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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones does the hypothalmus produce

A

Kisspeptin
GnRH
Dopamine
TRH
Oxytocin

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2
Q

What repro hormones does the anterior pituitary produce

A

FSH
LH
Prolactin

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3
Q

What repro hormones does the posterior pituitary produce

A

oxytocin

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4
Q

What repro hormones does the ovary produce

A

Estradiol
Inhibin (activin)
Progesterone

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5
Q

What produces prostaglandin F2a

A

Uterus

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6
Q

trade names for exogenous GnRH

A

Cystorelin
SucroMate

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7
Q

hCG is structurally equivalent to

A

LH

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8
Q

trade names for exogenous FSH

A

Folltropin, PMSG

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9
Q

trade names for exogenous for hCG (LH)

A

Chorulon

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10
Q

trade names for exogenous prostaglandins

A

Lutalyse
Estrumate (synthetic)

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11
Q

trade names for exogenous progesterone

A

Rugumate
Depo-Provera
Synovex

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12
Q

What hormone do we not have an exogenous form of

A

Inhibin

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13
Q

located at the base of the brain, dorsal and caudal to optic chiasm
composed of nuclei which secrete hormones that control pituitary activity via either neural or vascular connections

A

hypothalmus

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14
Q

there is a ___________ between the hypothalmus and anterior pituitary

A

vascular connection

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15
Q

there is a ___________ between the hypothalmus and posterior pituitary

A

neural connection

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16
Q

produced in hypothalmus, stimulates secretion of GnRH from hypothalmus

A

kisspeptin

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17
Q

GnRH is a 10 amino acid peptide that is

A

identical in all species
released into venous portal system, carried to anterior pituitary.
binds to GnRH receptors on gonadotroph cells

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18
Q

T/F: GnRH is a 10 amino acid peptide that is unique in all species

A

False: it is identical in all species

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19
Q

GnRH is a peptide hormone meaning its receptors are

A

on the surface of the cell
then internalized to release FSH and LH

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20
Q

Synthetic GnRH agonist are produced by

A

substituting amino acid 6 to make it more potent and increased receptor binding
ex: Deslorelin is 40+ time more potent

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21
Q

Example of a GnRH antagonist, produced by substituting various amino acids from the original sequence. prevents gnRH from stimulating the pituitary

A

Antarelix

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22
Q

produced in hypothalmus, released into venous portal system, carried to anterior pituitary. binds to receptors on lactotroph cells

inhibits prolactin synthesis

A

Dopamine

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23
Q

dopamines function is to

A

inhibit prolactin synthesis

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24
Q

what inhibits prolactin synthesis

A

dopamine

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25
Q

Cattle and horses grazing on infected fescue grass get

A

extra dopamine and suppresses the prolactin

-prolonged gestation and no colostrum produced

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26
Q

what is the function of TRH in repro

A

Stimulates prolactin synthesis
and stimulates TSH

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27
Q

What are the 3 functions of oxytocin

A

1) stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contractions (parturition and evacuation of uterine fluid)
2) Contraction of oviduct for gamete transport
3) Contraction of myoepithelial cells for milk let down

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28
Q

What causes milk production?

What causes milk letdown?

A

Prolactin for production

oxytocin for letdown

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29
Q

Furguson reflex

A

triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
needs cervical stimulation for contraction initiations with parturition

necessary for understanding of dystocia

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30
Q

What stimulates release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary

A

1) Furguson reflex for parturition
2) Nursing

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31
Q

Derived embryologically from a small diverticulum off the dorsal pharynx (Rathke’s pouch)

A

Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

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32
Q

somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary produce

A

GH

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33
Q

corticotroph cells in the anterior pituitary produce

A

ACTH

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34
Q

What 3 things regulates FSH

A

1) Negative feedback inhibition by inhibin and E2
2) Positive feedback by activin
3) Stimulated by GnRH (low frequency pulses)

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35
Q

Can you absorb FSH through skin

A

no its a large glycoprotein

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36
Q

Functions of FSH

A

1) Stimulation of ovarian follicular growth
2) Stimulation of estradiol production by granulosa cells
3) Induction of synthesis of LH receptors on granulosa cells

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37
Q

What 3 things regulates LH

A

1) Stimualtion by GnRH (high frequency pulses)
2) Positive feedback by estradiol
3) NEgative feedback by progesterone

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38
Q

If a mare has CL, why cant they ovulate

A

progesterone has negative feedback to LH

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39
Q

Functions of LH

A

1) Stimulation of testosterone production (theca interna-cells outside follicle)
2) Stimulation of E2 production by granulosa cells
3) Maturation of dominant follicle and oocyte
4) Stimulation of progesterone secretion
5) Maintenance of CL

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40
Q

What allows follicle maturation and ovulation

A

LH

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41
Q

what allows follicular growth

A

FSH

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42
Q

What determines the differences between the amount of FSH and LH produced

A

the pulse frequencies of GnRH
LH: high frequency
FSH: low frequency

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43
Q

How does the gonadotropin pulses change in the luteal vs follicular phase

A

Luteal Phase: amplitude increased, frequency decreased

Follicular phase: amplitude decreases, frequency increased

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44
Q

Follicular phase GnRH pulse: amplitude _______, frequency _________

A

Amplitude decreased
frequency increases

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45
Q

Luteal phase GnRH pulse: amplitude _______, frequency _________

A

Amplitude increases
Frequency decreases

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46
Q

LH pulse is short lived in every species except in the

A

horse

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47
Q

LH stimulates

A

ovulation

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48
Q

What controls prolactin

A

inhibited by dopamine
(fescue toxicity has high dopamine)

TRH stimulates prolactin secretion too

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49
Q

Functions of prolactin

A

1) mammary gland growth and development
2) initiation and maintenance of lactation
3) maintenance of CL function in some species
4) may be involved in reg of follicular development via modulation of gonadoptropin receptors

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50
Q

Dopamine agonist

A

Pergolide, used to treat PPID

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51
Q

dervied embryologically from neuroectoderm. directly connected to hypothalmus
site of oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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52
Q

converts cholsterol to progesterone and then progesterones to androgens

A

Theca cells

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53
Q

converts androgens to estrogens

A

granulosa cells

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54
Q

Functions of estradiol

A

1) Behavioral effects
2) Reproductive tract effects
3) Endocrine effects
-Positive feedback LH
-Negative feedback: FSH

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55
Q

Progesterone functions

A

1) Behavioral
2) Reproductive tract effects
3) Endocrine effects -negateive feedback of LH

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56
Q

produced by luteal cells of corpus luteum

A

progesterone

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57
Q

Inhibin functions to

A

suppress FSH secretion (no effect on LH)

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58
Q

activin functions to

A

stimulate FSH

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59
Q

What produces inhibin and activin

A

granulosa cells
inhibin (follicle granulosa cells)

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60
Q

Functions of prostaglandins

A

1) Luteolysis (destruction of CL)
2) Stimulation of uterine smooth muscle
3) Involved locally in ovulation process

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61
Q

what produces PGF2a

A

endometrium

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62
Q

Exogenous form of estradiol

A

ECP

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63
Q

Two physiological reproductive cycles

A

Follicular phase
Luteal phase

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64
Q

Behavioral stages of repro cycle

A

Proestrus (transition in)
Estrus (heat)
Metestrus (transition out)
Diestrus (out of heat)
Anestrus

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65
Q

What occurs during Metestrus

A

E2 drops and P4 increases
can have bleeding out of vulva
going out of heat

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66
Q

What occurs during Proestrus

A

increased E2 and decreased P4
dogs may have proestrus bleeding

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67
Q

what occurs during diestrus

A

high p4 levels

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68
Q

for most large animals, except sheep- how long is the interovulatory interval

A

21 days

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69
Q

What behavioral stages are within the follicular phase

A

Proestrus
Estrus

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70
Q

What behavioral stages are within the luteal phase

A

Metestrus
Diestrus

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71
Q

What components do primordial follicles have

A

-Oocyte
-Granulosa cells (flat)
-Basement membrane

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72
Q

What do the granulosa and theca cells divide after ovulation prior to luteal

A

fibrin stands on blood clot

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73
Q

What components do primary follicles have

A

-Large oocytes
-Cuboidal granulosa cells (single layer of granulosa cells)
-Zona pellucida around the the oocyte

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74
Q

What is the hallmark for distinguishing primordial follicles

A

flat granulosa cells

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75
Q

What is the hallmark for distinguishing primary follicles

A

cuboidal granulosa cells (single layer)
also have a zona pellucida

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76
Q

What components do secondary follicles have

A

-Multiple layers of cuboidal granulosa cells surrounding oocyte
-Theca cells visible outside of the basement membrane

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77
Q

What is the hallmark for distinguishing secondary follicles

A

Multiple layers of cuboidal granulosa cells

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78
Q

What occurs in tertiary follicle development

A

FSH and LH receptos develop
FSH stimulates initial follicular development
a fluid filled antrum forms within the granulosa cell layer by the granulosa cells

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79
Q

What is the hallmark for distinguishing tertiary (Graafian) follicles

A

a fluid filled antrum forms within the granulosa cell layer

fluid produced by granulosa cells

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80
Q

What triggers the LH surge

A

Increased estradiol production and increased GnRH pulse frequency leading to surge of LH
LH receptors on granulosa cells

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81
Q

What does the LH surge stimulate

A

1) production of relaxin and prostaglandins from granulosa cells
2) connective tissue in follciular wall disrupted
rupture of follicle occurs
oocyte is released and caught by the oviduct

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82
Q

How does induced ovulation work

A

follcilar development stimulated by FSH
Estrogen levels increase (stumulates estrus)
coitus induces the LH surge

Ovulation inducing factor in semen (nerve growth factor) in camelids

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83
Q

What is special about the semen of camelids

A

has ovulation inducing factor in the semen that triggers the LH surge for ovulation

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84
Q

What species have induced ovulation

A

Cats
Rabbits
Ferrets
Camelids

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85
Q

If induced ovulators are not mated, what occurs

A

their cycle consists of only a follicular phase
there is not luteal phase because there was no ovulation

