV drug use, piercing, tattooing, contamination with blood and body fluids
-vaccine
-can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer
-refrain from sports til they are not infectious
157
hepatitis C
-causes of liver disorderes
-develop cirrhosis or carcinoma
-transmitted via IV or intranasal drugs use, multiple sex partners, needle sticks
-reportable disease
158
hepatitis D
-less common than others
-transmission via sexual contact and injected drug use
159
small, spherical, gram-positive chains of bacteria commonly found in human tissue
streptococci (strep)
160
group A strep infections
GABS aka flesh eating bacteria aka necrotizing fasciitis
161
group B strep infections
GBS cause infections, endocarditis, septic arthritis, sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyeltiis, and soft-tissue infections
162
group D strep infections
enterococcal and nonenterococcal species
-GI, bacterial endocarditis, UTIs, abdominal sepsis, cellulitis, wound infections
163
grape-like clusters of gram-positive bacteria that causes a tremendous number of infections in nearly every human body system
staphylococcal infections
164
CA-MRSA
-begins as a small lesion in a pimple, mosquito bite, recent injury or abrasion, or surgery wound
165
MRSA
-painful open wound that is extremely infected
-cannont engage in contact athletic activity until infection free
166
encephalitis
-inflammation of the brain
-caused by viral infections
-direct viral invasion of the brain and spinal cord (primary)
-complication of viral infection of another part the body that enters the brain (secondary)
167
Zika virus
-may cause encephalitis
-related to yellow fever, dengue, west Nile, St Louis encephalitis
-loss of pregnancy and birth defectsv
168
viral meningitis
-viral or aseptic is most common form of meningitis
-inflammation of meninges and CSF surrounding brain and spinal cord
-enterovirus
-Brudzinski's sign
169
acute bacterial meningitis
-potential life threatening infection of meninges and CSF
-may cause permeant brain damage, hearing loss, learning disability, limb amputation, kidney failure, death
170
HIV
-90% will develope AIDs
-no banned from sports but limited participation
171
reportable STIs
chlamydia
syphilis
172
role of AT in psycholoigcal
-recognize emotional and behavioral signs
-know when to refer
-establish relationships with qualified mental and physical health profressional
173
5 stages of grief
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
174
Kubler Ross Classic Model
reactions on death and dying to sport injury
-terminal illness or death
175
Cognitive Appraisal Model
focuses on injured athletes personal and situational factors and how those influence their cognitive Appraisal of the injury situation
176
framework for understanding the persons response in a given situation and the development of symptoms
biopsychosocial-spiritual model (BPSS)
177
acculturation
-moving an injured athlete from a familiar sport culture to the unfamiliar rehab culture
178
ATs should do the following in a psych eval
-be a good listener
-find out what the problem is
-be aware of body language
-project a caring image
-explain the injury to the PT
-manage the stress of the injury
-help the athlete/PT RTP
179
positive and negative forces that can disrupt the body's equilibrium
stress
180
eustress
positive/beneficial stress
181
distress
negative stressors
182
acute stress
threat is immediate and response instantaneous
-response often entails release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
183
chronic stress
-leads to an increase in blood corticosteroids from adrenal cortex
184
what hormone is released in response to stress
cortisol
185
neurosis
-unpleasant mental symptom in an individual with intact reality testing
-symptoms include anxiousness, depression, or obsession with solid base of reality
186
psychosis
-disturbance in which there is disintegration in personality and loss of contact with reality
-delusions and hallucinations
187
depression
-unipolar, feeling moving to helplessness, loss of energy, excessive guilt, diminished ability to think, changes in sleeping eating habits, recurrent thoughts of death
