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Community Health > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

ethics

A

branch of philosophy concerned with determining right and wrong in relation to people’s decisions and actions

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2
Q

ethics questions

A
  • how should I behave?
  • what actions should I perform?
  • what kind of person should I be?
  • what are my obligations to myself and others?
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3
Q

beneficence and non-maleficence

A
  • doing good and doing no harm
  • traced back to Hippocratic oath, provides framework for pt-provider relationship
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4
Q

autonomy

A
  • freedom of choice, dignity, self-determination
  • ex: advance directives, refusal of care
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5
Q

distributive justice

A
  • fair allocation of benefits + burdens in society based on needs + contribution of members
  • aka social justice
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6
Q

egalitarian

A
  • everyone entitled to equal rights + treatment
  • ex: vax
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7
Q

libertarian

A
  • advocates for social and economic liberty
  • emphasizes contributions of individual
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8
Q

utilitarianism

A
  • moral value of action determined by overall benefit
  • end justifies means
  • greatest good for greatest number of people
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9
Q

deontology

A
  • action is right or wrong in itself
  • moral rules of duty vs. consequences
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10
Q

virtue

A
  • practical reasoning applied to character development
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11
Q

care of ethics

A
  • Jean Watson’s Caring Theory
  • morality of responsibility in relationships, care as moral imperative
  • people have varying degrees dependence and interdependence
  • individuals affected by consequences of another’s choices deserve consideration in proportion to their vulnerability
  • situational!
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12
Q

epidemiology def

A

study of distribution (patterns of health events) + determinants (diff factors influencing) of health related events in pops and the application of knowledge to improve health in communities

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13
Q

inductive research

A
  • specific info–> gen. conclusion
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14
Q

epidemiological triangle

A
  • agent: has to be present for disease/condition to develop (virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite)
  • host: anything harboring inf agent
  • environment: can be internal (comorbidities, immunity) or external (social, physical, cultural)
  • COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
  • if you change one part, you can me more susceptible
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15
Q

web of causation

A
  • used for c non-inf diseases, non-communicable diseases, non-disease health related
  • ex: CAD, DM, obesity, gun violence, opioid epidemic
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16
Q

types of applied epidemiology

A
  • descriptive: personal characteristics, place, time
  • analytical: origins, associations, causal factors
  • experimental: intervention aimed at influencing event
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17
Q

epidemiological process vs. nursing process

A

similarities: problem solving based on scientific process/inductive/observation
differences: nursing looks at individuals and groups, epi looks at aggregates and pop

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18
Q

epidemiological investigation steps

A
  • confirm + verify dx
  • establish criteria to ID
  • investigate and track cases
  • establish existence of outbreak
  • ID person, time, place
  • surveillance- monitoring for changes beyond expected
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19
Q

epidemiological investigation questions

A
  • who has been affected?
  • common between all affected?
  • when/where
  • risk factors
  • transmission
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20
Q

theory of multiple causation

A
  • no single force produces disease
  • looks for causal relationship
  • investigates relationship between risk factors and environmental factors
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21
Q

endemic

A

baseline incidence (ex: malaria)

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21
Q

epidemic

A

cases exceed usual number over certain geographical area

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21
Q

outbreak

A

higher than endemic

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22
Q

pandemic

A

across world

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23
Q

vertical vs. horizontal mode of transmission

A
  • vertical: mother to baby
  • horizontal: person to person
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24
Q

routes of transmission

A
  • direct: contact (touching c.diff stool)
  • indirect: touch object (that has c.diff)
  • common vehicle: food, water, air, bodily, fluids
  • vector: tick, mosquito
  • airborne: flu, RSV, TB, chickenpox
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25
Q

specificity of association

A
  • event can only occur in presence of particular agent
26
Q

biostats

A
  • predictor for healthcare delivery
  • limited by reporting mechanisms/barriers
  • basis for ass health needs and planning public programs
  • demographics, vital stats
  • from CDC, census, coroner, state reporting laws
27
Q