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86
Q

How long after ovulation do you have to wait to give prostaglandins to terminate a CL in cattle and horses

A

5-10 days for short cycling

otherwise there is endogenous PGF2a

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87
Q

When does luteinization begin

A

with the onset of the LH surge
steroid hormone secretory pattern altered from estrogen production to progesterone production

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88
Q

When do progesterone levels begin to rise

A

1-2 days after ovulation

in the dog- progesterone levels rise prior to ovulation

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89
Q

when do progesterone levels rise

A

prior to ovulation

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90
Q

LH is the most important luteotropic hormone, however what about in the rabbit and rat

A

rabbit: estrogens

rat: prolactin

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91
Q

What is the duration of luteal function in large animals

A

14 to 18 days, species differences

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92
Q

What species does PGF2a have no role in CL regression in

A

Cats, dogs, primates

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93
Q

How does PGF2a get from the uterus to the ovary

A

by either:
1) local counter-current system between ovarian vein to ovarian artery (ruminants)
2) general systemic circulation (horses and pigs)

*cats and dogs PGF2a there is no role in CL regression

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94
Q

in cattle: what uterine horn lyses CL on the left side

A

the left uterine horn. local countercurrent system

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95
Q

T/F: in cattle you need to put the embryo on the uterine horn side in which they ovulate

A

True or there will be no pregnancy

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96
Q

T/F: in horses and pigs you need to put the embryo on the uterine horn side in which they ovulate

A

False - only in ruminants

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97
Q

PGF2a diffuses from the ___________ at _______ to the _________ at _______

A

from utero-ovarian vein at high concentration to the ovarian artery at low concentration

with this mechanism PGF2a can regress the corpus luteum in the ipsilateral ovary only (Ruminants)

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98
Q

Systemic PGF2a transfer

A

in horse and pig where PGF2 is secreted into the general circulation and causes destruction of the CL on either ovary

PGF2a is rapidly metabolized by the lung and produced in large quantities

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99
Q

T/F PGF2a is released in pulsatile pattern

A

True

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100
Q

Destruction of the CL results in

A

formation of a non-functional corpus albicans
doesnt produce progesterone

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101
Q

How long is the luteal phase of non-pregnant dogs and cats

A

*not regressed by PGF2a

Dogs: 70 days
Cats: 35 days

progesterone production slowly decreases and then stops in the non-pregnant female dog and cat

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102
Q

What prolongs the CL lifespan

A

1) Pregnancy
2) Pregnancy loss after maternal recognition of pregnancy
3) Chronic uterine infection
4) Inadequate PGFa2 release

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103
Q

What might shorten the lifespan of the CL

A

1) PGFa2 administration

2) Endometritis (acute inflammation) causes premature PGF2a release

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104
Q

Dominant follicles produce

A

estradiol and inhibin which suppresses FSH

smaller follicles that need FSH for development begin to regress

Dominant follicle continues to develop under influence of LH (maturation and ovulation)

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105
Q

when do heifers initiate puberty. what factors influence this

A

*may range from 4months to 2 years
(generally one year)
1) Breed: breed- bos indicus is better)
2) sires with larger scrotal sizes have heifers reaching puberty earlier
3) autumn birth earlier than spring
4) Body weight: occurs when heifer reaches 40-50% of mature weight
5) Nutrition
6) Social rearing environment

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106
Q

In relation to body weight when does a heifer typically hit puberty

A

occurs when heifer reaches 40-50% of mature weight
generally 1 year (4mo-2yrs)

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107
Q

Cow cycle

A

Non-seasonal breeder
Estrous cycles (3wk- 17-25d)

Proestus (d19- behavioral estrus begins)

Estrus (day 0): 12-18 hours: receptivity coincide with beginning of preovulatory LH surge

Metestrus (d1-3) final follicular maturation. ovulation in 24-30hours after onset of estrus. formation of early CL

Diestrus (d4-18): luteal phase w significant concentration of progesterone (P4) peripherally
onset of luteolysis

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108
Q

How long is estrus in cow

A

12-18 hours

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109
Q

At what stage might a cow have blood vaginal mucus

A

Metestrus
clinical significance is that it is too late to breed

come from the caruncular capillaries following rapid decrease in estrogen after ovulation

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110
Q

Why might there might there be double ovulations in cattle

A

because there are waves of follicular growth that can occur
cohort of follicles begin to increase in size (recruitment) then there is atresia

typically 1 ovulation/cycle and then there could be double ovulations (0.5% beef, 2% dairy)

three or more are rare

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111
Q

What is the typical anestrus period postpartum in cows

A

Dairy cows: 24 days to ovulation
Beef cows: 60 days to ovulation

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112
Q

Heifers should have 1st calf by

A

2 years of age

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113
Q

You should maximize your beef heifers to calve_____

A

earlier in the season so they have heavier calf weaning weights
timely rebreeding
and increases the herd longevity

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114
Q

Signs of estrus detection in cows

A

Definitive: standing to be mounted (mounted by other cows, onset of standing heat is about 27 hours after on onset. oocyte is only fertilization for 8-10 hours after)

Other secondary: attempting to mount others, mucous disrcharge, swelling/reddening of vulva, bellowing, restlessness, trailing other cows, chin restin, sniffing genitalia, lip circling

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115
Q

How long does ovulation occur after the onset of standing heat

A

about 27.6 hours +/- 5.4 hours

oocyte is available for fertilization for 8-10 hours after ovulation

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116
Q

What are some estrus detection aids in cattle

A

1) Pressure sensitive mount detectors and tailhead markings on tailhead

2) Estrus detector animal (vasectomized or surgically altered bulls or hormonally treated animals

3) Electrical resistance of repro tissue fluids

4) Pedometer

5) Electric pressure sensitive mount detectors

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117
Q

when do does come into puberty

A

show signs of estrus at 6-8 months (autumn 1st year of life)

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118
Q

what will synchronize a group of doelings in the breeding season

A

the introduction of the buck

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119
Q

breeding does should be delayed until they

A

have obtained 60% adults weight due to higher conception rates and safer parturitions

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120
Q

what is the breeding season of sheep

A

august-March (especially Oct-Dec)
seasonal polyestrous
photoperiod (secretion of melatonin from pineal gland during darkness)

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121
Q

How do you detect estrus in goats

A

teaser or breeding biuck- introduced at beginning of season doe will show heat 5-8 days

Buck jar: rag rubbed on buck’s scent glands caudomedial to hrons and store in tightly sealed jae, opened and presented to doe

Side to side or up and down tail flagging

Speculum exam of cervix- vaginal mucosa reddened and moist at beggining of heat, mucus production increases as heat progresses, turns cloud at end of estrus

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122
Q

What would you see under speculum examination of the cervix in sheep for estrus

A

Vaginal mucosa will be reddened and moist at beginning of heat
mucus production increases as heat progresses
turns cloudy at end of esturs

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123
Q

How might you extend the luteal phase through progesterone products in goats

A

-Intravaginal sponges
-Controlled internal drug release devices (CIDR-G)
-Feed supplementations (MGA)

*Remove the sponges

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124
Q

How can you shorten the luteal phase through prostaglandin products

A

Lutalyse
Estrumate

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125
Q

What is significant about the first ovulation of ewes

A

it is typically a silent ovulation or short luteal phase

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126
Q

How long is the estrous cycle of ewes

A

16-17 days
under short days

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127
Q

How do you detect estrus in sheep

A

Novel ram introduction is the most powerful stimulus

teaser rams can be used to hasten breeding season

ram exposure results in LH increase and ovulation without estrus (CL fails prematurely or persists normal 14 days followed by normal ovulatory estrus)

*Once cycling fertile rams should be used for as many mating opportunities as positpple

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128
Q

Not all ewes marked or standing to be mounted are cycling

A

may already be pregnant

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129
Q

What do rams do to cycling

A

teaser rams can be used to hasten breeding season

ram exposure results in LH increase and ovulation without estrus (CL fails prematurely or persists normal 14 days followed by normal ovulatory estrus)

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130
Q

What happens when you inject a flock of sheep with PGF2a

A

Single injections leads to 60-70% of the flock exhibiting synchronized estrus 30-48 hours later

Two injections: 9-11 days apart for timed AI

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131
Q

How do you delay estrus and ovulation in sheep

A

progesterone support
intravaginal sponges or CIDRs or feedsupport

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132
Q

What is the goal of ewes in sheep breeding

A

Have 5 lamb crops in 3 years

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133
Q

When should female camelids be bred

A

After 12 months of age and not before they attain 65% of the projected mature adult weight

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134
Q

Are llamas and alpaca seasonal breeders

A

Nonseasonal in North America but seasonal in natural habitats

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135
Q

How long are alpacids recevie to the male

A

up to 36 days, ovulation after 26 hours of mating

coitus up to 10-50 min

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136
Q

In camelids the dominant follicle is anovulatory unless

A

there is an ovulatory stumulus (copulation)

CL begins to decline 12 days after mating if not pregnant

unreceptive females may run away from or spit at males

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137
Q

when do gilts reach puberty

A

about 5-8 months (165 days)

Wild: are seasonally while domestic are managed year round

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138
Q

Are pigs seasonal breeders?

