exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What hormones does the hypothalmus produce
A
Kisspeptin
GnRH
Dopamine
TRH
Oxytocin
2
Q
What repro hormones does the anterior pituitary produce
A
FSH
LH
Prolactin
3
Q
What repro hormones does the posterior pituitary produce
A
oxytocin
4
Q
What repro hormones does the ovary produce
A
Estradiol
Inhibin (activin)
Progesterone
5
Q
What produces prostaglandin F2a
A
Uterus
6
Q
trade names for exogenous GnRH
A
Cystorelin
SucroMate
7
Q
hCG is structurally equivalent to
A
LH
8
Q
trade names for exogenous FSH
A
Folltropin, PMSG
9
Q
trade names for exogenous for hCG (LH)
A
Chorulon
10
Q
trade names for exogenous prostaglandins
A
Lutalyse
Estrumate (synthetic)
11
Q
trade names for exogenous progesterone
A
Rugumate
Depo-Provera
Synovex
12
Q
What hormone do we not have an exogenous form of
A
Inhibin
13
Q
located at the base of the brain, dorsal and caudal to optic chiasm
composed of nuclei which secrete hormones that control pituitary activity via either neural or vascular connections
A
hypothalmus
14
Q
there is a ___________ between the hypothalmus and anterior pituitary
A
vascular connection
15
Q
there is a ___________ between the hypothalmus and posterior pituitary
A
neural connection
16
Q
produced in hypothalmus, stimulates secretion of GnRH from hypothalmus
A
kisspeptin
17
Q
GnRH is a 10 amino acid peptide that is
A
identical in all species
released into venous portal system, carried to anterior pituitary.
binds to GnRH receptors on gonadotroph cells
18
Q
T/F: GnRH is a 10 amino acid peptide that is unique in all species
A
False: it is identical in all species
19
Q
GnRH is a peptide hormone meaning its receptors are
A
on the surface of the cell
then internalized to release FSH and LH
20
Q
Synthetic GnRH agonist are produced by
A
substituting amino acid 6 to make it more potent and increased receptor binding
ex: Deslorelin is 40+ time more potent
21
Q
Example of a GnRH antagonist, produced by substituting various amino acids from the original sequence. prevents gnRH from stimulating the pituitary
A
Antarelix
22
Q
produced in hypothalmus, released into venous portal system, carried to anterior pituitary. binds to receptors on lactotroph cells
inhibits prolactin synthesis
A
Dopamine
23
Q
dopamines function is to
A
inhibit prolactin synthesis
24
Q
what inhibits prolactin synthesis
A
dopamine
25
Cattle and horses grazing on infected fescue grass get
extra dopamine and suppresses the prolactin
-prolonged gestation and no colostrum produced
26
what is the function of TRH in repro
Stimulates prolactin synthesis
and stimulates TSH
27
What are the 3 functions of oxytocin
1) stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contractions (parturition and evacuation of uterine fluid)
2) Contraction of oviduct for gamete transport
3) Contraction of myoepithelial cells for milk let down
28
What causes milk production?
What causes milk letdown?
Prolactin for production
oxytocin for letdown
29
Furguson reflex
triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
needs cervical stimulation for contraction initiations with parturition
necessary for understanding of dystocia
30
What stimulates release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
1) Furguson reflex for parturition
2) Nursing
31
Derived embryologically from a small diverticulum off the dorsal pharynx (Rathke's pouch)
Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
32
somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary produce
GH
33
corticotroph cells in the anterior pituitary produce
ACTH
34
What 3 things regulates FSH
1) Negative feedback inhibition by inhibin and E2
2) Positive feedback by activin
3) Stimulated by GnRH (low frequency pulses)
35
Can you absorb FSH through skin
no its a large glycoprotein
36
Functions of FSH
1) Stimulation of ovarian follicular growth
2) Stimulation of estradiol production by granulosa cells
3) Induction of synthesis of LH receptors on granulosa cells
37
What 3 things regulates LH
1) Stimualtion by GnRH (high frequency pulses)
2) Positive feedback by estradiol
3) NEgative feedback by progesterone
38
If a mare has CL, why cant they ovulate
progesterone has negative feedback to LH
39
Functions of LH
1) Stimulation of testosterone production (theca interna-cells outside follicle)
2) Stimulation of E2 production by granulosa cells
3) Maturation of dominant follicle and oocyte
4) Stimulation of progesterone secretion
5) Maintenance of CL
40
What allows follicle maturation and ovulation
LH
41
what allows follicular growth
FSH
42
What determines the differences between the amount of FSH and LH produced
the pulse frequencies of GnRH
LH: high frequency
FSH: low frequency
43
How does the gonadotropin pulses change in the luteal vs follicular phase
Luteal Phase: amplitude increased, frequency decreased
Follicular phase: amplitude decreases, frequency increased
44
Follicular phase GnRH pulse: amplitude _______, frequency _________
Amplitude decreased
frequency increases
45
Luteal phase GnRH pulse: amplitude _______, frequency _________
Amplitude increases
Frequency decreases
46
LH pulse is short lived in every species except in the
horse
47
LH stimulates
ovulation
48
What controls prolactin
inhibited by dopamine
(fescue toxicity has high dopamine)
TRH stimulates prolactin secretion too
49
Functions of prolactin
1) mammary gland growth and development
2) initiation and maintenance of lactation
3) maintenance of CL function in some species
4) may be involved in reg of follicular development via modulation of gonadoptropin receptors
50
Dopamine agonist
Pergolide, used to treat PPID
51
dervied embryologically from neuroectoderm. directly connected to hypothalmus
site of oxytocin
Posterior pituitary gland
52
converts cholsterol to progesterone and then progesterones to androgens
Theca cells
53
converts androgens to estrogens
granulosa cells
54
Functions of estradiol
1) Behavioral effects
2) Reproductive tract effects
3) Endocrine effects
-Positive feedback LH
-Negative feedback: FSH
55
Progesterone functions
1) Behavioral
2) Reproductive tract effects
3) Endocrine effects -negateive feedback of LH
56
produced by luteal cells of corpus luteum
progesterone
57
Inhibin functions to
suppress FSH secretion (no effect on LH)
58
activin functions to
stimulate FSH
59
What produces inhibin and activin
granulosa cells
inhibin (follicle granulosa cells)
60
Functions of prostaglandins
1) Luteolysis (destruction of CL)
2) Stimulation of uterine smooth muscle
3) Involved locally in ovulation process
61
what produces PGF2a
endometrium
62
Exogenous form of estradiol
ECP
63
Two physiological reproductive cycles
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
64
Behavioral stages of repro cycle
Proestrus (transition in)
Estrus (heat)
Metestrus (transition out)
Diestrus (out of heat)
Anestrus
65
What occurs during Metestrus
E2 drops and P4 increases
can have bleeding out of vulva
going out of heat
66
What occurs during Proestrus
increased E2 and decreased P4
dogs may have proestrus bleeding
67
what occurs during diestrus
high p4 levels
68
for most large animals, except sheep- how long is the interovulatory interval
21 days
69
What behavioral stages are within the follicular phase
Proestrus
Estrus
70
What behavioral stages are within the luteal phase
Metestrus
Diestrus
71
What components do primordial follicles have
-Oocyte
-Granulosa cells (flat)
-Basement membrane
72
What do the granulosa and theca cells divide after ovulation prior to luteal
fibrin stands on blood clot
73
What components do primary follicles have
-Large oocytes
-Cuboidal granulosa cells (single layer of granulosa cells)
-Zona pellucida around the the oocyte
74
What is the hallmark for distinguishing primordial follicles
flat granulosa cells
75
What is the hallmark for distinguishing primary follicles
cuboidal granulosa cells (single layer)
also have a zona pellucida
76
What components do secondary follicles have
-Multiple layers of cuboidal granulosa cells surrounding oocyte
-Theca cells visible outside of the basement membrane
77
What is the hallmark for distinguishing secondary follicles
Multiple layers of cuboidal granulosa cells
78
What occurs in tertiary follicle development
FSH and LH receptos develop
FSH stimulates initial follicular development
a fluid filled antrum forms within the granulosa cell layer by the granulosa cells
79
What is the hallmark for distinguishing tertiary (Graafian) follicles
a fluid filled antrum forms within the granulosa cell layer
fluid produced by granulosa cells
80
What triggers the LH surge
Increased estradiol production and increased GnRH pulse frequency leading to surge of LH
LH receptors on granulosa cells
81
What does the LH surge stimulate
1) production of relaxin and prostaglandins from granulosa cells
2) connective tissue in follciular wall disrupted
rupture of follicle occurs
oocyte is released and caught by the oviduct
82
How does induced ovulation work
follcilar development stimulated by FSH
Estrogen levels increase (stumulates estrus)
coitus induces the LH surge
Ovulation inducing factor in semen (nerve growth factor) in camelids
83
What is special about the semen of camelids
has ovulation inducing factor in the semen that triggers the LH surge for ovulation
