Exam #2 Flashcards
Over a 500 year period of time, ____________ was the leading cause of deaths in volcanic eruptions.
A) Lava flows.
B) Tephra fall.
C) Pyroclastic flows.
D) Lava flows, tephra fall and pyroclastic flow all took equal numbers of lives over a 500 year period of time.
C) Pyroclastic flows.
This category of volcanic hazard can occur before, during or after an eruption and is the second-leading cause of human death from volcanic eruptions over a 500 year period of time:
A) Primary volcanic hazards.
B) Secondary volcanic hazards.
C) Indirect volcanic hazards.
D) Social hazards related to volcanism.
D) Social hazards related to volcanism.
Volcanic hazards involving erupted material but not necessarily at the time of the eruption are called __________
A) Primary volcanic hazards.
B) Secondary volcanic hazards.
C) Indirect volcanic hazards.
D) Social hazards related to volcanism.
B) Secondary volcanic hazards.
Volcanic hazards driven by the energy of an eruption but not necessarily in contact with the volcanic cone are called ___________.
A) Primary volcanic hazards.
B) Secondary volcanic hazards.
C) Indirect volcanic hazards.
D) Social hazards related to volcanism.
C) Indirect volcanic hazards.
Which of the following gases did your instructor say was especially deadly during the eruption of Laki, Iceland, in 1783?
A) Boiling liquid nitrogen.
B) Carbon dioxide and water vapor.
C) Fluorine.
D) Sulfur dioxide
C) Fluorine.
Which of the following gases degraded air quality during recent eruptions of Kilauea in Hawaii and during the 2014 eruption of Baroarbunga. Iceland, in 2014?
A) Boiling liquid nitrogen.
B) Carbon dioxide and water vapor.
C) Fluorine.
D) Sulfur dioxide.
D) Sulfur dioxide.
Of the three most recent supervolcanic or catastrophic eruptions of Yellowstone, which one was the largest in terms of erupted material?
A) The one 640,000 years ago.
B) The one 1.3 million years ago,
C) The one in 2.2 million years ago.
D) The three most recent supervolcanic or catastrophic eruptions of Yellowstone were all equally-large in terms of erupted material.
C) The one in 2.2 million years ago.
This notable eruption, which your instructor described as the largest in recorded history in terms of the volume of erupted material, caused a famine by burying crops and killing livestock in the area of the eruption and caused worldwide global cooling for months afterward by the erupted ash reflecting sunlight in the upper atmosphere:
A) Tambora, Indonesia (1815).
B) Krakatau, Indonesia (1883).
C) Paracutin, Mexico (1943 - 1952).
D) Hunga Tonga - Hunga Ha’apai (2022).
A) Tambora, Indonesia (1815).
This notable eruption caused an earthquake and a tsunami and now holds the record as being the loudest explosion in recorded history:
A) Tambora, Indonesia (1815).
B) Krakatau, Indonesia (1883).
C) Paracutin, Mexico (1943 - 1952).
D) Hunga Tonga - Hunga Ha’apai (2022).
D) Hunga Tonga - Hunga Ha’apai (2022).
A catastrophic, caldera-forming eruption may have contributed to the decline of a Bronze-Age civilization called ______________.
A) The Ancient Egyptians.
B) The Ancient Greeks.
C) The Etruscans.
D) The Minoans.
E) The Roman Empire.
D) The Minoans.
____________ is a small volcanic dome formed by subsequent eruptions at the site of the catastrophic, caldera-forming eruption described in the previous question.
A) Anak Kraktau.
B) Mazama.
C) Nea Kameni.
D) The Somma Rim.
E) Whaleback.
C) Nea Kameni.
A caldera produced by the destruction of an earlier, larger stratovolcano surrounds the modern cone of Vesuvius and is called ___________.
A) Anak Kraktau.
B) Mazama.
C) Nea Kameni.
D) The Somma Rim.
E) Whaleback.
D) The Somma Rim.
A pyroclastic flow associated with this notable eruption emplaced a thick ignimbrite called “the Valley of 10,000 Smokes”:
A) Mount Pelee (1902).
B) Mount Katmai (1912).
C) Mount Kelud (1919).
D) Paracutin (1943-1952).
B) Mount Katmai (1912).
Pyroclastic flows and a boiling hot lahar were both hazards associated with this notable eruption, but most of the tens of thousands of people killed in this eruption died due to the pyroclastic flows:
A) Mount Pelee (1902).
B) Mount Katmai (1912).
C) Mount Kelud (1919).
D) Paracutin (1943-1952).
A) Mount Pelee (1902).
In addition to pyroclastic flows, a boiling hot lahar generated from the lake in its summit crater was one of the hazards associated with this notable eruption. Most of the deaths from this eruption were due to the boiling hot lahar:
A) Mount Pelee (1902).
B) Mount Katmai (1912).
C) Mount Kelud (1919).
D) Paracutin (1943-1952).
C) Mount Kelud (1919).
___________ erupted the most lava by any single eruption in recorded history.
A) Laki (1783-1784).
B) Surtsey (1963-1967).
C) Heimaey (1973).
D) Grindavik (2022-2023).
A) Laki (1783-1784).
Ingenious towns people in a fishing village on the island where this notable eruption happened were able to stop a lava flow from the eruption by using hoses to spray cold seawater on it:
A) Laki (1783-1784).
B) Surtsey (1963-1967).
C) Heimaey (1973).
D) Grindavik (2022-2023).
C) Heimaey (1973).
A lava flow from this notable eruption on a peninsula in southern Iceland seemed about to destroy the town it is named after, but the lava flow did not reach that far.
A) Laki (1783-1784).
B) Surtsey (1963-1967).
C) Heimaey (1973).
D) Grindavik (2022-2023).
D) Grindavik (2022-2023).