A

only wild ones

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139
Q

boar exposure

A

minimum of 10 min daily of full physical contact
primer effect: stimulation of puberty due to pheromones

Signaler effect: elicication of lordosis (standing heat)

help druve puberty

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140
Q

How long is sexual receptivity of pigs

A

large around 4 days

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141
Q

the number of oocytes that a pig ovulates is dependent on

A

age, breed, and nutrition

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142
Q

How do you detect estrus in pigs

A

Pen mating systems

lordosis
swelling/reddening of vulva
vocalization
boar seeking behavior
ear popping (Pricked ears)
standing for back pressure

lordosis posture cannot be maintained indefinitely due to muscle exhaustion

parade boar past gilt or sow pens

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143
Q

What is lactational anestrus in pigs

A

estrus apparent 3-7 days post weaning

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144
Q

unlike other species, pigs are not responsive to PGF2a until

A

late in estrous cycle 12-14 days

it is impractical to use PGF2a

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145
Q

when should you inseminate a pig

A

No more than 24 hours before or 4 hours after ovulation

gets near max farrowing rate and litter isze

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146
Q

For pen mating whats the correct ratio of boar to sow

A

1:8

AI helps you have 1:150 ratio

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147
Q

What is the gestation of horse

A

340 days

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148
Q

What is the breeding season of mare

A

April to October

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149
Q

What is the placentation of mares

A

diffuse chorionic epitheliochorial

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150
Q

What are the four seasons of ovarian function in the mare

A

1) Winter anestrus
2) Spring transition period
3) Physiologic breeding season (April-October)
4) Fall transition period

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151
Q

What are the factors that influence ovarian function in mare

A

geographic latitude
ambient photoperiod
environmental conditions
nutrition
age
breed
housing

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152
Q

winter anestrus in mare

A

typically november to march in north

inactive/dormant ovaries with minimal follicular development
follicles <20mm in diameter
behavior ranges from receptive to indifferent to unreceptive

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153
Q

What result does an increase in melatonin have in a mare

A

decreased GnRH
and anestrus

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154
Q

shallow anestrus in mare

A

the spring transition in the mare where there are multiple clustered follicles on ultrasound, all medium in size

2-3 months in durations
follicles reach 20-25mm
FSH results in 1-3 waves of follicular development and regression
Late transition in reference when one or more follicles are >30mm

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155
Q

What size are the follicles on the late spring transition, going into the breeding season in the mare

A

> 30mm

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156
Q

What is the behavior of the mare in the spring transition period

A

they have prolonged or irregular periods of estrus in response to estrogens produced in the developing follicles

eventually one dominant follicle of a late-transitional phase ovulates

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157
Q

What is the average date of first ovulation of year in the mare in colorado

A

May 1st

but ranges throughout north america from middle of march to may

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158
Q

What is thei interovulatory period in the mare

A

21 days

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159
Q

How long is estrus in mare

A

5-7 days (different from 18 hours seen in the cow)

-mares receptive to advances of stallion due to increased levels of estradiol produced by dominant follicle and absence of progesterone

typically ovulate 1-2days before going out of heat

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160
Q

Mares typically ovulate_______ before going out of heat

A

1-2 days

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161
Q

Diestrus in the mare

A

lasts 14-16 days

mares reject advances of stallion
progesterone production by CL controls behavior

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162
Q

In the mare, the follicular wave that ends in ovulation originates ________ after previous ovulation

A

7-8 days after previous ovulation

cohort goes thru common growth phase for 6-7 days

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163
Q

in the mare, LH peaks

A

just after ovulation

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164
Q

How fast do follicles grow in the mare

A

3-5mm a day

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165
Q

T/F: progesterone levels already begin to rise in the mare prior to ovulation

A

true

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166
Q

what does the corpus hemorrhagicum look like on ultrasound

A

hyperechoic (white) border with black and grey in the middle

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167
Q

what does the corpus luteum look like on ultrasound

A

hyperechoic

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168
Q

luteolysis in mare

A

prostaglandins are released from uterus of non-pregnant mare 14-16 days after ovulation

pulsatile secretion from endometrium of uterus 12-14 days after ovulation

progesterone levels drop and the mare comes back into heat

develops into corpus albicans

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169
Q

T/F: the corpus albicans in hormonally active

A

false

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170
Q

Do horses have lactational anestrus

A

NO

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171
Q

When does the first ovulation postpartum occur in the mare

A

9-10 days after foaling

“foal heat” that is a fertile ovulation

advantageous for production to breed so you get 1 foal/year unless there is a dystocia/issues

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172
Q

fall transition in horse

A

irregular waves of follicle development
regression without ovulation

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173
Q

What should you evaluate in a reproductive evaluation of a mare

A

History: maiden, open, barren, pregnant, foaling/wet mare

Physical examination: perineal conf, estrus detection, palpation, U/S

Vaginal speculum examination

Digital examination of cervix

Uterine culture

Endometrial cytology or biopsy, hysteroscopy, endocrinology, chromosomal abnormalities

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174
Q

What should you look for when evaluating the perineal conformation of a mare

A

1) it should be flat, without a shelf.
shelf can trap feces

2) no exposed mucosa

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175
Q

estrus detection in mare requirement

A

stallion must have good libido

adequate time taken per mare

routine teasing program

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176
Q

behavior indicators that a mare in in diestrus

A

pin ears
kick
switch tail
vocalize
move away from the stallion

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177
Q

SOme issues you may run into when detecting estrus

A

-Transitional mare (mares may be in estrus but not cycling

-Silent heat mares: maiden mares

-Foaling “wet mare”

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178
Q

How do you monitor the estrus cycle in the mare

A

-Diameter/growth patterns of largest follicle thru palpation and ultrasonography

-Presence/absence of CL

-Uterine edema in US

-Uterine/cervical tone per palpation

-Cervical characteristics via speculum

-Important for predicting ovulation

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179
Q

What will you see on ultrasound if the mare is in diestrus

A

corpus luteum (hyperechoic)
No edema in the uterus

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180
Q

how do you artificially stimulate follicular growth using light in the mare

A

might therapy: late november/early december 60-70 days required for light so ovulation happens in february
16 hours light and 8 hours dark (lights on at dusk until 11PM)

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181
Q

How much time is needed to stimulate cycling with lights

A

start late november/early december 60-70 days is required

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182
Q

How much light is needed to stimulate cycling

A

16hours light, 8 hours day for 60-70 days
>10 ft candles recommended 200W bulb in 12x12 stall

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183
Q

live cover

A

required in thoroughbred industry “natural”
can AI afterwards using reinforcement

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184
Q

pasture breeding in horses

A

used where stallion is turned out with band of 20-25 mares for 60-90 days in april/may

Advantages: less handling, decreased expsneses for personell

Disadvantages: injury, inability to detect repro problema, spread of disease, lack of accurate conception rates

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185
Q

hand mating in horses

A

both stallion and mare restrained in controlled breeding environment

advantages: breeding scheduled, mare examined to confrim ovulation, less risky to stallion, dismount sample collected

Disadvantages: time required for examination/teasing mares, number of personell, risk for injury to perosnell

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186
Q

ovulaton inducton medications used in mares

A

Deslorelin (SucroMate)- 40h

hCG (chorulon)-36h

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187
Q

how long is fresh stallion semen typically viable

A

48 hours

need to do deposition once every 48 hours until the mare is out of heat

need to have at least 500million PMS
can be extended 1:1 in extender w appropriate antibiotic

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188
Q

the caudal vaginal folds are under the influence of

A

caudal vaginal folds

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189
Q

advantages of transcervical insemintion of the bitch

A

non invasive- no anesthesia risk, no sx laparotomy and surgical recovery
perform multiple AIs per heat
visualization (vaginoscopy to see vaginal pathology)
fast-out patient consultation
use for frozen semen or poor quality compromised semen
pregnancy rate similar or better than other intrauterine AI techniques

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190
Q

the dog has a (long/short) vagina

A

long

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191
Q

what are some antatomical obstacles when doing transcervical insemination

A

1) Length of the vagina is long
2) narrow space under the dorsomedial fold
3) limited space in paracervical area
4) position of the ventrally facing/mobile os cervix
5) angle (and diameter) of the cervical canal

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192
Q

surgical AI of the bitch

A

invasive, nonrepeatable, general anaesthesia, post-operative effects, higher running costs, slower procedure with G/A and recovery time, inpatient procedure
ethical concerns

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193
Q

evidence supports that TCI in the bitch has better or equal pregnancy rates as

A

surgical insemination

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194
Q

What should you do when examining the scrotum of the dog

A

1) estimate size with measuring tape
log scrotal width=0.324 (log body weight) +1.249 correlates to sperm production

2) evaluate testicular asymmetry for sertoli cell tumor and seminoma

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195
Q

1st fraction of dog ejaculate

A

pre-sperm: seminal and prostatic fluid to lubricate vulva

196
Q

2nd fraction of dog ejaculate

A

sperm rich fraction: 0.5ml-2ml (no thrusting)

197
Q

3rd fraction of the dog ejaculate

A

the prostatic fluid
20-80ml
mimic the tie
sperm dont like prostatic fluid
dont throw out the 3rd fraction it is a very effective and easy way to examine the prostate

198
Q

what are the two ways to collect semen in dog

A

with an open hand using funnels (glass or plastic with tubes)

collection cones with tube or a latex artificial vagina

199
Q

why do we collect canine semen

A

assessment (part of BSE)
artifical insemination
chilled shipment
cryopreservation: storage of genetic indefinetly

200
Q

how are the testis oriented in the dog?

A

horizontally and the epididymis is located dorsally

201
Q

how are the testis oriented in the cat

A

horizontally and the epididymis is located
CRANIO-ventrally

202
Q

what is the role of estrogen in the bitch

A

Edema- swelling of the vulva and the vaginal mucosa folds

thickening of the vaginal epithelium

bleeding from endometrium

attracting the male

*also development of endometrial glands and mammary ducts, increased number of progesterone receptors of uterus

203
Q

What is the role of progesterone in the bitch

A

1) Stimulate further development and secretion of endometrial glands
2) Suppress uterine contractility
3) Suppress the leukocyte response in the uterus
4) Maintain pregnancy
*can also cause pyometra

204
Q

what cycle do dogs have

A

mono-oestrous, little seasonal effect: 1-3 cycles per year

205
Q

what breeds of dogs cycle once a year

A

Basenjis, Wolves, Tibetan Mastiffs

206
Q

What is the cycle duration of dogs?

A

About 7 months (range 4-12)

207
Q

When do dogs hit puberty

A

7-12 months of age (range 6-24)

208
Q

When does the fertility of the female dog begin to decrease?