84
What species have induced ovulation
Cats
Rabbits
Ferrets
Camelids
85
If induced ovulators are not mated, what occurs
their cycle consists of only a follicular phase
there is not luteal phase because there was no ovulation
86
How long after ovulation do you have to wait to give prostaglandins to terminate a CL in cattle and horses
5-10 days for short cycling
otherwise there is endogenous PGF2a
87
When does luteinization begin
with the onset of the LH surge
steroid hormone secretory pattern altered from estrogen production to progesterone production
88
When do progesterone levels begin to rise
1-2 days after ovulation
in the dog- progesterone levels rise prior to ovulation
89
when do progesterone levels rise
prior to ovulation
90
LH is the most important luteotropic hormone, however what about in the rabbit and rat
rabbit: estrogens
rat: prolactin
91
What is the duration of luteal function in large animals
14 to 18 days, species differences
92
What species does PGF2a have no role in CL regression in
Cats, dogs, primates
93
How does PGF2a get from the uterus to the ovary
by either:
1) local counter-current system between ovarian vein to ovarian artery (ruminants)
2) general systemic circulation (horses and pigs)
*cats and dogs PGF2a there is no role in CL regression
94
in cattle: what uterine horn lyses CL on the left side
the left uterine horn. local countercurrent system
95
T/F: in cattle you need to put the embryo on the uterine horn side in which they ovulate
True or there will be no pregnancy
96
T/F: in horses and pigs you need to put the embryo on the uterine horn side in which they ovulate
False - only in ruminants
97
PGF2a diffuses from the ___________ at _______ to the _________ at _______
from utero-ovarian vein at high concentration to the ovarian artery at low concentration
with this mechanism PGF2a can regress the corpus luteum in the ipsilateral ovary only (Ruminants)
98
Systemic PGF2a transfer
in horse and pig where PGF2 is secreted into the general circulation and causes destruction of the CL on either ovary
PGF2a is rapidly metabolized by the lung and produced in large quantities
99
T/F PGF2a is released in pulsatile pattern
True
100
Destruction of the CL results in
formation of a non-functional corpus albicans
doesnt produce progesterone
101
How long is the luteal phase of non-pregnant dogs and cats
*not regressed by PGF2a
Dogs: 70 days
Cats: 35 days
progesterone production slowly decreases and then stops in the non-pregnant female dog and cat
102
What prolongs the CL lifespan
1) Pregnancy
2) Pregnancy loss after maternal recognition of pregnancy
3) Chronic uterine infection
4) Inadequate PGFa2 release
103
What might shorten the lifespan of the CL
1) PGFa2 administration
2) Endometritis (acute inflammation) causes premature PGF2a release
104
Dominant follicles produce
estradiol and inhibin which suppresses FSH
smaller follicles that need FSH for development begin to regress
Dominant follicle continues to develop under influence of LH (maturation and ovulation)
105
when do heifers initiate puberty. what factors influence this
*may range from 4months to 2 years
(generally one year)
1) Breed: breed- bos indicus is better)
2) sires with larger scrotal sizes have heifers reaching puberty earlier
3) autumn birth earlier than spring
4) Body weight: occurs when heifer reaches 40-50% of mature weight
5) Nutrition
6) Social rearing environment
106
In relation to body weight when does a heifer typically hit puberty
occurs when heifer reaches 40-50% of mature weight
generally 1 year (4mo-2yrs)
107
Cow cycle
Non-seasonal breeder
Estrous cycles (3wk- 17-25d)
Proestus (d19- behavioral estrus begins)
Estrus (day 0): 12-18 hours: receptivity coincide with beginning of preovulatory LH surge
Metestrus (d1-3) final follicular maturation. ovulation in 24-30hours after onset of estrus. formation of early CL
Diestrus (d4-18): luteal phase w significant concentration of progesterone (P4) peripherally
onset of luteolysis
108
How long is estrus in cow
12-18 hours
109
At what stage might a cow have blood vaginal mucus
Metestrus
clinical significance is that it is too late to breed
come from the caruncular capillaries following rapid decrease in estrogen after ovulation
110
Why might there might there be double ovulations in cattle
because there are waves of follicular growth that can occur
cohort of follicles begin to increase in size (recruitment) then there is atresia
typically 1 ovulation/cycle and then there could be double ovulations (0.5% beef, 2% dairy)
three or more are rare
111
What is the typical anestrus period postpartum in cows
Dairy cows: 24 days to ovulation
Beef cows: 60 days to ovulation
112
Heifers should have 1st calf by
2 years of age
113
You should maximize your beef heifers to calve_____
earlier in the season so they have heavier calf weaning weights
timely rebreeding
and increases the herd longevity
114
Signs of estrus detection in cows
Definitive: standing to be mounted (mounted by other cows, onset of standing heat is about 27 hours after on onset. oocyte is only fertilization for 8-10 hours after)
Other secondary: attempting to mount others, mucous disrcharge, swelling/reddening of vulva, bellowing, restlessness, trailing other cows, chin restin, sniffing genitalia, lip circling
115
How long does ovulation occur after the onset of standing heat
about 27.6 hours +/- 5.4 hours
oocyte is available for fertilization for 8-10 hours after ovulation
116
What are some estrus detection aids in cattle
1) Pressure sensitive mount detectors and tailhead markings on tailhead
2) Estrus detector animal (vasectomized or surgically altered bulls or hormonally treated animals
3) Electrical resistance of repro tissue fluids
4) Pedometer
5) Electric pressure sensitive mount detectors
117
when do does come into puberty
show signs of estrus at 6-8 months (autumn 1st year of life)
118
what will synchronize a group of doelings in the breeding season
the introduction of the buck
119
breeding does should be delayed until they
have obtained 60% adults weight due to higher conception rates and safer parturitions
120
what is the breeding season of sheep
august-March (especially Oct-Dec)
seasonal polyestrous
photoperiod (secretion of melatonin from pineal gland during darkness)
121
How do you detect estrus in goats
teaser or breeding biuck- introduced at beginning of season doe will show heat 5-8 days
Buck jar: rag rubbed on buck's scent glands caudomedial to hrons and store in tightly sealed jae, opened and presented to doe
Side to side or up and down tail flagging
Speculum exam of cervix- vaginal mucosa reddened and moist at beggining of heat, mucus production increases as heat progresses, turns cloud at end of estrus
122
What would you see under speculum examination of the cervix in sheep for estrus
Vaginal mucosa will be reddened and moist at beginning of heat
mucus production increases as heat progresses
turns cloudy at end of esturs
123
How might you extend the luteal phase through progesterone products in goats
-Intravaginal sponges
-Controlled internal drug release devices (CIDR-G)
-Feed supplementations (MGA)
*Remove the sponges
124
How can you shorten the luteal phase through prostaglandin products
Lutalyse
Estrumate
125
What is significant about the first ovulation of ewes
it is typically a silent ovulation or short luteal phase
126
How long is the estrous cycle of ewes
16-17 days
under short days
127
How do you detect estrus in sheep
Novel ram introduction is the most powerful stimulus
teaser rams can be used to hasten breeding season
ram exposure results in LH increase and ovulation without estrus (CL fails prematurely or persists normal 14 days followed by normal ovulatory estrus)
*Once cycling fertile rams should be used for as many mating opportunities as positpple
128
Not all ewes marked or standing to be mounted are cycling
may already be pregnant
129
What do rams do to cycling
teaser rams can be used to hasten breeding season
ram exposure results in LH increase and ovulation without estrus (CL fails prematurely or persists normal 14 days followed by normal ovulatory estrus)
130
What happens when you inject a flock of sheep with PGF2a
Single injections leads to 60-70% of the flock exhibiting synchronized estrus 30-48 hours later
Two injections: 9-11 days apart for timed AI
131
How do you delay estrus and ovulation in sheep
progesterone support
intravaginal sponges or CIDRs or feedsupport
132
What is the goal of ewes in sheep breeding
Have 5 lamb crops in 3 years
133
When should female camelids be bred
After 12 months of age and not before they attain 65% of the projected mature adult weight
134
Are llamas and alpaca seasonal breeders
Nonseasonal in North America but seasonal in natural habitats
135
How long are alpacids recevie to the male
up to 36 days, ovulation after 26 hours of mating
coitus up to 10-50 min
136
In camelids the dominant follicle is anovulatory unless
there is an ovulatory stumulus (copulation)
CL begins to decline 12 days after mating if not pregnant
unreceptive females may run away from or spit at males
137
when do gilts reach puberty
about 5-8 months (165 days)
Wild: are seasonally while domestic are managed year round
138
Are pigs seasonal breeders?