-can be physical, mental, emotional, relational, spiritual changes
-bipolar (manic): exaggerate feelings
-treat with meds
188
seasonal affective disorder
-depression during certain seasons (winter)
-fatigue, diminished concentration, daytime drowsiness
-treat with light therapy, stress management, antidepressants, exercise
189
anxiety disorders
-panic attacks: unexpected and unprovoked emotionally intense experience of terror and fear
-behavior mods and meds
190
phobias
-persistant and irrational fear of specific situation, activity, or object that creates desired to avoid feared stimulus
-S&S: increased HR, difficulty breathing, sweating, dizziness
-treat with behavior mods, antidepressants, systemic desensitization
191
paranoia
-having unrealistic and unfounded suspicions about people or things
-constantly on guard and cannot be convinced suspicions are incorrect
-meds and psychotherapy
192
OCD
-combo of emotional and behavioral symptoms
-recurrent, inappropriate thoughts, feelings, impulses, or images arise from within
-repetitive acts that disrupts ADLs
-meds and psychotherapy
193
generalized anxiety disorder
condition in which the person is worries or nervous about many or most things in life
-excessive daily anxiety or worry for 6 mo
-3+ anxiety symptoms
194
PTSD and ASD
reactions are in response to exposure to life-threatening events or other situations the normal range of human experience
-
195
situational and developmental stressors in athletes
-not meeting performance expectations of self or others
-change in playing status, coaches, teams, partners
-death or serious illness in a family member
-relationship break uo
-major life transitions
-birth of a baby in the family
196
red flags for depression
-depressed mood
-diminished interest in usual activities
-irritability or anger
-diminished performance
-substance abuse
-social withdrawal or isolation
-preoccupation with escape or death
197
anorexia nervosa
-refusal to maintain weight at a minimum of 85% BW
-intense fear of gaining weight or being fat
-disturbed perception of body weight or image
-overtraining
198
bulimia
-binge eating followed by compensatory act to prevent weight gain
-restrict food, vomiting, laxative, diuretic, exercise
199
alcohol and drug use
using the substance without meaningful impairment
200
alcohol and drug misuse
occasional use of substance to excess, resulting in impairment of ones ability to function
201
alcohol and drug abuse
maladaptive pattern of substance use occurring within 12 mo period that causes impairment in social or occupational functioning; will continue this pattern despite ongoing negative consequences
202
ADHD
Neuro behavioral condition that impairs a persons ability to sustain attention or to control activity and impulses in at least 2 settings
203
5 stages of readiness
-precontemplation stage
-contemplation stage
-preparation stage
-action stage
-follow up or relapse prevention stage
204
identifying factors for increased risk
-inconsolable emotion
-drastic change in typical behavior
-use of alcohol or drugs
-suicidal or homicidal ideation, threats, plans
-history of suicidal or homicidal ideation
205
techniques for reducing tension, anxiety, and stress
-deep abdominal breathig
-Jacobsen's progressive relaxation
-mediation
-imagery
206
coping rehearsal
visually rehearse obstacles and how they will overcome themma
207
mastery rehearsal
visualize the individuals successful return to competition (accomplish a goal)
208
emotive rehearsal
gains confidence by visualizing scenes relating to positive feelings of enthusiasm, confidence, and pride
209
body rehearsal
visualize the individuals body healing internally
210
3 methods to reduce pain
1) tension reduction: work to reduce muscle tension associated with anxiety, pain spasm pain cycle
2) attention diversion: divert attention away from pain and injury, engage in mental problem solving
3) altering the pain sensation: imagination
211
bipolar
-mania
-excessive energy
-flight of ideas
-impulsivity
-cycled with depressed mood
212
schizophrenia/psychotic thinking
-hallucinations, delusions, paranoia
213
physiological changes of pregnancy
-cardiac output increases (increase in SV and HR)
-plasma volume increases