A

from 4 years of age, with seriously lowered fertility beyond the age of 8

209
Q

What are the unique features of the canine estrous cycle

A

1) Monoestrus- long and obligatory anestrus (only 1 -2 cycles/year). uterine repair regardless of pregnancy requires 4 months of involution and repair. interestrous interval of 3-10 months

2) No luteolytic mechanism/no known maternal recognition of pregnancy. two outcomes a) successful breeding and subsequent fertilization of oocytes- pregnancy is 65 days
b) no or unsuccessful breeding-pseudopregnancy or diestrous is 60-90 days
both lead to result of 2 months of progesterone

210
Q

what is the inter-estrous interval range of canines

A

3-10 months but variable with breed, age, and individual

211
Q

what is the gestation length of dogs

A

about 65 days

212
Q

What are the two outcomes of dogs after ovulation, being that there is no luteolytic or maternal recognition of pregancy mechanism

A

1) Successful fertilization of oocytes. pregnancy is 65 days

2) No or unsuccessful breeding- pseudopregnancy or diestrous that lasts 60-90 days

*both result increased 2months of progesterone

213
Q

what is the result if there was no or an unsuccessful breeding in dog

A

pseudopregnancy or diestrous that lasts 60-90 days

214
Q

In the dog, does behavioral estrus reflect the fertile period?

A

NO
behavioral estrus is about 13 days
fertile period is only 3 days
*sperm longevity of about 7 days

215
Q

What is the longevity of canine sperm

A

about 7 days (depends on age and breed and male)

216
Q

unlike other species, standing heat in the dog is associated with

A

decreasing estrogen AND rising progesterone

217
Q

T/F: progesterone levels start to increase after ovulation in the dog

A

FALSE- they start to increase BEFORE ovulation

218
Q

After ovulation, the bitch is in

A

estrus for another 3-8 days but does not go into diestrus

estrus is dependent on the hormone behaviors-decreasing estrogen AND rising progesterone

219
Q

After the LH surge, the bitch will ovulate 2 days later, but an ________ is released

A

immature oocyte (germinal vesicle) is released
it takes another 48 hours in the oviduct for the oocyte to mature to an MII oocyte for fertilization

220
Q

How long does it take for the immature GV oocyte to mature in the bitches oviduct before being capable of fertilization (MII)

A

48 hours.

221
Q

What is the fertile period where fertilizable oocytes are present

A

3 days - ovulation is not synchronous and occurs over a 24-36 hour period

ovulation begins 2 days after LH surge and ends about 6 days after LH surge

222
Q

Dual sired inseminations

A

when you use multiple sires in a single estrus of a dog
-accelerated genetic gain
-optimize liklihood of pregnancy and litter size when poor quality frozen but genetically valuable semen is required
breeding bitch doesnt lose a heat due to failed pregnancy to meet production number goals
*facilitates genetic gain and improved reproductive performance

223
Q

How do you determine the 3 days where the oocytes are capable of fertilization from the 3 weeks in which she is in estrus

A

-Behavioral signs: reflexes (vulva, lordosis, standing)

Antaomy: vulvar consistency/turgidity

Vaginal cytology

vaginoscopy

ovarian ultrasound (hard to distinguish)

blood hormone assays

224
Q

what is the most common reason a bitch is presented for AI

A

failure to stand for the male when in known fertile period

225
Q

How does the behavior in the bitch differ from proestrus, estrus, and diestrus

A

Proestrus: attractive but not receptive

estrus: attractive and receptive/standing heat

diestrus/pregnancy/anestrus: nonattractive and nonreceptive/aggressive

226
Q

the poke test

A

used in dogs. poke on sides of vulva to trigger a standing reflex and moving of the tail to tell they are in estrus

227
Q

How does the vulva of the bitch change during her cycle

A

in proestrus there is swelling of the vulva and bleeding. can sometimes be inapparent- not all bitches have obvious vulval discharge when they are in heat

use a tissue test- done weekly to check for spotting.

228
Q

vaginal cytology is an indirect measurement of

A

estrogen and the fertilization period

229
Q

What is the principle behind estrogen being an indirect indicator during vaginal cytology

A

estrogen has a mitotic effect causing the thickening of the vaginal epithelium leading to many layers of epithelium (cornified vaginal epithelial cells) to protect the bitch at a time of intromission

230
Q

what are the cell layers of the vagina (superficial to deep)

A

1) Late superficial cells (cornified/keratinised)
2) Early superficial
3) Intermediate
4) Parabasal
5) Basal cells
6) Basement membrane for vascular supply

231
Q

what kind of vaginal cell has a poached egg appearance

A

the basal and parabasal cells (the most deep of the layers)
smallest and darkest (basal)
large, living nucleus

232
Q

What does it mean when you have more than 90% superficial cells on a vaginal cytology

A

you are in the fertile period

233
Q

Superficial cell index (SCI)

A

the proportion of superficial epithelial cells on a smear

presence you are in fertile window >90%

234
Q

What is seen on vaginal cytology of an animal in proestrus

A

RBC, WBC, Parabasal/Intermediate cells

235
Q

What is seen on vaginal cytology of an animal in estrus/time of AI or mating

A

SCI >90% superficial/cornified vaginal epithelial cells due to estrogen

236
Q

What is seen of the vaginal epithelium during anestrus in the dog

A

without estrogen, the vaginal epithelium is very thin and the SCI is very low

237
Q

How does the vaginal epithelium change during proestrus to estrus in the bitch

A

it is very thick and hyperplastic
SCI goes up to 100%

238
Q

provides visualization of the cranial vagina (paracervix) and the vaginal mucosa changes
for pre/post breeding, detect vagina pathology (strictures or inflammation)

A

vaginoscopy- basic speculum and light source

takes into acocunt both estrogen and vaginitis

239
Q

How does the cranial vagina differ across the cycle of vaginoscopy

A

1) Proestrus: pink, moist, swollen, large odematous folds, little to no vaginal lumen

2) Early estrus: becomes paler pink, drier and edema recedes- fold still large but starting to shrink, see transverse folds, progresses through shrinking rounded to shrunken angular phase, large vaginal lumen

estrus: shrunken angylar

Late estrus: MOST FERTILE PERIOD, dry, pale, shrunken angular, crenulated mucosa, large luminal space

Diestrus: pink, moist rounded folds often with brown mucky discharge- lasts 2-5days. bitch attractive

240
Q

What does the caudal vagina look like on vaginoscopy in the most fertile period of the dog

A

Dry, pale, shrunken angular, crenulated mucosa, large luminal space

241
Q

what does the caudal vagina look like on vaginoscopy in proestrus

A

pink, moist, swollen, large odematous folds, little to no vaginal lumen

242
Q

What are the limitations of measuring LH to pinpoint fertilization window in dog

A

very narrow peak that can be missed = daily blood sampling at the same time is required

can miss LH 0 with daily sampling in up to 20% bitches

243
Q

what is the gold standard for measuring LH surge in the canine

A

RIA due to accuracy and precision but it is not practical

semi-quantitative in-clinic ELISA is used but accuracy and predictability is limited

progesterone is the true gold standard hormone for this

244
Q

what is used to measure the fertility window in the dog

A

Progesterone (unique slow preovulatory rise in progesterone in the bitch used to indirectly detect LH peak and ovulation)

ovulation estimates 2days after LH0 and is also associated with abrupt rise in progesterone

fertility period begins 48 hours after ovulation (LH+4)

245
Q

What is the fertility period of the dog, in respect to the LH surge

A

LH surge + 4days

ovulation occurs 48 hours after LH0 and then maturation in the oviduct for 48 hours

246
Q

In the dog, the LH surge occurs when progesterone gets above

A

2ng/mL

247
Q

What is the viability of fresh vs chilled vs frozen-thawed dog semen

A

Fresh: viable up to 7 days in female tract

fresh chilled: 2-5 days after AI

frozen-thawed: 6-24 hours after thawing and AI

248
Q

When do queens reach puberty

A

4-12 months of age
depend on breed, season, BCS

249
Q

what kind of cycles do cats have

A

seasonally polyestrous (long day breeders in summer) induced ovulators 29-40 hours post coitus

orientals have overlapping follicular waves and peristent calling

250
Q

cats are typically induced ovulators but what can occur in oriental breeds

A

they can have spontaneous ovulations

251
Q

what is the estrus length of cats

A

7 days long +/- coinciding with follicular phase

252
Q

what is the gestation length of cats

A

66 days (range from 64-69 days. dont need progesterone drop

253
Q

what are the stimulation methods you can use to trigger ovulation in the cat?

A

1) Coital role of penile spines (4 matings)
2) Mechanical-vaginal swab
3) Induced with drugs- GnRH, hCG

stress will prevent manual stimulation from inducing ovulation

ovulation occurs 30 hours later

254
Q

How long after stimulation does ovulation occur in the queen

A

30 hours (24-52)

255
Q

what results in ovulation without conception in the cat

A

Pseudoprengnancy
about 2 weeks long
estrogen and then progesterone stimulation is a recipe for pyometra

256
Q

Do cats have a lactational anestrus

A

yes but not for long. can have kittens on them and still get pregnant

257
Q

CEHMEP complex

A

a complex of diseases affecting the uterus of the bitch that are linked by common pathogenesis
-Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)
-Mucometra
-Endometritis
-Pyometra

present vary significantly from inapparent/infertility, mild illness and purulent vaginal discharge, life threatening multisystemic disease

258
Q

How does pyometra develop

A

1) older maiden bitch with continuous nonpregnant cycles
2) Develops CEH due to estrogen and progesterone
3) During estrous opportunistic pathogens such as ECol ascend from vagina
4) Uterine cysts makes it difficult to clear out bacteria before cervix closes
5) Bacteria colonize in cysts with uterine secretions
*All under influence of progesterone (diestrus) -> pyometra

259
Q

How does estradiol and progesterone play a role in pathogenesis of CEHMEP

A

Estradiol leads to development of endometrial glands and increased progesterone in uterus

after ovulation, progesterone increases and further development and secretion of endometrial glands, suppresses motility of endometrium, closure of cervix, decreased immune function within uteris

leading to cystic changes

260
Q

How can pyometra develop in younger bitches without CEH?