only wild ones
139
boar exposure
minimum of 10 min daily of full physical contact
primer effect: stimulation of puberty due to pheromones
Signaler effect: elicication of lordosis (standing heat)
help druve puberty
140
How long is sexual receptivity of pigs
large around 4 days
141
the number of oocytes that a pig ovulates is dependent on
age, breed, and nutrition
142
How do you detect estrus in pigs
Pen mating systems
lordosis
swelling/reddening of vulva
vocalization
boar seeking behavior
ear popping (Pricked ears)
standing for back pressure
lordosis posture cannot be maintained indefinitely due to muscle exhaustion
parade boar past gilt or sow pens
143
What is lactational anestrus in pigs
estrus apparent 3-7 days post weaning
144
unlike other species, pigs are not responsive to PGF2a until
late in estrous cycle 12-14 days
it is impractical to use PGF2a
145
when should you inseminate a pig
No more than 24 hours before or 4 hours after ovulation
gets near max farrowing rate and litter isze
146
For pen mating whats the correct ratio of boar to sow
1:8
AI helps you have 1:150 ratio
147
What is the gestation of horse
340 days
148
What is the breeding season of mare
April to October
149
What is the placentation of mares
diffuse chorionic epitheliochorial
150
What are the four seasons of ovarian function in the mare
1) Winter anestrus
2) Spring transition period
3) Physiologic breeding season (April-October)
4) Fall transition period
151
What are the factors that influence ovarian function in mare
geographic latitude
ambient photoperiod
environmental conditions
nutrition
age
breed
housing
152
winter anestrus in mare
typically november to march in north
inactive/dormant ovaries with minimal follicular development
follicles <20mm in diameter
behavior ranges from receptive to indifferent to unreceptive
153
What result does an increase in melatonin have in a mare
decreased GnRH
and anestrus
154
shallow anestrus in mare
the spring transition in the mare where there are multiple clustered follicles on ultrasound, all medium in size
2-3 months in durations
follicles reach 20-25mm
FSH results in 1-3 waves of follicular development and regression
Late transition in reference when one or more follicles are >30mm
155
What size are the follicles on the late spring transition, going into the breeding season in the mare
>30mm
156
What is the behavior of the mare in the spring transition period
they have prolonged or irregular periods of estrus in response to estrogens produced in the developing follicles
eventually one dominant follicle of a late-transitional phase ovulates
157
What is the average date of first ovulation of year in the mare in colorado
May 1st
but ranges throughout north america from middle of march to may
158
What is thei interovulatory period in the mare
21 days
159
How long is estrus in mare
5-7 days (different from 18 hours seen in the cow)
-mares receptive to advances of stallion due to increased levels of estradiol produced by dominant follicle and absence of progesterone
typically ovulate 1-2days before going out of heat
160
Mares typically ovulate_______ before going out of heat
1-2 days
161
Diestrus in the mare
lasts 14-16 days
mares reject advances of stallion
progesterone production by CL controls behavior
162
In the mare, the follicular wave that ends in ovulation originates ________ after previous ovulation
7-8 days after previous ovulation
cohort goes thru common growth phase for 6-7 days
163
in the mare, LH peaks
just after ovulation
164
How fast do follicles grow in the mare
3-5mm a day
165
T/F: progesterone levels already begin to rise in the mare prior to ovulation
true
166
what does the corpus hemorrhagicum look like on ultrasound
hyperechoic (white) border with black and grey in the middle
167
what does the corpus luteum look like on ultrasound
hyperechoic
168
luteolysis in mare
prostaglandins are released from uterus of non-pregnant mare 14-16 days after ovulation
pulsatile secretion from endometrium of uterus 12-14 days after ovulation
progesterone levels drop and the mare comes back into heat
develops into corpus albicans
169
T/F: the corpus albicans in hormonally active
false
170
Do horses have lactational anestrus
NO
171
When does the first ovulation postpartum occur in the mare
9-10 days after foaling
"foal heat" that is a fertile ovulation
advantageous for production to breed so you get 1 foal/year unless there is a dystocia/issues
172
fall transition in horse
irregular waves of follicle development
regression without ovulation
173
What should you evaluate in a reproductive evaluation of a mare
History: maiden, open, barren, pregnant, foaling/wet mare
Physical examination: perineal conf, estrus detection, palpation, U/S
Vaginal speculum examination
Digital examination of cervix
Uterine culture
Endometrial cytology or biopsy, hysteroscopy, endocrinology, chromosomal abnormalities
174
What should you look for when evaluating the perineal conformation of a mare
1) it should be flat, without a shelf.
shelf can trap feces
2) no exposed mucosa
175
estrus detection in mare requirement
stallion must have good libido
adequate time taken per mare
routine teasing program
176
behavior indicators that a mare in in diestrus
pin ears
kick
switch tail
vocalize
move away from the stallion
177
SOme issues you may run into when detecting estrus
-Transitional mare (mares may be in estrus but not cycling
-Silent heat mares: maiden mares
-Foaling "wet mare"
178
How do you monitor the estrus cycle in the mare
-Diameter/growth patterns of largest follicle thru palpation and ultrasonography
-Presence/absence of CL
-Uterine edema in US
-Uterine/cervical tone per palpation
-Cervical characteristics via speculum
-Important for predicting ovulation
179
What will you see on ultrasound if the mare is in diestrus
corpus luteum (hyperechoic)
No edema in the uterus
180
how do you artificially stimulate follicular growth using light in the mare
might therapy: late november/early december 60-70 days required for light so ovulation happens in february
16 hours light and 8 hours dark (lights on at dusk until 11PM)
181
How much time is needed to stimulate cycling with lights
start late november/early december 60-70 days is required
182
How much light is needed to stimulate cycling
16hours light, 8 hours day for 60-70 days
>10 ft candles recommended 200W bulb in 12x12 stall
183
live cover
required in thoroughbred industry "natural"
can AI afterwards using reinforcement
184
pasture breeding in horses
used where stallion is turned out with band of 20-25 mares for 60-90 days in april/may
Advantages: less handling, decreased expsneses for personell
Disadvantages: injury, inability to detect repro problema, spread of disease, lack of accurate conception rates
185
hand mating in horses
both stallion and mare restrained in controlled breeding environment
advantages: breeding scheduled, mare examined to confrim ovulation, less risky to stallion, dismount sample collected
Disadvantages: time required for examination/teasing mares, number of personell, risk for injury to perosnell
186
ovulaton inducton medications used in mares
Deslorelin (SucroMate)- 40h
hCG (chorulon)-36h
187
how long is fresh stallion semen typically viable
48 hours
need to do deposition once every 48 hours until the mare is out of heat
need to have at least 500million PMS
can be extended 1:1 in extender w appropriate antibiotic
188
the caudal vaginal folds are under the influence of
caudal vaginal folds
189
advantages of transcervical insemintion of the bitch
non invasive- no anesthesia risk, no sx laparotomy and surgical recovery
perform multiple AIs per heat
visualization (vaginoscopy to see vaginal pathology)
fast-out patient consultation
use for frozen semen or poor quality compromised semen
pregnancy rate similar or better than other intrauterine AI techniques
190
the dog has a (long/short) vagina
long
191
what are some antatomical obstacles when doing transcervical insemination
1) Length of the vagina is long
2) narrow space under the dorsomedial fold
3) limited space in paracervical area
4) position of the ventrally facing/mobile os cervix
5) angle (and diameter) of the cervical canal
192
surgical AI of the bitch
invasive, nonrepeatable, general anaesthesia, post-operative effects, higher running costs, slower procedure with G/A and recovery time, inpatient procedure
ethical concerns
193
evidence supports that TCI in the bitch has better or equal pregnancy rates as
surgical insemination
194
What should you do when examining the scrotum of the dog
1) estimate size with measuring tape
log scrotal width=0.324 (log body weight) +1.249 correlates to sperm production
2) evaluate testicular asymmetry for sertoli cell tumor and seminoma
195
1st fraction of dog ejaculate
pre-sperm: seminal and prostatic fluid to lubricate vulva
196
2nd fraction of dog ejaculate
sperm rich fraction: 0.5ml-2ml (no thrusting)
197
3rd fraction of the dog ejaculate
the prostatic fluid
20-80ml
mimic the tie
sperm dont like prostatic fluid
dont throw out the 3rd fraction it is a very effective and easy way to examine the prostate
198
what are the two ways to collect semen in dog
with an open hand using funnels (glass or plastic with tubes)
collection cones with tube or a latex artificial vagina
199
why do we collect canine semen
assessment (part of BSE)
artifical insemination
chilled shipment
cryopreservation: storage of genetic indefinetly
200
how are the testis oriented in the dog?
horizontally and the epididymis is located dorsally
201
how are the testis oriented in the cat
horizontally and the epididymis is located
CRANIO-ventrally
202
what is the role of estrogen in the bitch
Edema- swelling of the vulva and the vaginal mucosa folds
thickening of the vaginal epithelium
bleeding from endometrium
attracting the male
*also development of endometrial glands and mammary ducts, increased number of progesterone receptors of uterus
203
What is the role of progesterone in the bitch
1) Stimulate further development and secretion of endometrial glands
2) Suppress uterine contractility
3) Suppress the leukocyte response in the uterus
4) Maintain pregnancy
*can also cause pyometra
204
what cycle do dogs have
mono-oestrous, little seasonal effect: 1-3 cycles per year
205
what breeds of dogs cycle once a year
Basenjis, Wolves, Tibetan Mastiffs
206
What is the cycle duration of dogs?
About 7 months (range 4-12)
207
When do dogs hit puberty
7-12 months of age (range 6-24)
208
When does the fertility of the female dog begin to decrease?
from 4 years of age, with seriously lowered fertility beyond the age of 8
209
What are the unique features of the canine estrous cycle
1) Monoestrus- long and obligatory anestrus (only 1 -2 cycles/year). uterine repair regardless of pregnancy requires 4 months of involution and repair. interestrous interval of 3-10 months
2) No luteolytic mechanism/no known maternal recognition of pregnancy. two outcomes a) successful breeding and subsequent fertilization of oocytes- pregnancy is 65 days
b) no or unsuccessful breeding-pseudopregnancy or diestrous is 60-90 days
both lead to result of 2 months of progesterone
210
what is the inter-estrous interval range of canines
3-10 months but variable with breed, age, and individual
211
what is the gestation length of dogs
about 65 days
212
What are the two outcomes of dogs after ovulation, being that there is no luteolytic or maternal recognition of pregancy mechanism
1) Successful fertilization of oocytes. pregnancy is 65 days
2) No or unsuccessful breeding- pseudopregnancy or diestrous that lasts 60-90 days
*both result increased 2months of progesterone
213
what is the result if there was no or an unsuccessful breeding in dog
pseudopregnancy or diestrous that lasts 60-90 days
214
In the dog, does behavioral estrus reflect the fertile period?