-decrease BP
-increased tidal volume
-higher core temp
214
kidney contusion or laceration
MOI: external force
S&S: shock nausea, vomiting, rigidity of back muscles, hematuria
-treat: monitor, increase fluids, possible surgery
215
kidney stones
MOI: unknown; supersaturated urine
S&S: painful condition
-treat: passes sponatneously
216
contusion of ureters, bladder, and urethra
MOI: blunt force to abdomen, runners bladder
S&S: pain, lower abd pain, abd rigidity, nausea, vomiting, shock, bleeding from urethra, inability to urinate
-treat: check urine for blood, empty bladder prior to competition, wear protective equipment
217
sports heamturia
MOI: unknown
S&S: asymptomatic
-treat: resolves in 72 hr
218
UTI
MOI: bacterial infection
S&S: burning and painful urination
-treat: antibiotics
-prevent with fluids, sanitary bowel and bladder habits, washing genitals, emptying bladder
219
urethritis
-inflammation of urethra, caused by gonorrhea
-painful urination, urethral discharge
-treat with antibiotics
220
cystitis
inflammation of urinary bladder and ureters
-frequent, painful urination, chills, fever
-antibiotics
221
chlamydia
MOI: bacteria
S&S: pelvic inflammation, males have discharge, painful urination and blood in urine, vaginal discharge
-treat: antibiotics
222
genital herpes
MOI: type 1 or 2 herpes simplex virus
S&S: 4-7 days after sex, crust 14-17 days, females asymptomatice, males itching and soreness, lesions
-treat: no cure
223
trichomoniasis
MOI: flagellate protozoan trichomonas vaginalis
S&S: foul smelling vaginal discharge that is greenish yellow and frothy, painful urination, males are asymptomatic
-treat: meds
224
genital candidiasis/yeast infections
MOI: white patches at base of penis, vulva, vagina, or skin folds
S&S: severe itching, burning, soreness, irritation of vagina or vulva, whitish gray discharge and curdlike
-treat: antifungals
225
genital warts/HPV
MOI: warts on glans penis, vulva, anus
S&S: cauliflower like warts, soft moist pink or red swellings
-treat: frozen off
226
gonorrhea (clap)
MOI: gonococcal bacteria via sex
S&S: males have tingling in urethra, greenish yellow discharge, painful urination, females asymptomatic or vaginal discharge
-treat: penicilin
227
syphylis
MOI: enters body via mucus membrane or skin
S&S: 4 stages, rash, flu like symptoms
-treat: penicillin
228
scrotal contusion
MOI: direct trauma
S&S: discoloration, swelling, spasm, ascended testicles
-treat: bouncing, ice
229
spermatic cord torsion
MOI: direct trauma
S&S: swelling, nausea, swollen veins, dull pain, dragging feeling in scrotum
-treat: refer to ER
230
hydrocele
fluid collection within tunica vaginalis of scrotum or a long spermatic cord
-asymptomatic, scrotal aching or swelling
231
traumatic hydrocele
MOI: direct trauma -> water or fluid collects on testes
S&S: flashlight, swelling, pain
-treat: ice and reder
232
variocele
dilation of pampiniform venous plexus and internal spermatic vein in scrotum
-asymptomatic, aching pain or heaviness, bag of worms feeling
-varicose veins, testes temp rise
233
testicular cancer S&S
-painless swelling
-testicular growth
-testicular pain
-sense of heaviness
234
vaginitis
MOI: inflammation of vagina
S&S: vaginal discharge, strong odor, itching, urination is frequent and painful
-treat: meds, proper hygeine
235
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
-bacterial infection of upper genital tract that originates in and ascends from lower genital tract
-endometritis
-salpingitis
-STIs
-S&S: abnormal vaginal bleeding, lower abd pain, cervix tenderness, fever, amenorrhea
236
chronic abdominal pain, cramping, weight loss, severe bloody diarrhea are common S&S of
Crohns
237
many meds such as anti-depressants, narcotics pain relievers, NSAIDs may contribute to
constipation
238
T/F upper and lower GI series and x-rays with barium swallow are most effective means of diagnosing irritable bowel syndrome
false
239
T/F during abdomen exam, palpation is always performed before auscultation because palpation will enhance most normal abdominal soundds
false
240
very dark or black stools with a very sticky, tar like consistency is likely from blood passing thru digestive tract, condition?