A

more pathogenic strains of bacteria (Ecoli) ascend into the uterus during estrous -> have special virulence factors that establish infection leading to endometritis that stimulates CEH and develops pyometra under the influence of progesterone

261
Q

Is progesterone needed for a bitch to develop pyometra?

A

yes

262
Q

Does progesterone keep the cervix open or closed in the bitch

A

closed- harder to clear bacteria in diestrus

263
Q

What effect does progesterone have on myometrial contractions

A

it inhibits them

264
Q

Signalment of dogs with pyometra

A

1) middle aged to older intact bitches (about 7.25 years) but increased incidence in younger bitches
2) has not been pregnant previously
3) Ovary intact (including ORS -> stump pyometra)
4) History of treatment with estrogen (misalliance or progestins (estrous suppression)
5) Were in heat 1-4 weeks ago**

265
Q

Do all cases of pyometra present with purulent vulvar discharge

A

No- closed pyometra do not and present right after heat- much more acute
not as common

266
Q

clinical signs of pyometra

A

not specifc
+/- vulval discharge: serosanguinous to mucopurulent
-depression
-anorexia
-PU/PD
-Vomiting, diarrhea
-Fever (or hypothermia)
septiciemic, toxemic, shock if severe

always think pyometra in any intact bitch showing non-specific signs of illness

267
Q

What will you see on vaginal cytology of a bitch with pyometra **

A

lots of neutrophils- toxic

anterior vagina culture has limited value for diagnosis but important for antibiotic selection

268
Q

how do you treat pyometra

A

initiate antibioitc treatment immediately w broad aprecturm: amoxicillin, calvulonate, cefazolin but submit sample for culture in case resistant
continue AB 1–24 days after resoluton of pyometra

ovariohysterectomy

269
Q

What are the indications for surgical management, ovariohysterectomy

A

-bitches not intended for breeding
uterine rupture
older bitches (>4yrs) with significant CEH
Systemically ill/emergency cases with poor renal function
nonresponsive to medicat treatment

270
Q

what does PGF2a treatment for pyometra do

A

induces uterine contractions and enhances the elmination of both bacteria and pus from the uterus

CLs of bithces are resistant to luteolysis- need a lot of it to induce but there are severe consequences

271
Q

Aglepristone

A

Alizin, a progesterone receptor antagonist with lots of uses but used in pyometra to
bind uterine progesterone receptors and displaces progesterone -> open cervix and some minimal contractions to assist evacuation

272
Q

Aglepristone is a _______

A

progesterone receptor antagonist with lots of uses but used in pyometra cases

273
Q

what is the use of prolactin inhibitors (dopamine agonists) in pyometra

A

it has an anti-luteotrophic activity that causes rapid luteolysis when used in combination with a PGF
causes cervical opening and decreased progesterone concentration

Cabergoline (Dostinex)

274
Q

what should you do if a pyometra patient is unresponsive to treatment within 5 days

A

there is a poor prognosis in regard to future fertility
increased risk of recurrence of disease, increased risk of DIC

*recommend OVH

275
Q

How can cats get pyometra if they are induced ovulators

A

there is a prevalence of spontaneous ovulation much higher than previously thought
can have spontaneous ovulation leading to progesterone

276
Q

presentation of vaginitis

A

vulvar discharge: purulent,mucoid

Secondary perivulvar dermatitis: frequent licking of vulva

attraction of male dogs when not in heat

often a history of many courses of many different cocktails of ABs

less common: dysuria, pollakiuria, pain on urination

277
Q

juvenile vaginitis

A

occurs in prepubertal puppies -onset of 8weeks <1 year of age

poorly understood cause but likely immune mediated reaction of vaginal vault during initial colonization of normal flora bacteria

signs: mucoid vulvar discharge, often no other clinical signs other than licking at the vulva

278
Q

How do you treat juvenille vaginitis

A

Anti-inflammatories as needed to manage pain and reduced self trauma

keep area clean and dry

allow them to experience estrogens

probiotics

*antibiotics not recommended

279
Q

T/F: treat juvenile vaginitis with antibiotics

A

False- not recommended. it can make it work

280
Q

adult onset vaginitis

A

post pubertal onset >1 year
more common in spayed than intact bitches
causes:
-primary vaginitis: brucella canis, canine herpesvirus, TVT
-Secondary vaginitis: anatomical abnormality of vestibulo-vaginal juction: stricture, septa, bands, persisteny hymen leading to urine pooling or excessive tissue

-peri-vulval dermatitis/atopy -> ascending infection
-foreign body- grass seed awn
-neoplasia-leomyoma, leiomyosacoma, carcinoma of urethral papilla
-Urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract
-Idiopathic

281
Q

How can anatomic abnormalities lead to secondary vaginitis

A

if at the vestibulo-vaginal junction
1) urine pooling from stricture, septa, bands, persistent hymen
2) excessive vulvar tissue, tucked/hooded vulva

282
Q

if animals are spayed to young how can they be predisposed to adult onset vaginitis

A

they have a tucked/hooded vulva, prone to ascending infection

283
Q

What are the most common bacterial causes of vaginitis

A

E Coli
Streptococcus spp
Pasteurella
Staphylococcus

284
Q

When is it indicated to use antibiotics for vaginitis

A

if there is a pure, heavy growth of bacteria together with appropriate history and clinical signs (vulvar discharge, excessive neutrophils)

285
Q

How do you treat adult-onset vaginitis

A

Treat underlying disorder
-UTI: antimicrobial
-Urinary incontinence (estrogen, PPA, suprelorin)
-Anatomic abnormalities: vestibulovaginal strictures/septa may be surgically corrected
-Mass/tumor- surgical correction/oncology and remove foreign body

Supportive: anti-inflammatories, pain management, specific antibiotics only based on presence of a pure growth of organism on culture/sensitivity

286
Q

protrusion of edematous vaginal mucosa into the vaginal lumen and sometimes through the vulvar lips
associated with estrogen (proestrus, estrus, and prepartum pregnant bitches)

A

vaginal hyperplasia

287
Q

What is vaginal hyperplasia?

A

protrusion of edematous vaginal mucosa into the vaginal lumen and sometimes through the vulvar lips
associated with estrogen (proestrus and estrus and prepartum rise in estrogen in pregnant bitches)

288
Q

What breed is vaginal hyperplasia most common in

A

young (18-22mo) Boxer, Mastiff, and bulldogs

289
Q

When does vaginal hyperplasia typically occur

A

when there is protrusion of edematous vaginal mucosa into the vaginal lumen and sometimes through the vulvar lips
during estrogen (proestrus and estrus and pregnant prepartum bitches)

290
Q

What are the different grade presentations of vaginal hyperplasia

A

Grade I: swelling of the caudal vaginal flioor, cranial to urethral orifice- looks like a swollen vestibulum

Grade II: similar to grade I but vaginal floor mucosa protrudes from the vulva

Grade III: whole vaginal circumference protrudes from the vulva (donut shape)

291
Q

How do you diagnose vaginal hyperplasia

A

vaginal cytology to confirm presence of estrogen
=Proestrus/estrus, just before whelping or other sources of estrogen

292
Q

How do you treat vaginal hyperplasia

A

wait it out (gone in 7-10 days) - protect it (ecollar), lubricants, diaper +/- antibiotics

it will resolve once estrogen concentration is baseline, typically about a week post ovulation

surgery: OV or OHV- immediate removal of estrogen

DO NOT: try manual replacement and a purse string suture in the vulva will cause trauma.

DO NOT: use progesterones, could cause pyometra

293
Q

What is contraindicated in the treatment of vaginal hyperplasia

A

DO NOT: try manual replacement and a purse string suture in the vulva will cause trauma.

DO NOT: use progesterones, could cause pyometra

294
Q

when heat/estrus occurs after ovarioectomy or ovariohysterectomy of a queen or bitch

A

ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS)

295
Q

ORS is a surgical complication of OV or OVH but it is not related to

A

1) ability of surgeon
2) breed, age, or physical conditions of the bitch or queen
3) condition that is more commonly occurs in cats compared to dogs

296
Q

What are the clinical signs of ORS

A

proestrus or estrus (estrogen) at regular (cyclic) or irregular intervals, usually within weeks or a few months after surgery but can be delayed 1-2 yeats

Bitch: vulvar swelling, bloody vulvar discharge, behavior changes

queenL vocalizing, rolling, lordosis, receptivity to male tom cats

can present with concurrent reproductive diseases: vaginitis, pyometra/stump pyometra, granulosa cell tumor, mammary neoplasia

297
Q

what might be a differential for a spayed bitch with blood vulval discharge

A

1) exogenous estrogen therapy/ creams used by pet owners

2) trauma

3) coagulopathy

298
Q

How do you diagnose ORS

A

1) vaginal cytology indicating estrogens
2) Measure serum estradiol (>10-20pg/ml; variable)
3) Progesterone
4) Hormone challenge test using hcG or GnRH
5) Measure LH (high levels have no ovarian tissue), low levels will be indicative of ovarian tissue
6) AMH: single blood sample
7) Abdominal ultrasound

299
Q

What is highly diagnostic of ORS

A

High LH concentration >1ug/L: due to negative feedback

take blood samples a couple days apart

300
Q

Using AMH for ORS diagnosis

A

a single blood sample can be taken for measurement of AMH at any stage of the cycle

advantage: only a single blood test

301
Q

Summary of how to diagnose ovarian remnant syndrome

A

LH: at any time of cycle (2 blood sample a couple days apart)

AMH: any time

Progesterone: 2 months of pseudopregnancy in bitch and queen

vaginal cytology: estrogen in proestrus and estrus

302
Q

How do you treat ORS

A

1) Exploratory laparotomy (during estrus or under diestrus under progesterone to detect a CL

2) Tissue resection: always remove both ovarian pedicles even if no ovarian tissue is visualized

303
Q

When is the best time to do perform explatory lapartomy

A

During Estrus or diestrus (see the CL)

304
Q

What should you always do for ORS cases tissue resection

A

remove both ovarian pedicles even if no ovarian tissue is visualized

also check the broad ligament for ovarian tissue

check abdominal cavity (omentum, peritoneum, spleen, liver, kidney) for dropped/seeded/ectopic pinkish/red ovarian tissue

305
Q

what side of the ovary and oviduct develop in avians?