rates

A
  • measures freq in def pop during specific time
  • indicates severity of event
  • numerator and denominator from same pop
28
Q

risk

A
  • probability a disease or health event will occur to given person/group within specific time period
29
Q

ratio

A
  • stat measure describing a relationship
  • numerator not included in denominator
30
Q

prevalence vs. incidence

A
  • prevalence: existing disease
  • incidence: new cases
31
Q

morbidity

A
  • levels of disease, rate of development, risk of disease occuring
32
Q

chain of infection

A
  • infectious agent: bacteria, virus, fungus
  • reservoir: soil, water
  • portal of exit: how it gets out of reservoir- cough, sneeze, saliva
  • mode of transmission- how it travels- direct/in/horizontal/vertical
  • portal of entry: mucosal, dermal
  • susceptible host: age, gender, genetics, comorbidities
33
Q

what stage of chain of infection can you prevent spread?

A

mode of transmission

34
Q

infectivity

A

ability to enter host and multiply

35
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to produce clinical s

36
Q

virulence

A

severity of clinical s

37
Q

toxicity

A

poisonous s

38
Q

invasiveness

A

penetrate and spread thru out tissue

39
Q

antigenicity

A

stimulate immune response

40
Q

resistance (host factor)

A

ability to withstand inf

41
Q

immunity

A

natural (species determined) or acquired

42
Q

herd immunity

A

immunity of group based on resistance of & of group

43
Q

infectiousness

A

potential ability of inf host to inf others

44
Q

factors influencing transmission

A

physical, biological, social, cultural

45
Q

father of modern epidemiology

A

John Snow- plotted where sick people were, traced source of cholera to water pump, had cops remove and spread stopped

46
Q

incubation period

A
  • organism multiplying
  • exposed, can’t pass disease along
  • between exposure and onset of symptoms
47
Q

communicable period

A
  • contagious
  • between exposure to stage of clinical disease
48
Q

when we want levels of prevention

A
  • primary- before susceptibility
  • secondary- before exposure
  • tertiary- during clinical disease
49
Q

steps in process???

A
  • prevention: masks, handwashing, vax
  • intervention: iso, tracing, medical treatment
  • control: reduce cases, dec spread
  • eradicate
50
Q

case

A

incidence of known disease

51
Q

contact

A

exposed person

52
Q

carrier

A

has disease and can transmit it, but may/may not be symptomatic

53
Q

TB (etiology, s, dx, screened?)

A
  • et: mycobacterium tuberculosis spore
  • s: hemoptysis, fever, chills, cough, night sweat
  • dx: 23 sputum samples
  • screened: HCP, law enforcement, teachers
54
Q

DOT

A
  • direct observation treatment
  • someone brings meds, educates, and watches pt take pills- then documents
55
Q

parasitic diseases

A

roundworm, tapeworm, flukes, protozoa (pinworms)

56
Q

waterborne disease

A

Hep A, cholera, typhoid, cryptosporidiosis

57
Q

vector borne diseases

A

Lyme, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Zika

58
Q

salmonella

A
  • inf meat, poultry, eggs
  • fever, HA, abd pain, d/n/v
59
Q

E.Coli

A
  • meats, unpasteurized milk, cheese and juices, sprouts, water
  • s 2-5 days post, sudden onset, cramps, watery/bloody diarrhea
60
Q

clostridium perfringens

A
  • raw/undercooked meat, poultry
  • cramp, fever, d/v
61
Q

staph aureus

A
  • sliced meat, puddings (foods not cooked post handling)
  • s within hours of ingestion, n/v/d, cramps
  • abx not helpful
62
Q

botulism

A
  • neurotoxic protein
  • home canned products
  • n/v, fatigue, dizzy, double vision, diff swallowing, paralysis
  • tx: antitoxin if dx + tx early
63
Q

norovirus

A
  • v/d
  • contact w person, contaminated food/water, touching contaminated surfaces and putting hands in mouth
64
Q

foodborne illness safe temps

A

fridge under 40, heat over 140

Community Health (3 decks)

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