NO
behavioral estrus is about 13 days
fertile period is only 3 days
*sperm longevity of about 7 days
215
What is the longevity of canine sperm
about 7 days (depends on age and breed and male)
216
unlike other species, standing heat in the dog is associated with
decreasing estrogen AND rising progesterone
217
T/F: progesterone levels start to increase after ovulation in the dog
FALSE- they start to increase BEFORE ovulation
218
After ovulation, the bitch is in
estrus for another 3-8 days but does not go into diestrus
estrus is dependent on the hormone behaviors-decreasing estrogen AND rising progesterone
219
After the LH surge, the bitch will ovulate 2 days later, but an ________ is released
immature oocyte (germinal vesicle) is released
it takes another 48 hours in the oviduct for the oocyte to mature to an MII oocyte for fertilization
220
How long does it take for the immature GV oocyte to mature in the bitches oviduct before being capable of fertilization (MII)
48 hours.
221
What is the fertile period where fertilizable oocytes are present
3 days - ovulation is not synchronous and occurs over a 24-36 hour period
ovulation begins 2 days after LH surge and ends about 6 days after LH surge
222
Dual sired inseminations
when you use multiple sires in a single estrus of a dog
-accelerated genetic gain
-optimize liklihood of pregnancy and litter size when poor quality frozen but genetically valuable semen is required
breeding bitch doesnt lose a heat due to failed pregnancy to meet production number goals
*facilitates genetic gain and improved reproductive performance
223
How do you determine the 3 days where the oocytes are capable of fertilization from the 3 weeks in which she is in estrus
-Behavioral signs: reflexes (vulva, lordosis, standing)
Antaomy: vulvar consistency/turgidity
Vaginal cytology
vaginoscopy
ovarian ultrasound (hard to distinguish)
blood hormone assays
224
what is the most common reason a bitch is presented for AI
failure to stand for the male when in known fertile period
225
How does the behavior in the bitch differ from proestrus, estrus, and diestrus
Proestrus: attractive but not receptive
estrus: attractive and receptive/standing heat
diestrus/pregnancy/anestrus: nonattractive and nonreceptive/aggressive
226
the poke test
used in dogs. poke on sides of vulva to trigger a standing reflex and moving of the tail to tell they are in estrus
227
How does the vulva of the bitch change during her cycle
in proestrus there is swelling of the vulva and bleeding. can sometimes be inapparent- not all bitches have obvious vulval discharge when they are in heat
use a tissue test- done weekly to check for spotting.
228
vaginal cytology is an indirect measurement of
estrogen and the fertilization period
229
What is the principle behind estrogen being an indirect indicator during vaginal cytology
estrogen has a mitotic effect causing the thickening of the vaginal epithelium leading to many layers of epithelium (cornified vaginal epithelial cells) to protect the bitch at a time of intromission
230
what are the cell layers of the vagina (superficial to deep)
1) Late superficial cells (cornified/keratinised)
2) Early superficial
3) Intermediate
4) Parabasal
5) Basal cells
6) Basement membrane for vascular supply
231
what kind of vaginal cell has a poached egg appearance
the basal and parabasal cells (the most deep of the layers)
smallest and darkest (basal)
large, living nucleus
232
What does it mean when you have more than 90% superficial cells on a vaginal cytology
you are in the fertile period
233
Superficial cell index (SCI)
the proportion of superficial epithelial cells on a smear
presence you are in fertile window >90%
234
What is seen on vaginal cytology of an animal in proestrus
RBC, WBC, Parabasal/Intermediate cells
235
What is seen on vaginal cytology of an animal in estrus/time of AI or mating
SCI >90% superficial/cornified vaginal epithelial cells due to estrogen
236
What is seen of the vaginal epithelium during anestrus in the dog
without estrogen, the vaginal epithelium is very thin and the SCI is very low
237
How does the vaginal epithelium change during proestrus to estrus in the bitch
it is very thick and hyperplastic
SCI goes up to 100%
238
provides visualization of the cranial vagina (paracervix) and the vaginal mucosa changes
for pre/post breeding, detect vagina pathology (strictures or inflammation)
vaginoscopy- basic speculum and light source
takes into acocunt both estrogen and vaginitis
239
How does the cranial vagina differ across the cycle of vaginoscopy
1) Proestrus: pink, moist, swollen, large odematous folds, little to no vaginal lumen
2) Early estrus: becomes paler pink, drier and edema recedes- fold still large but starting to shrink, see transverse folds, progresses through shrinking rounded to shrunken angular phase, large vaginal lumen
estrus: shrunken angylar
Late estrus: MOST FERTILE PERIOD, dry, pale, shrunken angular, crenulated mucosa, large luminal space
Diestrus: pink, moist rounded folds often with brown mucky discharge- lasts 2-5days. bitch attractive
240
What does the caudal vagina look like on vaginoscopy in the most fertile period of the dog
Dry, pale, shrunken angular, crenulated mucosa, large luminal space
241
what does the caudal vagina look like on vaginoscopy in proestrus
pink, moist, swollen, large odematous folds, little to no vaginal lumen
242
What are the limitations of measuring LH to pinpoint fertilization window in dog
very narrow peak that can be missed = daily blood sampling at the same time is required
can miss LH 0 with daily sampling in up to 20% bitches
243
what is the gold standard for measuring LH surge in the canine
RIA due to accuracy and precision but it is not practical
semi-quantitative in-clinic ELISA is used but accuracy and predictability is limited
progesterone is the true gold standard hormone for this
244
what is used to measure the fertility window in the dog
Progesterone (unique slow preovulatory rise in progesterone in the bitch used to indirectly detect LH peak and ovulation)
ovulation estimates 2days after LH0 and is also associated with abrupt rise in progesterone
fertility period begins 48 hours after ovulation (LH+4)
245
What is the fertility period of the dog, in respect to the LH surge
LH surge + 4days
ovulation occurs 48 hours after LH0 and then maturation in the oviduct for 48 hours
246
In the dog, the LH surge occurs when progesterone gets above
2ng/mL
247
What is the viability of fresh vs chilled vs frozen-thawed dog semen
Fresh: viable up to 7 days in female tract
fresh chilled: 2-5 days after AI
frozen-thawed: 6-24 hours after thawing and AI
248
When do queens reach puberty
4-12 months of age
depend on breed, season, BCS
249
what kind of cycles do cats have
seasonally polyestrous (long day breeders in summer) induced ovulators 29-40 hours post coitus
orientals have overlapping follicular waves and peristent calling
250
cats are typically induced ovulators but what can occur in oriental breeds
they can have spontaneous ovulations
251
what is the estrus length of cats
7 days long +/- coinciding with follicular phase
252
what is the gestation length of cats
66 days (range from 64-69 days. dont need progesterone drop
253
what are the stimulation methods you can use to trigger ovulation in the cat?
1) Coital role of penile spines (4 matings)
2) Mechanical-vaginal swab
3) Induced with drugs- GnRH, hCG
stress will prevent manual stimulation from inducing ovulation
ovulation occurs 30 hours later
254
How long after stimulation does ovulation occur in the queen
30 hours (24-52)
255
what results in ovulation without conception in the cat
Pseudoprengnancy
about 2 weeks long
estrogen and then progesterone stimulation is a recipe for pyometra
256
Do cats have a lactational anestrus
yes but not for long. can have kittens on them and still get pregnant
257
CEHMEP complex
a complex of diseases affecting the uterus of the bitch that are linked by common pathogenesis
-Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)
-Mucometra
-Endometritis
-Pyometra
present vary significantly from inapparent/infertility, mild illness and purulent vaginal discharge, life threatening multisystemic disease
258
How does pyometra develop
1) older maiden bitch with continuous nonpregnant cycles
2) Develops CEH due to estrogen and progesterone
3) During estrous opportunistic pathogens such as ECol ascend from vagina
4) Uterine cysts makes it difficult to clear out bacteria before cervix closes
5) Bacteria colonize in cysts with uterine secretions
*All under influence of progesterone (diestrus) -> pyometra
259
How does estradiol and progesterone play a role in pathogenesis of CEHMEP
Estradiol leads to development of endometrial glands and increased progesterone in uterus
after ovulation, progesterone increases and further development and secretion of endometrial glands, suppresses motility of endometrium, closure of cervix, decreased immune function within uteris
leading to cystic changes
260
How can pyometra develop in younger bitches without CEH?
more pathogenic strains of bacteria (Ecoli) ascend into the uterus during estrous -> have special virulence factors that establish infection leading to endometritis that stimulates CEH and develops pyometra under the influence of progesterone
261
Is progesterone needed for a bitch to develop pyometra?