A

only the left side (exception is Kiwi and some falcons)

306
Q

What is the time from ovulation to oviposition in avians

A

about 24 hours

307
Q

T/F: only the left side of reptiles and chelonians develop

A

false: they have bilateral development.
the avians only have their left side

308
Q

what determines sexual maturity of reptiles

A

typically size dependent maturation

309
Q

what attaches to the ovary in avians?

A

the mesovarian ligament (cranial to kidney)

310
Q

in avians, the ovarian artery bracnhes directly off the

A

aorta or the cranial renal artery

two ovarian veins drain directly to CVC

311
Q

can you spay parrots?

A

No, they bleed out and die- the ovarian artery branches either directly off aorta or the cranial renal artery

312
Q

what stimulates folliculogenesis in reptiles

A

external and internal hormonal factors
increasing day length, mate presence, increased caloric consumption, nesting, increasing temperature

313
Q

calcium is supplied to the embryo via __________ in reptiles

A

yolk

there are extremely high plasma calcium concentrations in active females

314
Q

What is a normal plasma calcium in reptile

A

up to 40
because calcium is supplied to embryo via the yolk

315
Q

estrogen stimulates the conversion of lipid to ________ in reptiles

A

vitellogenin

316
Q

what is seen in reptiles/avians during folliculogenesis/vitellogenesis

A

high calcium
high lipids and cholesterol (physiological hepatic lipidosis
liver enlarges (and yellow color)

317
Q

Physiological hepatic lipidosis

A

seen in reptiles during vitellogenesis

318
Q

the six tissue layers surrounding the primary oocyte in the reptile

A

1) oocyte plasma membrane
2) perivitelline membrane
3) granulosa cells
4) basal lamina
5) theca interna
6) theca externa

319
Q

ovulation in reptiles

A

-Meiotic division occurs about 2 hours preovulation (primary oocyte still within follicle)
-Division yields a secondary oocyte and first polar body (each haploid number of chromosomes)
-Oocyte breaks through follicular wall leaving a stigma on preovulatory follicle

320
Q

what occurs during the non-breeding season in reptiles

A

ovaries undergo atresia and there is regression and resorption of the follicles

bursting atresia: follicular wall ruptures and releases yolk into coelomic cavity where it is resorbed

invasion atresia: granulosa and thecal cells invade ovum and absorb yolk in situ

321
Q

bursting atresia during non-breeding season of reptile/avium

A

follicular wall ruptures and releases yolk into coelomic cavity where it is resorbed

322
Q

invasion atresia during non-breeding season of reptile/avium

A

granulosa and thecal cells invade ovum and absorb yolk in situ
some species

323
Q

infundibulum of the avian oviduct

A

engulfs ova subsequent to ovulation
feritliazation occurs
first layer of albumen produced
ovum resides in infundibulum
internal ovulation

324
Q

what is the largest part of the avian oviduct

A

magnum: majority of albumen formed

325
Q

magnum of the avian oviduct

A

largest portion of the oviduct
majority of albumen formed
tubular gland cells secrete ovalbumin, lysozyme, conalbumin under estrogen stimulation

goblet cells secrete avidin under estrogen and progesterone control

ovum in magnum 2-3 hours

326
Q

the isthmus of the avian oviduct

A

formation of inner and outer shell membranes

ovum present in isthmus 1-2 hours

beginning of shell formation in distal isthmus

327
Q

where does formation of inner and outer shell membranes occur

A

isthmus

328
Q

shellgland/uterus in the avian

A

uterus characterized by longitudinal muscle layer lined by tubular gland cells and goblet cells

calcification

pigmentation of shell

ovum in uterus for 18-26 hours

most common site for dystocia

majority of length of oviduct in reptiles and chelonians

329
Q

what is most common site for dystocia in the bird

A

shell gland/uterus

330
Q

what is the significance of the avian uterus having longitudinal muscle layer lined by tubular gland cells and goblet cells

A

if there is prolapse, it is how distinguish different tissue types

331
Q

what is the majority of the length of the oviduct in the reptiles and chelonians

A

the shell gland/uterus

332
Q

what separates the vagina from the uterus in the avian

A

the uterovaginal sphincter
sphincter dilates under prostaglandins

333
Q

what stimulates the uterovaginal sphincter to dilate in birds

A

prostaglandins

334
Q

courses caudodorssally along the body wall
suspended by the mesometrium
blood supply increasing during egg formation

A

oviduct of avians

335
Q

what regresses during the non-breeding season of birds

A

the oviduct

336
Q

what plays a role in ovulation in psittacines

A

the oviduct producing unidentified neuroendocrine substances (tells the ovary to ovulate)

337
Q

You cant spay parrots but what can you do instead

A

remove the oviduct. this prevents release of neuroendocrine substances that shut down the ovary

338
Q

what is the sequence in regards to egg laying

A

the number of eggs laid on successive days separated bt pause days

(1,1,0,1,1,0,1)

339
Q

what is a clutch

A

the number of eggs laid during a sequence
ex: 5 eggs

340
Q

frequency/rate of lay

A

the number of clutches/eggs in a given time period

341
Q

indeterminate layers

A

In birds, loss of egg stimulates second cycle. Most psittacformes (parrots) , anseriformes (ducks/geese), galliformes (chicken)
“I dont have an egg, ill lay more”
dont take parrot eggs away, they will be exhausted by laying eggs

342
Q

Determinate layers

A

fail to lay additional eggs in the event of egg loss

chelonians, reptiles, budgerigars, most other avian orders

343
Q

the budgie is the one parrot that is

A

a determinate layer: fail to lay additional eggs in the event of egg loss
can take egg away because they wont continuously lay eggs

344
Q

prelay shed in snakes

A

ecdysis that occurs prior to ovipositioning
used by breeders to predict when to provide a nest box (necessary)

345
Q

what is the preovulatory behavior in chelonian

A

nest digging and increased activity 1-2 weeks prior to lay

346
Q

what could result if reptiles do not have an appropriate nesting site

A

they will not lay and get dystocia

347
Q

incubation in reptiles and chelonians

A

in captive situations, usually done artifically

potting soil, vermiculite, perlite (slightly moist, not wet)

Incubation tems from 80-90F

348
Q

incubation in birds

A

artifical or parenteral

incubation time is variable, but generally 2-5 weeks (most psittacines around 25d)

incubation starts 99F and 80-85% humidity

hatching at 98.5F

349
Q

What are signs of repro disease in reptiles

A

Change in laying pattern
abrupt cessation of laying
abnormally shaped or sized eggs
abnormal shell calcification
distended coelom
hypercalcemia
hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia
anorexia
prolapsed cloaca or oviduct
straining
uncharacterisitc aggression
broodiness (nest seeking)

350
Q

Yolk stroke

A

high plasma lipid concentration during egg laying can embolize and go to brain leading to neurological signs

are corrected with diet, time, and supportive care

351
Q

surgical techniques for sterilization

A

1) Ovariectomy (OV)- ‘Spay’ (primarily large animals)
2) Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) - ‘Spay’ (small animals)
3) Ovary-sparing spay in dogs
4) Tubal (oviductal) ligation- not practical for domestic animals

352
Q

advantages of OHE

A

-permanent
-prevention of ovarian and uterine disease
-+/- reduced risk of mammary neoplasia

353
Q

risk of mammary cancer can be eliminated if spayed prior to the

A

third heat

354
Q

what are the disadvantages of OHE

A

-Decreased resting metabolic rate (associated with obesity in dog) **

-Urinary incontinence: can affect spayed female dogs, may be due to reduced urethral sphincter tone over time

355
Q

what are the advantages of ovary-sparing spay

A

1) permanent sterilization
2) prevention of uterine disease
3) may have long-term health benefits (lower odds of orthopedic problems, fewer problematic and nuisance behaviors, associated with increased lifespan)

356
Q

what are non-surgical techniques of contraception

A

1) behavioral control- confinement/separation, supervision

2) Mechanical methods- intrauterine or intravaginal devices

3) Pharmacological agents

357
Q

what are the pharmological agents of contraception

A

1) Progestins, anti-progestins, and androgens
2) GnRH agonists and antagonist
3) GnRH toxins
4) Immunocontraceptives- GnRH vaccines and zona pellucida vaccines

358
Q

What is Megestrol acetate (Ovaban) used for

A

estrus suppression in dog
daily oral medication (progestin)

Do not used for: pubertal estrus, more than 2 consecutive cycles, potentially pregnant dogs or those with hx of mammary neoplasia, diabetes mellitus, liver disease or kidney disease

359
Q

what are the side effects of the progestin- Megestrol acetate (Ovaban)

A

-Mammary development (not neoplasia) **
-Increased appetitie with weight gain
-Lethargy or restlessness
-Pyometra (but rare)
-Adrenal suppression

360
Q

when should you subscribe Ovaban (Megestrol acetate)

A

short term use in bitches to knock them out of heat if they come in at the wrong time. Do not use more than 2 consecutive cycle because of potential endocrinopathies

361
Q

Does Megestrol acetate (Ovaban) cause mammary neoplasia

A

NO but increased development

362
Q

Can Medroxyporgesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) cause mammary neoplasia

A

it can 30% of dogs

363
Q

What are the side effects of Medroxyporgesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) for estrus suppression in dogs

A

-Polyphagia and weight gain
-Adrenal suppression
-Mild lethargy
-Mammary neoplasia (30% of dogs)
-Uterine disease (CEH and pyometra)

364
Q

what are the progestins used to block estrus in the horse

A

Altrenogest (Regumate)
short or long term administration of natural progesterone or altrenogest will block estrus and prevent ovulation

365
Q

What are the estrus suppressors used in dogs (progestin based)

A

1) Megestrol acetate (Ovaban)
2) Medroxyporgesterone acetate (Depo-Provera)