peptic ulcer disease
241
an athlete vomiting undigested food is a common occurrence and not worrisome, vomiting what warrants immediate referral
dark, coffee ground like substance
242
athletes with candidiasis may experience and report which type of vaginal discharge
thick, white, resembling cottage cheese
243
the diagnosis of uncomplicated UTI is often made based on history, exam and eval of urine, presence of what in the urine confirms UTI
presence of nitrates or leukocytes
244
T/F due to the large size of the left lobe of the liver, the left kidney lies lower than the right making it easily palpable during exam
false
245
specific state laws and reporting requirements of STIs are of significant concern for AT when dealing with what population
adolescents under 18
246
T/F sports hematuria is often asymptomatic in athletes but discovered in routine testing, this condition is considered an emergency
false
247
pregnant athletes will typically experience which of the following physiological changes when exercising
increased respiratory quotient
248
this STI may cause infertility and ectopic pregnancy in females
chlamydia
249
your PT complains of severe right sided flank pain, nausea, vomiting, restlessness; appears slightly pale and is diaphoretic. vital signs are BP 140/90, pulse 118 bpm, respirations 33 bpm, temp 98.0F. what subjective data supports diagnosis of renal calculi
pain radiating to the right upper quadrant
250
a female client is diagnosed with genital warts, what info is appropriate to tell the client
the condition puts her at higher risk for cervical cancers, get an annual Pap smear
251
ALS is a progressive neuro disease that slowly attacks neurons responsible for
voluntary muscle actions
252
assessment of Neuro system begins with clinical history and reported symptoms; reports of hypersensitivity, numbness, or tingling would be classified as
positive manifestations
253
T/F CRPS type 1 and CRPS type 2 are both conditions of overactivity of parasympathetic nervous system that create regional pain disproportionate to injury or event
false
254
cranial nerves emerge from cranium and provide sensory and motor intervention to head and neck, CN III may be assessed using
shining light into the eye
255
T/F SRC can occur with direct blow to head, neck, face or by blow elsewhere on body with force transmitted to the head; diagnostic imaging (CT or MRI) is always suggested in athletes with S&S of SRC
false
256
scuba diving, red wine, and chocolate triggers what type of headache
migraines
257
problems with memory and learning would relate relates to which lobe
temporal
258
T/F benign lessions have a uniform, tan, brown or black color
true
259
T/F a group of distinct skin conditions characterized by itchy, wheal-and-flare skin reactions often triggered by allergies to shellfish, nuts, salicylates, dyes, penicillin, pollens, cold, etc referred as urticaria
true
260
which is a topical fungal conditions caused by yeast
tinea versicolor
261
when referral to physical for a dermatological condition is necessary, the HCP must be able to effectively describe findings, how would you describe a vescile
small blister up to 5 mm in diameter, fluid collection subcorneal
262
outermost layer of the epidermis
stratum corneum
263
frostbite that is characterized by subdermal freezing with destruction of skin, formation o fhemorrhagic blisters, hard waxy skin is which classification
3rd degree frostbite
264
NCAA guidelines for wrestlers
active lesions may not be covered to participate
265
slowed metabolic rate that presents with S&S of fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, memory impairment referred to as
hypothyroidism
266
T/F the lymphatic system is a closed circuit system
false
267
T/F the pancreases is the primary endocrine gland secreting insulin and glucagon; when glucose is high alpha cells produce insulin; when blood sugar is low, beta cells secrete glycogen
false
268
out of 11 possible criteriaia for lupus need to be present
4
269
what blood sugar level is participation postponed for athlete
above 200 mg/dL with ketones in the urine
270
infectious mono is caused by what virus
epstein barr virus
271
tonsilitis, impetigo, toxic shock syndrome, and cellulitis are all forms of what type strep infections
supportative group A
272
T/F hep A and E are infections and highly contagious associated with poor sanitation and fecal-oral; help B,C,D are transmitted via blood or sexual contact
true
273
reportable disease in the US
Zika virus
274
athlete who experience an indentifiable, acutely stressful event that is so overwhelming it often results in symptoms of chest pain or shortness of breath is referref to as
pani attaacks
275
if an AT cannot calm down an athlete and unable to cope what should the AT do
call 911
276
T/F rubeola is a minimally infectious diseases manifesting a rash that appears prior to onset of prodromal fever and typically presents on 3rd to 7th day
false
277
gymnast who frequently comments to others that they are fat, avoids team dinners, over trains, and does not maintain over 85% BW
anorexia nervoisa
278
designed to measure stress levels, athletes coping strategies, and degree to which he or she is coping
COPE inventory
279
CA-MRSA in an athlete may RTP when
infected region is completely infection free
280
T/F a psycholgist is credentialed with MD or DO who treats mental health conditions using medical approach prescribed meds
false
281
illness where nearly simultaneously transmission occurs worldwide or spread rapidly worldwide, WHO classifies it as
pandemic