yes
262
Does progesterone keep the cervix open or closed in the bitch
closed- harder to clear bacteria in diestrus
263
What effect does progesterone have on myometrial contractions
it inhibits them
264
Signalment of dogs with pyometra
1) middle aged to older intact bitches (about 7.25 years) but increased incidence in younger bitches
2) has not been pregnant previously
3) Ovary intact (including ORS -> stump pyometra)
4) History of treatment with estrogen (misalliance or progestins (estrous suppression)
5) Were in heat 1-4 weeks ago**
265
Do all cases of pyometra present with purulent vulvar discharge
No- closed pyometra do not and present right after heat- much more acute
not as common
266
clinical signs of pyometra
not specifc
+/- vulval discharge: serosanguinous to mucopurulent
-depression
-anorexia
-PU/PD
-Vomiting, diarrhea
-Fever (or hypothermia)
septiciemic, toxemic, shock if severe
always think pyometra in any intact bitch showing non-specific signs of illness
267
What will you see on vaginal cytology of a bitch with pyometra ****
lots of neutrophils- toxic
anterior vagina culture has limited value for diagnosis but important for antibiotic selection
268
how do you treat pyometra
initiate antibioitc treatment immediately w broad aprecturm: amoxicillin, calvulonate, cefazolin but submit sample for culture in case resistant
continue AB 1--24 days after resoluton of pyometra
ovariohysterectomy
269
What are the indications for surgical management, ovariohysterectomy
-bitches not intended for breeding
uterine rupture
older bitches (>4yrs) with significant CEH
Systemically ill/emergency cases with poor renal function
nonresponsive to medicat treatment
270
what does PGF2a treatment for pyometra do
induces uterine contractions and enhances the elmination of both bacteria and pus from the uterus
CLs of bithces are resistant to luteolysis- need a lot of it to induce but there are severe consequences
271
Aglepristone
Alizin, a progesterone receptor antagonist with lots of uses but used in pyometra to
bind uterine progesterone receptors and displaces progesterone -> open cervix and some minimal contractions to assist evacuation
272
Aglepristone is a _______
progesterone receptor antagonist with lots of uses but used in pyometra cases
273
what is the use of prolactin inhibitors (dopamine agonists) in pyometra
it has an anti-luteotrophic activity that causes rapid luteolysis when used in combination with a PGF
causes cervical opening and decreased progesterone concentration
Cabergoline (Dostinex)
274
what should you do if a pyometra patient is unresponsive to treatment within 5 days
there is a poor prognosis in regard to future fertility
increased risk of recurrence of disease, increased risk of DIC
*recommend OVH
275
How can cats get pyometra if they are induced ovulators
there is a prevalence of spontaneous ovulation much higher than previously thought
can have spontaneous ovulation leading to progesterone
276
presentation of vaginitis
vulvar discharge: purulent,mucoid
Secondary perivulvar dermatitis: frequent licking of vulva
attraction of male dogs when not in heat
often a history of many courses of many different cocktails of ABs
less common: dysuria, pollakiuria, pain on urination
277
juvenile vaginitis
occurs in prepubertal puppies -onset of 8weeks <1 year of age
poorly understood cause but likely immune mediated reaction of vaginal vault during initial colonization of normal flora bacteria
signs: mucoid vulvar discharge, often no other clinical signs other than licking at the vulva
278
How do you treat juvenille vaginitis
Anti-inflammatories as needed to manage pain and reduced self trauma
keep area clean and dry
allow them to experience estrogens
probiotics
*antibiotics not recommended
279
T/F: treat juvenile vaginitis with antibiotics
False- not recommended. it can make it work
280
adult onset vaginitis
post pubertal onset >1 year
more common in spayed than intact bitches
causes:
-primary vaginitis: brucella canis, canine herpesvirus, TVT
-Secondary vaginitis: anatomical abnormality of vestibulo-vaginal juction: stricture, septa, bands, persisteny hymen leading to urine pooling or excessive tissue
-peri-vulval dermatitis/atopy -> ascending infection
-foreign body- grass seed awn
-neoplasia-leomyoma, leiomyosacoma, carcinoma of urethral papilla
-Urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract
-Idiopathic
281
How can anatomic abnormalities lead to secondary vaginitis
if at the vestibulo-vaginal junction
1) urine pooling from stricture, septa, bands, persistent hymen
2) excessive vulvar tissue, tucked/hooded vulva
282
if animals are spayed to young how can they be predisposed to adult onset vaginitis
they have a tucked/hooded vulva, prone to ascending infection
283
What are the most common bacterial causes of vaginitis
E Coli
Streptococcus spp
Pasteurella
Staphylococcus
284
When is it indicated to use antibiotics for vaginitis
if there is a pure, heavy growth of bacteria together with appropriate history and clinical signs (vulvar discharge, excessive neutrophils)
285
How do you treat adult-onset vaginitis
Treat underlying disorder
-UTI: antimicrobial
-Urinary incontinence (estrogen, PPA, suprelorin)
-Anatomic abnormalities: vestibulovaginal strictures/septa may be surgically corrected
-Mass/tumor- surgical correction/oncology and remove foreign body
Supportive: anti-inflammatories, pain management, specific antibiotics only based on presence of a pure growth of organism on culture/sensitivity
286
protrusion of edematous vaginal mucosa into the vaginal lumen and sometimes through the vulvar lips
associated with estrogen (proestrus, estrus, and prepartum pregnant bitches)
vaginal hyperplasia
287
What is vaginal hyperplasia?
protrusion of edematous vaginal mucosa into the vaginal lumen and sometimes through the vulvar lips
associated with estrogen (proestrus and estrus and prepartum rise in estrogen in pregnant bitches)
288
What breed is vaginal hyperplasia most common in
young (18-22mo) Boxer, Mastiff, and bulldogs
289
When does vaginal hyperplasia typically occur
when there is protrusion of edematous vaginal mucosa into the vaginal lumen and sometimes through the vulvar lips
during estrogen (proestrus and estrus and pregnant prepartum bitches)
290
What are the different grade presentations of vaginal hyperplasia
Grade I: swelling of the caudal vaginal flioor, cranial to urethral orifice- looks like a swollen vestibulum
Grade II: similar to grade I but vaginal floor mucosa protrudes from the vulva
Grade III: whole vaginal circumference protrudes from the vulva (donut shape)
291
How do you diagnose vaginal hyperplasia
vaginal cytology to confirm presence of estrogen
=Proestrus/estrus, just before whelping or other sources of estrogen
292
How do you treat vaginal hyperplasia
wait it out (gone in 7-10 days) - protect it (ecollar), lubricants, diaper +/- antibiotics
it will resolve once estrogen concentration is baseline, typically about a week post ovulation
surgery: OV or OHV- immediate removal of estrogen
DO NOT: try manual replacement and a purse string suture in the vulva will cause trauma.
DO NOT: use progesterones, could cause pyometra
293
What is contraindicated in the treatment of vaginal hyperplasia
DO NOT: try manual replacement and a purse string suture in the vulva will cause trauma.
DO NOT: use progesterones, could cause pyometra
294
when heat/estrus occurs after ovarioectomy or ovariohysterectomy of a queen or bitch
ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS)
295
ORS is a surgical complication of OV or OVH but it is not related to
1) ability of surgeon
2) breed, age, or physical conditions of the bitch or queen
3) condition that is more commonly occurs in cats compared to dogs
296
What are the clinical signs of ORS
proestrus or estrus (estrogen) at regular (cyclic) or irregular intervals, usually within weeks or a few months after surgery but can be delayed 1-2 yeats
Bitch: vulvar swelling, bloody vulvar discharge, behavior changes
queenL vocalizing, rolling, lordosis, receptivity to male tom cats
can present with concurrent reproductive diseases: vaginitis, pyometra/stump pyometra, granulosa cell tumor, mammary neoplasia
297
what might be a differential for a spayed bitch with blood vulval discharge
1) exogenous estrogen therapy/ creams used by pet owners
2) trauma
3) coagulopathy
298
How do you diagnose ORS
1) vaginal cytology indicating estrogens
2) Measure serum estradiol (>10-20pg/ml; variable)
3) Progesterone
4) Hormone challenge test using hcG or GnRH
5) Measure LH (high levels have no ovarian tissue), low levels will be indicative of ovarian tissue
6) AMH: single blood sample
7) Abdominal ultrasound
299
What is highly diagnostic of ORS
High LH concentration >1ug/L: due to negative feedback
take blood samples a couple days apart
300
Using AMH for ORS diagnosis
a single blood sample can be taken for measurement of AMH at any stage of the cycle
advantage: only a single blood test
301
Summary of how to diagnose ovarian remnant syndrome
LH: at any time of cycle (2 blood sample a couple days apart)
AMH: any time
Progesterone: 2 months of pseudopregnancy in bitch and queen
vaginal cytology: estrogen in proestrus and estrus
302
How do you treat ORS
1) Exploratory laparotomy (during estrus or under diestrus under progesterone to detect a CL
2) Tissue resection: always remove both ovarian pedicles even if no ovarian tissue is visualized
303
When is the best time to do perform explatory lapartomy
During Estrus or diestrus (see the CL)
304
What should you always do for ORS cases tissue resection
remove both ovarian pedicles even if no ovarian tissue is visualized
also check the broad ligament for ovarian tissue
check abdominal cavity (omentum, peritoneum, spleen, liver, kidney) for dropped/seeded/ectopic pinkish/red ovarian tissue
305
what side of the ovary and oviduct develop in avians?
only the left side (exception is Kiwi and some falcons)
306
What is the time from ovulation to oviposition in avians
about 24 hours
307
T/F: only the left side of reptiles and chelonians develop
false: they have bilateral development.
the avians only have their left side
308
what determines sexual maturity of reptiles
typically size dependent maturation
309
what attaches to the ovary in avians?
the mesovarian ligament (cranial to kidney)
310
in avians, the ovarian artery bracnhes directly off the
aorta or the cranial renal artery
two ovarian veins drain directly to CVC
311
can you spay parrots?