366
Q

why is Altrenogest (Regumate) used in stallions

A

to decrease behaviors of the stallions. will affect sperm production through LH

367
Q

How does progestins like Altrenogest (Regumate) block estrus and ovulation in the mare

A

Blocks expression of behavioral estrus

Blocks secretion of LH from the anterior pituitary (not LH surge)- prevents development of large follicles and prevents ovulation

368
Q

What is the biological action of androgens as contraception

A

-Blocks expression of behavioral estrus (dogs)

-Inhibits secretion of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from anterior pituitary by negative feedback resulting in decreased follicular development and inhibit ovulation

369
Q

What is Mibolerone (Cheque drops) used for

A

an androgen for estrus suppression in dogs

370
Q

When should Mibolerone (Cheque drops) be used

A

30+ days before the onset of the next estrus in the dog
orally once daily for as long as estrus suppression is desired

return to estrus is variable 70days (average) 7-200 days

371
Q

what are the side effects of Mibolerone (Cheque drops)

A

-Clitoral hypertrophy
-Vaginal discharge
-Increased mounting and aggressive
-Anal gland inspissation
-Musky body odor
-Obesity
-Decreased incidence of CEH/pyometra complex and mammary gland neoplasia as compared to progestins

372
Q

future breeding bitches should not be kept on Mibolerone (Cheque drops) for ___________ and you should do ________ to evaluate

A

future breeding bitches should not be kept on Mibolerone (Cheque drops) for 6 months at a time and you should do blood work to evaluate liver disease

373
Q

when is Mibolerone (Cheque drops) contraindicated

A

potentially pregnant dogs
pre-pubertal dogs
dogs with renal or hepatic diseases

*potential for abuse by human body builders

374
Q

How do GnRH agonist work

A

they are more potent than native GnRH
Downregulation of the anterior pituitary leading to a prolonged delivery system
-Reduced secretion of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary
-Prevents follicular development and ovulation

375
Q

types of GnRH agonist used on dogs

A

Slow releasing implants
-Nafarelin (Gonazon CR, France)
-Deslorelin (Suprelorin)

*Suppress estrus for up to 27 months in the dog
No long term adverse effects on fertility

376
Q

What might occur within 1-4 weeks of GnRH agonist in a dog

A

induction of estrus in anestrus bitches before subsequent suppression

377
Q

When should you implant Suprelorin (GnRH agonist)

A

early diestrus to avoid estrus induction and then reimplant every 6 months

378
Q

Why might GnRH agonists, like suprelorin be used in male dogs

A

for owners to see how their dog will behave if neutered. 50% choose not to neuter after experiencing the changes in the dogs

causes temporary testicular atrophy as well as coat change

379
Q

GnRH vaccine** (Improvac)

A

GnRH is a small peptide hormone that does not induce an immune response
it must be bound to a larger molecule to make it immunogenic
-KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) and BSA (bovine serum albumin)
1) Anti-GnRH antibodies bind to circulating GnRH
2) prevents GnRH from binding to receptors on pituitary gonadotroph cells
3) Block production of gonadotropins (FSH and LH)- no estrus and no ovulation

380
Q

T/F: GnRH vaccines are effective in both males and females

A

True

381
Q

When GnRH vaccine antibody wane, what will occur

A

the animal will return to estrus

382
Q

Approved GnRH vaccines

A

-Improvac (GnRH vaccine in pigs)- reduces testosterone and eliminated boar taint leading to better meat

Equity (GnRH vaccine for horses)

Canine Gonadotropin Releasing Facor Immunotherapeutic (GnRH vaccine for dogs)
used for treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy (offmarket)

GonaCon (deer and wildlife vaccines)

383
Q

What is the biological action of the zona pellucida vaccine

A

the zona pellucida is an acellular glycoprotein matrix that surrounds the oocyte/embryo
3 proteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3)

antibodies against ZP proteins block sperm binding site
prevents sperm from binding and blocks fertilization

prevents fertilization as long as Abs are present
Animals will continue to cycle
infertility may also be associated with ovarian pathology

*does not prevent estrus or block ovulation

384
Q

The zona pellucida proteins for the vaccine are collected from what species

A

pig abattoirs

most commonly used immunocontraceptive antigen for fertility control in female mammales
used in >70 species of wild mammals

effective in temporary contraception

385
Q

What are the advantages in zona pellucida vaccine

A

Immunocontraception may last for months

duration is dependent on immune response

reversible when IgG levels decline

386
Q

what are the disadvantages of zona pellucida vaccine

A

immune mediated ovarian pathology may occur

387
Q

Is the glassball/marble effective in preventing pregnancy?

A

No, it is tought to be in the uterus to indice formatio of a persistent corpus luteum (pseudopregnancy that last months) but it is only like 40% effective

388
Q

why might you stimulate follicular development in animals

A

1) earlier onset to the breeding season
2) more offspring produced per year
3) production of offpsring out of season
4) year-round milk supply (dairy goats)

389
Q

techniques to stimulate follicular development

A

1) photoperiod/melatonin manipulation
2) gonadotrpin releasing hormone (GnRH) or GnRH agonists
3) Gonadotropins (FSH, eCG)
4) Male (whitten) effect

390
Q

hCG has ______ activity

A

LH biological activity

391
Q

eCG has _________ activity when administered to ruminants

A

FSH biological activity

392
Q

what might you do to the photoperioid to stimulate follicular development in cat and hose

A

increase the day length (decreased duration of nighttime melatonin exposure)

393
Q

what might you do to the photoperioid to stimulate follicular development in sheep and goats

A

not practical to increase duration of darkness (decrease day length)
administration of melatonin- potentially could be used but not practical

394
Q

Male (Whitten) Effect

A

used to stimulate follicular development. introduce a new/novel male into the herd
management tool to manipulate the estrous cycle of sheep, goats, and pigs
advance the onset of the breeding season and onset of puberty

395
Q

What species is the male effect used to manipulate the estrous cycle, advance the onset of the breeding season and onset of puberty in?

A

sheep, goats, and pigs

396
Q

what are the indications for inducing ovulation

A

1) stimulation of a timed ovulation for artificial insemination
2) Treatment of cystic follicles (cattle)
3) Synchronization of ovulations
4) Decreasing the duration of estrus
5) Following artificial insemination in induced ovulators

397
Q

How can you induce ovulation?

A

1) GnRH agonists (Deslorelin, buserelin, histrelin)
2) Luteinizing hormone (native LH or rLH or hCG)
3) coital stimulation (induced ovulators)

398
Q

How is ovulation induced in cats

A

coital stimulation, can be a sterile male

mating induces LH surge- onset in 15 minutes, peak at 4 hours

Surge of LH occurs after each mating
less than 50% of cats ovulate after single mating
most cats will ovulate >2 to 4 mating occur

Spontaneous ovulations can occur

399
Q

What are the GnRH products commercially available

A

Cystorelin
Fertagyl
Ovuplant (Deslorelin)
SucroMate (Deslorelin)
Histrelin (compounded)

400
Q

What is the hCG product that is commercially available?

A

Chorulon

401
Q

How many follicles do cows and mares typically ovulate each cycle

A

1 follicle

other follicles are suppressed by inhibin and estadiol produced by the dominant follicle

402
Q

What are the indications for superovulation

A

embryo transfer- increase the embryo collection rate

increase the rate of multiple births

enhance ovulation rate in females as a method to treat subfertility (either male or female) increased ovulation rate =increased probability of pregnancy

403
Q

techniques for superovulation

A

-Exogenous FSH or eCG (FSH activity)
-Modulation of endogenous FSH (inhibin immunoneutralization)
-Nutrition- flushing in ewes

404
Q

What are the FSH products commercially available for superovulation

A

-Follitropin
-Ovagen

405
Q

inhibin immunoneutralization

A

antibodies against inhibin used for superovulation

neutralization of endogenous inhibin leads to:
increased FSH concentration, enhanced follicular development, higher ovulation rates

406
Q

is it the increased light or decreased duration of dark that causes horse follicular development and cycling

A

the decreased duration of dark- leading to decreased melatonin

407
Q

eCG has _____ activity in other species

A

FSH activity

408
Q

How many matings are needed to get enough LH to trigger ovulation in cats

A

2-4

409
Q

Why cant mid-cycle follicle waves ovulate?

A

there is progesterone- negative feedback on LH

410
Q

inhibin shuts down _______ so the subordinate follicles cant grown

A

FSH

411
Q

how large is the dominant follicle in horse

A

23mm

412
Q

indications of terminating luteal activity

A

mismatching
shortcycling
synchron of estrus oand ov
lysis of persistent CL
elective parturition
induction of paturition

413
Q

How long is luteal phase of large animals**

A

about 14-18 days

414
Q

PGF is only effective when:

A

there is a mature CL present
typically 5 days after ovulation in most species
Exception pig (12 days)

415
Q

How long after ovulation is the CL mature enough to respond to PGF**

A

5 days in most species

(12 days in pigs)

416
Q

indications for estrous synch

A

-Increased mating efficiency (AI or timed mating
-Shortening of birthing season
-Embryo transfer to line up donors and recipients

417
Q

What are ways to synchronize estrous

A

1) 2 dose prostaglandin (14 days apart)
2) Progesterone admin
3) Combination P4 and PGF
4) Ovsynch GnRH and PGF

418
Q

How do you synchronize estrous with P4

A

exogenous progesterone for 10-14 days
acts as artificial CL
Progesterone suppresses LH
PGF often admin at end of treatment

419
Q

What is the easiest way to synchronize estrous

A

prostaglandins- two injects 14 days apart
first causes luteolysis 50-60% of females
early return to estrus, ovulate again, form CL

second PGF dose synchronizes most of the herd

420
Q

What is OvSynch

A

used for estrous synchronization
admin GnRH to cause luteinization or ovulation of follicles

Admin prostaglandins 7days later to cause luteolysis

admin 2nd dose of GnRH 2 days after prostaglandins- goal to induce ovulation of next follicle