No, they bleed out and die- the ovarian artery branches either directly off aorta or the cranial renal artery
312
what stimulates folliculogenesis in reptiles
external and internal hormonal factors
increasing day length, mate presence, increased caloric consumption, nesting, increasing temperature
313
calcium is supplied to the embryo via __________ in reptiles
yolk
there are extremely high plasma calcium concentrations in active females
314
What is a normal plasma calcium in reptile
up to 40
because calcium is supplied to embryo via the yolk
315
estrogen stimulates the conversion of lipid to ________ in reptiles
vitellogenin
316
what is seen in reptiles/avians during folliculogenesis/vitellogenesis
high calcium
high lipids and cholesterol (physiological hepatic lipidosis
liver enlarges (and yellow color)
317
Physiological hepatic lipidosis
seen in reptiles during vitellogenesis
318
the six tissue layers surrounding the primary oocyte in the reptile
1) oocyte plasma membrane
2) perivitelline membrane
3) granulosa cells
4) basal lamina
5) theca interna
6) theca externa
319
ovulation in reptiles
-Meiotic division occurs about 2 hours preovulation (primary oocyte still within follicle)
-Division yields a secondary oocyte and first polar body (each haploid number of chromosomes)
-Oocyte breaks through follicular wall leaving a stigma on preovulatory follicle
320
what occurs during the non-breeding season in reptiles
ovaries undergo atresia and there is regression and resorption of the follicles
bursting atresia: follicular wall ruptures and releases yolk into coelomic cavity where it is resorbed
invasion atresia: granulosa and thecal cells invade ovum and absorb yolk in situ
321
bursting atresia during non-breeding season of reptile/avium
follicular wall ruptures and releases yolk into coelomic cavity where it is resorbed
322
invasion atresia during non-breeding season of reptile/avium
granulosa and thecal cells invade ovum and absorb yolk in situ
some species
323
infundibulum of the avian oviduct
engulfs ova subsequent to ovulation
feritliazation occurs
first layer of albumen produced
ovum resides in infundibulum
internal ovulation
324
what is the largest part of the avian oviduct
magnum: majority of albumen formed
325
magnum of the avian oviduct
largest portion of the oviduct
majority of albumen formed
tubular gland cells secrete ovalbumin, lysozyme, conalbumin under estrogen stimulation
goblet cells secrete avidin under estrogen and progesterone control
ovum in magnum 2-3 hours
326
the isthmus of the avian oviduct
formation of inner and outer shell membranes
ovum present in isthmus 1-2 hours
beginning of shell formation in distal isthmus
327
where does formation of inner and outer shell membranes occur
isthmus
328
shellgland/uterus in the avian
uterus characterized by longitudinal muscle layer lined by tubular gland cells and goblet cells
calcification
pigmentation of shell
ovum in uterus for 18-26 hours
most common site for dystocia
majority of length of oviduct in reptiles and chelonians
329
what is most common site for dystocia in the bird
shell gland/uterus
330
what is the significance of the avian uterus having longitudinal muscle layer lined by tubular gland cells and goblet cells
if there is prolapse, it is how distinguish different tissue types
331
what is the majority of the length of the oviduct in the reptiles and chelonians
the shell gland/uterus
332
what separates the vagina from the uterus in the avian
the uterovaginal sphincter
sphincter dilates under prostaglandins
333
what stimulates the uterovaginal sphincter to dilate in birds
prostaglandins
334
courses caudodorssally along the body wall
suspended by the mesometrium
blood supply increasing during egg formation
oviduct of avians
335
what regresses during the non-breeding season of birds
the oviduct
336
what plays a role in ovulation in psittacines
the oviduct producing unidentified neuroendocrine substances (tells the ovary to ovulate)
337
You cant spay parrots but what can you do instead
remove the oviduct. this prevents release of neuroendocrine substances that shut down the ovary
338
what is the sequence in regards to egg laying
the number of eggs laid on successive days separated bt pause days
(1,1,0,1,1,0,1)
339
what is a clutch
the number of eggs laid during a sequence
ex: 5 eggs
340
frequency/rate of lay
the number of clutches/eggs in a given time period
341
indeterminate layers
In birds, loss of egg stimulates second cycle. Most psittacformes (parrots) , anseriformes (ducks/geese), galliformes (chicken)
"I dont have an egg, ill lay more"
dont take parrot eggs away, they will be exhausted by laying eggs
342
Determinate layers
fail to lay additional eggs in the event of egg loss
chelonians, reptiles, budgerigars, most other avian orders
343
the budgie is the one parrot that is
a determinate layer: fail to lay additional eggs in the event of egg loss
can take egg away because they wont continuously lay eggs
344
prelay shed in snakes
ecdysis that occurs prior to ovipositioning
used by breeders to predict when to provide a nest box (necessary)
345
what is the preovulatory behavior in chelonian
nest digging and increased activity 1-2 weeks prior to lay
346
what could result if reptiles do not have an appropriate nesting site
they will not lay and get dystocia
347
incubation in reptiles and chelonians
in captive situations, usually done artifically
potting soil, vermiculite, perlite (slightly moist, not wet)
Incubation tems from 80-90F
348
incubation in birds
artifical or parenteral
incubation time is variable, but generally 2-5 weeks (most psittacines around 25d)
incubation starts 99F and 80-85% humidity
hatching at 98.5F
349
What are signs of repro disease in reptiles
Change in laying pattern
abrupt cessation of laying
abnormally shaped or sized eggs
abnormal shell calcification
distended coelom
hypercalcemia
hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia
anorexia
prolapsed cloaca or oviduct
straining
uncharacterisitc aggression
broodiness (nest seeking)
350
Yolk stroke
high plasma lipid concentration during egg laying can embolize and go to brain leading to neurological signs
are corrected with diet, time, and supportive care
351
surgical techniques for sterilization
1) Ovariectomy (OV)- 'Spay' (primarily large animals)
2) Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) - 'Spay' (small animals)
3) Ovary-sparing spay in dogs
4) Tubal (oviductal) ligation- not practical for domestic animals
352
advantages of OHE
-permanent
-prevention of ovarian and uterine disease
-+/- reduced risk of mammary neoplasia
353
risk of mammary cancer can be eliminated if spayed prior to the
third heat
354
what are the disadvantages of OHE
-Decreased resting metabolic rate (associated with obesity in dog) **
-Urinary incontinence: can affect spayed female dogs, may be due to reduced urethral sphincter tone over time
355
what are the advantages of ovary-sparing spay
1) permanent sterilization
2) prevention of uterine disease
3) may have long-term health benefits (lower odds of orthopedic problems, fewer problematic and nuisance behaviors, associated with increased lifespan)
356
what are non-surgical techniques of contraception
1) behavioral control- confinement/separation, supervision
2) Mechanical methods- intrauterine or intravaginal devices
3) Pharmacological agents
357
what are the pharmological agents of contraception
1) Progestins, anti-progestins, and androgens
2) GnRH agonists and antagonist
3) GnRH toxins
4) Immunocontraceptives- GnRH vaccines and zona pellucida vaccines
358
What is Megestrol acetate (Ovaban) used for
estrus suppression in dog
daily oral medication (progestin)
Do not used for: pubertal estrus, more than 2 consecutive cycles, potentially pregnant dogs or those with hx of mammary neoplasia, diabetes mellitus, liver disease or kidney disease
359
what are the side effects of the progestin- Megestrol acetate (Ovaban)
-Mammary development (not neoplasia) **
-Increased appetitie with weight gain
-Lethargy or restlessness
-Pyometra (but rare)
-Adrenal suppression
360
when should you subscribe Ovaban (Megestrol acetate)
short term use in bitches to knock them out of heat if they come in at the wrong time. Do not use more than 2 consecutive cycle because of potential endocrinopathies
361
Does Megestrol acetate (Ovaban) cause mammary neoplasia
NO but increased development
362
Can Medroxyporgesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) cause mammary neoplasia
it can 30% of dogs
363
What are the side effects of Medroxyporgesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) for estrus suppression in dogs
-Polyphagia and weight gain
-Adrenal suppression
-Mild lethargy
-Mammary neoplasia (30% of dogs)
-Uterine disease (CEH and pyometra)
364
what are the progestins used to block estrus in the horse
Altrenogest (Regumate)
short or long term administration of natural progesterone or altrenogest will block estrus and prevent ovulation
365
What are the estrus suppressors used in dogs (progestin based)
1) Megestrol acetate (Ovaban)
2) Medroxyporgesterone acetate (Depo-Provera)
366
why is Altrenogest (Regumate) used in stallions
to decrease behaviors of the stallions. will affect sperm production through LH
367
How does progestins like Altrenogest (Regumate) block estrus and ovulation in the mare
Blocks expression of behavioral estrus
Blocks secretion of LH from the anterior pituitary (not LH surge)- prevents development of large follicles and prevents ovulation
368
What is the biological action of androgens as contraception
-Blocks expression of behavioral estrus (dogs)
-Inhibits secretion of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from anterior pituitary by negative feedback resulting in decreased follicular development and inhibit ovulation
369
What is Mibolerone (Cheque drops) used for
an androgen for estrus suppression in dogs
370
When should Mibolerone (Cheque drops) be used
30+ days before the onset of the next estrus in the dog
orally once daily for as long as estrus suppression is desired
return to estrus is variable 70days (average) 7-200 days
371
what are the side effects of Mibolerone (Cheque drops)
-Clitoral hypertrophy
-Vaginal discharge
-Increased mounting and aggressive
-Anal gland inspissation
-Musky body odor
-Obesity
-Decreased incidence of CEH/pyometra complex and mammary gland neoplasia as compared to progestins
372
future breeding bitches should not be kept on Mibolerone (Cheque drops) for ___________ and you should do ________ to evaluate
future breeding bitches should not be kept on Mibolerone (Cheque drops) for 6 months at a time and you should do blood work to evaluate liver disease
373
when is Mibolerone (Cheque drops) contraindicated
potentially pregnant dogs
pre-pubertal dogs
dogs with renal or hepatic diseases
*potential for abuse by human body builders
374
How do GnRH agonist work
they are more potent than native GnRH
Downregulation of the anterior pituitary leading to a prolonged delivery system
-Reduced secretion of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary
-Prevents follicular development and ovulation
375
types of GnRH agonist used on dogs
Slow releasing implants
-Nafarelin (Gonazon CR, France)
-Deslorelin (Suprelorin)
*Suppress estrus for up to 27 months in the dog
No long term adverse effects on fertility
376
What might occur within 1-4 weeks of GnRH agonist in a dog
induction of estrus in anestrus bitches before subsequent suppression
377
When should you implant Suprelorin (GnRH agonist)
early diestrus to avoid estrus induction and then reimplant every 6 months
378
Why might GnRH agonists, like suprelorin be used in male dogs
for owners to see how their dog will behave if neutered. 50% choose not to neuter after experiencing the changes in the dogs
causes temporary testicular atrophy as well as coat change
379
GnRH vaccine** (Improvac)
GnRH is a small peptide hormone that does not induce an immune response
it must be bound to a larger molecule to make it immunogenic
-KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) and BSA (bovine serum albumin)
1) Anti-GnRH antibodies bind to circulating GnRH
2) prevents GnRH from binding to receptors on pituitary gonadotroph cells
3) Block production of gonadotropins (FSH and LH)- no estrus and no ovulation
380
T/F: GnRH vaccines are effective in both males and females
True
381
When GnRH vaccine antibody wane, what will occur
the animal will return to estrus
382
Approved GnRH vaccines
-Improvac (GnRH vaccine in pigs)- reduces testosterone and eliminated boar taint leading to better meat
Equity (GnRH vaccine for horses)
Canine Gonadotropin Releasing Facor Immunotherapeutic (GnRH vaccine for dogs)
used for treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy (offmarket)
GonaCon (deer and wildlife vaccines)
383
What is the biological action of the zona pellucida vaccine
the zona pellucida is an acellular glycoprotein matrix that surrounds the oocyte/embryo
3 proteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3)
antibodies against ZP proteins block sperm binding site
prevents sperm from binding and blocks fertilization
prevents fertilization as long as Abs are present
Animals will continue to cycle
infertility may also be associated with ovarian pathology
*does not prevent estrus or block ovulation
384
The zona pellucida proteins for the vaccine are collected from what species
pig abattoirs
most commonly used immunocontraceptive antigen for fertility control in female mammales
used in >70 species of wild mammals
effective in temporary contraception
385
What are the advantages in zona pellucida vaccine
Immunocontraception may last for months
duration is dependent on immune response
reversible when IgG levels decline
386
what are the disadvantages of zona pellucida vaccine
immune mediated ovarian pathology may occur
387
Is the glassball/marble effective in preventing pregnancy?
No, it is tought to be in the uterus to indice formatio of a persistent corpus luteum (pseudopregnancy that last months) but it is only like 40% effective
388
why might you stimulate follicular development in animals
1) earlier onset to the breeding season
2) more offspring produced per year
3) production of offpsring out of season
4) year-round milk supply (dairy goats)
389
techniques to stimulate follicular development
1) photoperiod/melatonin manipulation
2) gonadotrpin releasing hormone (GnRH) or GnRH agonists
3) Gonadotropins (FSH, eCG)
4) Male (whitten) effect
390
hCG has ______ activity
LH biological activity
391
eCG has _________ activity when administered to ruminants
FSH biological activity
392
what might you do to the photoperioid to stimulate follicular development in cat and hose
increase the day length (decreased duration of nighttime melatonin exposure)
393
what might you do to the photoperioid to stimulate follicular development in sheep and goats
not practical to increase duration of darkness (decrease day length)
administration of melatonin- potentially could be used but not practical
394
Male (Whitten) Effect
used to stimulate follicular development. introduce a new/novel male into the herd
management tool to manipulate the estrous cycle of sheep, goats, and pigs
advance the onset of the breeding season and onset of puberty
395
What species is the male effect used to manipulate the estrous cycle, advance the onset of the breeding season and onset of puberty in?
sheep, goats, and pigs
396
what are the indications for inducing ovulation
1) stimulation of a timed ovulation for artificial insemination
2) Treatment of cystic follicles (cattle)
3) Synchronization of ovulations
4) Decreasing the duration of estrus
5) Following artificial insemination in induced ovulators
397
How can you induce ovulation?
1) GnRH agonists (Deslorelin, buserelin, histrelin)
2) Luteinizing hormone (native LH or rLH or hCG)
3) coital stimulation (induced ovulators)
398
How is ovulation induced in cats
coital stimulation, can be a sterile male
mating induces LH surge- onset in 15 minutes, peak at 4 hours
Surge of LH occurs after each mating
less than 50% of cats ovulate after single mating
most cats will ovulate >2 to 4 mating occur
Spontaneous ovulations can occur
399
What are the GnRH products commercially available
Cystorelin
Fertagyl
Ovuplant (Deslorelin)
SucroMate (Deslorelin)
Histrelin (compounded)
400
What is the hCG product that is commercially available?
Chorulon
401
How many follicles do cows and mares typically ovulate each cycle
1 follicle
other follicles are suppressed by inhibin and estadiol produced by the dominant follicle
402
What are the indications for superovulation
embryo transfer- increase the embryo collection rate
increase the rate of multiple births
enhance ovulation rate in females as a method to treat subfertility (either male or female) increased ovulation rate =increased probability of pregnancy
403
techniques for superovulation
-Exogenous FSH or eCG (FSH activity)
-Modulation of endogenous FSH (inhibin immunoneutralization)
-Nutrition- flushing in ewes
404
What are the FSH products commercially available for superovulation
-Follitropin
-Ovagen
405
inhibin immunoneutralization
antibodies against inhibin used for superovulation
neutralization of endogenous inhibin leads to:
increased FSH concentration, enhanced follicular development, higher ovulation rates
406
is it the increased light or decreased duration of dark that causes horse follicular development and cycling
the decreased duration of dark- leading to decreased melatonin
407
eCG has _____ activity in other species
FSH activity
408
How many matings are needed to get enough LH to trigger ovulation in cats
2-4
409
Why cant mid-cycle follicle waves ovulate?
there is progesterone- negative feedback on LH
410
inhibin shuts down _______ so the subordinate follicles cant grown
FSH
411
how large is the dominant follicle in horse
23mm
412
indications of terminating luteal activity
mismatching
shortcycling
synchron of estrus oand ov
lysis of persistent CL
elective parturition
induction of paturition
413
How long is luteal phase of large animals**
about 14-18 days
414
PGF is only effective when:
there is a mature CL present
*typically 5 days after ovulation in most species*
Exception pig (12 days)
415
How long after ovulation is the CL mature enough to respond to PGF**
5 days in most species
(12 days in pigs)
416
indications for estrous synch
-Increased mating efficiency (AI or timed mating
-Shortening of birthing season
-Embryo transfer to line up donors and recipients
417
What are ways to synchronize estrous
1) 2 dose prostaglandin (14 days apart)
2) Progesterone admin
3) Combination P4 and PGF
4) Ovsynch GnRH and PGF
418
How do you synchronize estrous with P4
exogenous progesterone for 10-14 days
acts as artificial CL
Progesterone suppresses LH
PGF often admin at end of treatment
419
What is the easiest way to synchronize estrous
prostaglandins- two injects 14 days apart
first causes luteolysis 50-60% of females
early return to estrus, ovulate again, form CL
second PGF dose synchronizes most of the herd
420
What is OvSynch
used for estrous synchronization
admin GnRH to cause luteinization or ovulation of follicles
Admin prostaglandins 7days later to cause luteolysis
admin 2nd dose of GnRH 2 days after prostaglandins- goal to induce ovulation of next follicle
421
ovarian dysgenesis
a developmental abnormality where there is defective embryonic development of the ovaries
due to chromosomal abnormalities (XO females)
ovaries lack germ cells and follicles
*small ovaries
422
a developmental abnormality where there is defective embryonic development of the ovaries
due to chromosomal abnormalities (XO females)
ovaries lack germ cells and follicles
*small ovaries
ovarian dysgenesis from Turner syndrome
423
what are swedish highland cattle predisposed for
ovarian hypoplasia
(autosomal recessive trait)
where the oocyte numbers in ovaries are deficient
left ovary (87%) affected more than right ovary
424
(autosomal recessive trait)
where the oocyte numbers in ovaries are deficient
left ovary (87%) affected more than right ovary
common in swedish highland cattle
ovarian hypoplasia
425
what species do cystic ovaries typically affect
cow and sow
-especially dairy cows (high producing) in early postpartum period are at high risk
426
What increases risk of cystic ovaries
Risk increases with parturient diseases
a persistent >10day follicle >25mm in diameter is considered to be anovulatory (cystic) follicle
dairy cows (high producing) in early postpartum period are at high risk
427
what size are bovine follicles when they ovulate
15-18mm
cystic follicles are greater than 25mm
428
cystic follicles are greater than
25mm
429
a persistent follicle persists for _______ days and is greater than ______ mm
10 days
>25mm
430
what are causes for cystic ovaries
-Inadequate or mistimed LH surge
-Insufficient estrogen production by the follicle
431
what are the consequences for cystic ovaries
1) Mature follicle fails to ovulate forming a follicular cysts
2) Partial luteinization may occur (luteal cyst)
3) Increased days open (decreased fertility)
4) Behavioral changes (persistent estrus and masculinization)
432
what are the clinical signs of cystic ovaries
1) behavioral changes (persistent estrus from estrogen, masculinization from androgen effect, anestrus behavior and not cycling)
2) Elevated tail-head (estrogen effect)
3) Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
4) Mucometra (mucus accumulation in uterus from chronic estrogen)
5) Vulva enlargement
433
how do you treat follicular cyst
Step 1: give GnRH or hcG for luteinization of the cyst
Step 2: Luteolysis via prostaglandins
*if you know it is luteal, you might only need to give prostaglandins
434
what is the number one ovary problem in horses
cystic ovaries (anovulatory follicles)
a) follicular type (follicular cyst)
b) luteal type (luteal cyst)
435
primary luteal insufficiency
the lack of development of the CL, low P4 production to keep the animal pregnant
suggested in horses, cattle, pigs, and dogs, cats
animal might be experiencing repeated pregnancy loss or abortion (treat and maintain pregnancy with progesterone)
436
premature luteolysis **
an ovarian abnormality caused by inflammation of endometrium (endometritis) can result in PGF release and premature luteolysis
*have short estrous cycles <21 days in large animals (short cycling)
luteal phase is shortened
437
why might there be premature luteolysis characterized by short cycles <21 days where the luteal phase is shortened ***
endometritis resulting in PGF release and premature luteolysis of the CL- the animal comes back into heat early
438
persistence of luteal function (pseudopregnancy)
1) Goats in anestrus,hydrometra, cloud burst, lactation
2) Horses anestrus for 2-3 months
3) dogs- abdominal enlargement, contractions, lactation, mothering behavior (dogs always have prolonged elevated P4 levels after ovulation)
439
Why might you have persistence of luteal function (pseudopregnancy) **
1) Inadequate PGF release*
2) Embryonic loss after maternal recognition of pregnancy*
3) Severe uterine pathology
4) Ovulations late in diestrus
440
when is maternal recognition of pregnancy in the cow
16-18 days
441
What happens if there is embryonic loss after maternal recognition **
There will be persistence of luteal function (no return to heat)
442
How do you characterize persistence of luteal function in large animals?
How do you treat it?
Characterize with progesterone measurement
Treat with prostaglandins (doe, mare)
443
How might a pyometra in a cow/mare lead to persistence of luteal function**
chronic inflammation destroys lining of uterus and prevents release of prostaglandins
treat with prostaglandins to lyse the CL
444
How does acute infection alter the luteal function
acute infection leads to a shortened luteal phase as prostaglandins are released from the endometrium
445
How does chronic infections alter luteal function
chronic infection leads to prolonged luteal phase caused by failure of adequate prostaglandin release from the endometrium due to loss of endometrial function associated with chronic infection
446
What are the tumors of the ovarian surface epithelium
1) Papillary cystadenoma (bitch)
2) Serous cystadenoma (mare)
447
What is the most common ovarian tumor of the mare
granulosa cell tumor
*Hormonally active (AMH, inhibin, testosterone)
leads to behavioral changes (Stallionlike, persistent estrus or anestrus)
448
What are the effects of mares with granulosa cell tumors *
*Hormonally active (AMH, inhibin, testosterone)
leads to behavioral changes (Stallionlike, persistent estrus or anestrus)
449
What might you see hormonally in mares with granulosa cell tumors *
Hormonally active (AMH, inhibin, testosterone)
leads to behavioral changes (Stallionlike, persistent estrus or anestrus)
450
oviductal abnormalities
Developmental
1) failure to develop (freemartin cows)
Acquired
1) Salpingitis (secondary to endometritis in cows)
2) Adhesions- secondary to endometritis
3) Hydrosalphinx
4) Blockage in mares due to oviductal masses
451
uterine unicornis
the absence of one uterine horn
most common in sows
452
what species if uterine unicornis most common in
Sows
453
segmental aplasia
a uterine abnormality that occurs in swine and cows
"White Heifer disease"
454
dilated cystic structures throughout the endometrium is consistent with
cystic endometrial hyperplasia in the bitch
455
How might swine develop cystic endometrial hyperplasia
after they ingest feed contaminated with the estrogenic mycotoxin (zearalenone)
456
How might cows and ewes develop cystic endometrial hyperplasia
exposure via plants containing phytoestrogens
457
full thickness inflammation of the uterine wall
Metritis
458
suppurative endometritis
pyometra
459
suppurative endometritis where the cervix is open and a vaginal discharge is evident *
open pyometra
460
suppurative endometritis where the cervix is closed, no vaginal discharge and drainage, and all fluid is retained in the uterus*
closed pyometra
461
What are predisposing factors for uterine infections
-Poor perineal conformation
-Progesterone exposure causes suppression of uterine immune system
-Mating introducing bacteria
-Parturition- dystocia, retained placenta
-Trauma to the repro tract
462
What are some causes of uterine infections in cows
1) Trichomoniasis (Tritrichomonas fetus) infection after mating
2) Vibriosis (Campylobacter fetus venerealis
3) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/ Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV)
463
(Acute/Chronic) uterine infections short cycle
Acute
464
(Acute/Chronic) uterine infections long cycle (prolonged luteal phase)
Chronic
465
Is a cow systemically ill from a pyometra **
NO***
466
Causes of uterine infections in mare
1) primary bacteria (Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus, E Coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus
*Endometritis is common but pyometra is very uncommon
metritis is usually secondary to a retained placenta
467
What is typically the cause of metritis in the mare
Usually secondary to a retained placenta
*Endometritis is common but pyometra is very uncommon
468
Is the mare systemically ill from uterine infections/pyometra? **
NO
469
All uterine infections in the bitch and queen are referred to as
pyometra
470
When does pyometra typically occur in the bitch and queen**
most commonly in diestrus (4-8 weeks after estrus)**
471
Are bitches and queens systemically ill from pyometra? **
Yes they are
clinical signs: PU/PD, vomiting, depression, lethargy, and anorexia, fever, vaginal discharge, elevated neutrophil count with left shift, leukopenia may be present in animals with sepsis, hyperproteinemia/hyperglobulinemia
472
What are some causes of pyometra in the bitch and quee
-E Coli
-Proteus
-Streptococci
-Staphylococcus
473
What are the components of the broad ligament
1) Mesovarium (supports ovary)
2) Mesosalphinx (supports oviduct)
3) Mesometrium (supports the uterus)
474
where is the site of fertilization
the ampulla portion of the ovudct
475
the intercornual ligament is present in ____
ruminants
476
Where do you sample for contagious metritis (taylorella) in the mare
Clitoral sinuses
477
How large is the mare's follicle at the time of ovulation
35-45mm
478
What does a corpus hemorrhgicum feel like upon palpation of the mare
it has a wet sponge feel
479
A minimum level of ________ progesterone is needed to maintain pregnancy in small animals
2ng/mL
480
produced by the CL (not canine) and fetoplacental unit to soften cervix, widens pelivc bone to facilitate labor. It can be used as a pregnancy diagnosis as it is the only hormone that is pregnancy specific in canine
Relaxin
481
what is the only hormone that is pregnancy specific in canine
relaxin- secreted by fetoplacental unit (accurate day 25-30 or greater)
482
When can you trust a relaxin test for pregnancy diagnosis in dog
greater than 25 days
483
Reading LH ovulation test in dog
Apply 3 drops of serum into well using a pipette
wait 20 minutes
Negative result: if no line appears in the area marked 2, the LH value is less than 1 ng/mL. continue LH test to find optimal time to breed
Positive result: line 2 has similar or greater intensity than the control line 3
484
Reading Progesterone test for ovulation timing in dog
there are three well
A: low standard (3ng/mL)
B: intermediate standard (10ng/mL)
S: Sample well
<1 ng/mL: Anestrus or Proestrus (baseline)
2-2.9ng/mL: consistent with LH peak (2 days before ovulation)
3.0-3.9 ng/mL: Post LH surge
5.0-10 ng/mL: Consistent with ovulation day
>10ng/mL: consistent with post ovulation
485
What will the vaginal swabs look like throughout the estrous cycle of the dog
Start: no blood
Proestrus: bloody
Estrus: some blood
Diestrus: brown and mucky
486
how do you tell on vaginal cytology that you should do AI
clumps and overlapping superficial cells "sheeting"
usually seen within 3 days of D1
487
what is the practical application when you see D1 diestrus on vaginal cytology
there is dumping of vaginal layers at the end of estrus
Whelping date is 57 days +1day after D1
marks end of fertile period: stop further inseminations because it is too late
(should have AIed 4 days prior to this)