421
Q

ovarian dysgenesis

A

a developmental abnormality where there is defective embryonic development of the ovaries
due to chromosomal abnormalities (XO females)
ovaries lack germ cells and follicles
*small ovaries

422
Q

a developmental abnormality where there is defective embryonic development of the ovaries
due to chromosomal abnormalities (XO females)
ovaries lack germ cells and follicles
*small ovaries

A

ovarian dysgenesis from Turner syndrome

423
Q

what are swedish highland cattle predisposed for

A

ovarian hypoplasia
(autosomal recessive trait)
where the oocyte numbers in ovaries are deficient
left ovary (87%) affected more than right ovary

424
Q

(autosomal recessive trait)
where the oocyte numbers in ovaries are deficient
left ovary (87%) affected more than right ovary
common in swedish highland cattle

A

ovarian hypoplasia

425
Q

what species do cystic ovaries typically affect

A

cow and sow
-especially dairy cows (high producing) in early postpartum period are at high risk

426
Q

What increases risk of cystic ovaries

A

Risk increases with parturient diseases

a persistent >10day follicle >25mm in diameter is considered to be anovulatory (cystic) follicle

dairy cows (high producing) in early postpartum period are at high risk

427
Q

what size are bovine follicles when they ovulate

A

15-18mm

cystic follicles are greater than 25mm

428
Q

cystic follicles are greater than

A

25mm

429
Q

a persistent follicle persists for _______ days and is greater than ______ mm

A

10 days
>25mm

430
Q

what are causes for cystic ovaries

A

-Inadequate or mistimed LH surge

-Insufficient estrogen production by the follicle

431
Q

what are the consequences for cystic ovaries

A

1) Mature follicle fails to ovulate forming a follicular cysts
2) Partial luteinization may occur (luteal cyst)
3) Increased days open (decreased fertility)
4) Behavioral changes (persistent estrus and masculinization)

432
Q

what are the clinical signs of cystic ovaries

A

1) behavioral changes (persistent estrus from estrogen, masculinization from androgen effect, anestrus behavior and not cycling)

2) Elevated tail-head (estrogen effect)

3) Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

4) Mucometra (mucus accumulation in uterus from chronic estrogen)

5) Vulva enlargement

433
Q

how do you treat follicular cyst

A

Step 1: give GnRH or hcG for luteinization of the cyst

Step 2: Luteolysis via prostaglandins

*if you know it is luteal, you might only need to give prostaglandins

434
Q

what is the number one ovary problem in horses

A

cystic ovaries (anovulatory follicles)
a) follicular type (follicular cyst)
b) luteal type (luteal cyst)

435
Q

primary luteal insufficiency

A

the lack of development of the CL, low P4 production to keep the animal pregnant
suggested in horses, cattle, pigs, and dogs, cats
animal might be experiencing repeated pregnancy loss or abortion (treat and maintain pregnancy with progesterone)

436
Q

premature luteolysis **

A

an ovarian abnormality caused by inflammation of endometrium (endometritis) can result in PGF release and premature luteolysis

*have short estrous cycles <21 days in large animals (short cycling)
luteal phase is shortened

437
Q

why might there be premature luteolysis characterized by short cycles <21 days where the luteal phase is shortened ***

A

endometritis resulting in PGF release and premature luteolysis of the CL- the animal comes back into heat early

438
Q

persistence of luteal function (pseudopregnancy)

A

1) Goats in anestrus,hydrometra, cloud burst, lactation
2) Horses anestrus for 2-3 months
3) dogs- abdominal enlargement, contractions, lactation, mothering behavior (dogs always have prolonged elevated P4 levels after ovulation)

439
Q

Why might you have persistence of luteal function (pseudopregnancy) **

A

1) Inadequate PGF release*
2) Embryonic loss after maternal recognition of pregnancy*
3) Severe uterine pathology
4) Ovulations late in diestrus

440
Q

when is maternal recognition of pregnancy in the cow

A

16-18 days

441
Q

What happens if there is embryonic loss after maternal recognition **

A

There will be persistence of luteal function (no return to heat)

442
Q

How do you characterize persistence of luteal function in large animals?

How do you treat it?

A

Characterize with progesterone measurement

Treat with prostaglandins (doe, mare)

443
Q

How might a pyometra in a cow/mare lead to persistence of luteal function**

A

chronic inflammation destroys lining of uterus and prevents release of prostaglandins

treat with prostaglandins to lyse the CL

444
Q

How does acute infection alter the luteal function

A

acute infection leads to a shortened luteal phase as prostaglandins are released from the endometrium

445
Q

How does chronic infections alter luteal function

A

chronic infection leads to prolonged luteal phase caused by failure of adequate prostaglandin release from the endometrium due to loss of endometrial function associated with chronic infection

446
Q

What are the tumors of the ovarian surface epithelium

A

1) Papillary cystadenoma (bitch)

2) Serous cystadenoma (mare)

447
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumor of the mare

A

granulosa cell tumor

*Hormonally active (AMH, inhibin, testosterone)
leads to behavioral changes (Stallionlike, persistent estrus or anestrus)

448
Q

What are the effects of mares with granulosa cell tumors *

A

*Hormonally active (AMH, inhibin, testosterone)
leads to behavioral changes (Stallionlike, persistent estrus or anestrus)

449
Q

What might you see hormonally in mares with granulosa cell tumors *

A

Hormonally active (AMH, inhibin, testosterone)
leads to behavioral changes (Stallionlike, persistent estrus or anestrus)

450
Q

oviductal abnormalities

A

Developmental
1) failure to develop (freemartin cows)
Acquired
1) Salpingitis (secondary to endometritis in cows)
2) Adhesions- secondary to endometritis
3) Hydrosalphinx
4) Blockage in mares due to oviductal masses

451
Q

uterine unicornis

A

the absence of one uterine horn

most common in sows

452
Q

what species if uterine unicornis most common in

A

Sows

453
Q

segmental aplasia

A

a uterine abnormality that occurs in swine and cows
“White Heifer disease”

454
Q

dilated cystic structures throughout the endometrium is consistent with

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia in the bitch

455
Q

How might swine develop cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A

after they ingest feed contaminated with the estrogenic mycotoxin (zearalenone)

456
Q

How might cows and ewes develop cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A

exposure via plants containing phytoestrogens

457
Q

full thickness inflammation of the uterine wall

A

Metritis

458
Q

suppurative endometritis

A

pyometra

459
Q

suppurative endometritis where the cervix is open and a vaginal discharge is evident *

A

open pyometra

460
Q

suppurative endometritis where the cervix is closed, no vaginal discharge and drainage, and all fluid is retained in the uterus*

A

closed pyometra

461
Q

What are predisposing factors for uterine infections

A

-Poor perineal conformation
-Progesterone exposure causes suppression of uterine immune system
-Mating introducing bacteria
-Parturition- dystocia, retained placenta
-Trauma to the repro tract

462
Q

What are some causes of uterine infections in cows

A

1) Trichomoniasis (Tritrichomonas fetus) infection after mating
2) Vibriosis (Campylobacter fetus venerealis
3) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/ Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV)

463
Q

(Acute/Chronic) uterine infections short cycle

A

Acute

464
Q

(Acute/Chronic) uterine infections long cycle (prolonged luteal phase)

A

Chronic

465
Q

Is a cow systemically ill from a pyometra **

A

NO***

466
Q

Causes of uterine infections in mare

A

1) primary bacteria (Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus, E Coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus
*Endometritis is common but pyometra is very uncommon
metritis is usually secondary to a retained placenta

467
Q

What is typically the cause of metritis in the mare

A

Usually secondary to a retained placenta

*Endometritis is common but pyometra is very uncommon

468
Q

Is the mare systemically ill from uterine infections/pyometra? **

A

NO

469
Q

All uterine infections in the bitch and queen are referred to as

A

pyometra

470
Q

When does pyometra typically occur in the bitch and queen**

A

most commonly in diestrus (4-8 weeks after estrus)**

471
Q

Are bitches and queens systemically ill from pyometra? **

A

Yes they are

clinical signs: PU/PD, vomiting, depression, lethargy, and anorexia, fever, vaginal discharge, elevated neutrophil count with left shift, leukopenia may be present in animals with sepsis, hyperproteinemia/hyperglobulinemia

472
Q

What are some causes of pyometra in the bitch and quee

A

-E Coli
-Proteus
-Streptococci
-Staphylococcus

473
Q

What are the components of the broad ligament

A

1) Mesovarium (supports ovary)
2) Mesosalphinx (supports oviduct)
3) Mesometrium (supports the uterus)

474
Q

where is the site of fertilization

A

the ampulla portion of the ovudct

475
Q

the intercornual ligament is present in ____

A

ruminants

476
Q

Where do you sample for contagious metritis (taylorella) in the mare

A

Clitoral sinuses

477
Q

How large is the mare’s follicle at the time of ovulation

A

35-45mm

478
Q

What does a corpus hemorrhgicum feel like upon palpation of the mare

A

it has a wet sponge feel

479
Q

A minimum level of ________ progesterone is needed to maintain pregnancy in small animals

A

2ng/mL

480
Q

produced by the CL (not canine) and fetoplacental unit to soften cervix, widens pelivc bone to facilitate labor. It can be used as a pregnancy diagnosis as it is the only hormone that is pregnancy specific in canine

A

Relaxin

481
Q

what is the only hormone that is pregnancy specific in canine

A

relaxin- secreted by fetoplacental unit (accurate day 25-30 or greater)

482
Q

When can you trust a relaxin test for pregnancy diagnosis in dog

A

greater than 25 days

483
Q

Reading LH ovulation test in dog

A

Apply 3 drops of serum into well using a pipette
wait 20 minutes

Negative result: if no line appears in the area marked 2, the LH value is less than 1 ng/mL. continue LH test to find optimal time to breed

Positive result: line 2 has similar or greater intensity than the control line 3

484
Q

Reading Progesterone test for ovulation timing in dog

A

there are three well
A: low standard (3ng/mL)
B: intermediate standard (10ng/mL)
S: Sample well

<1 ng/mL: Anestrus or Proestrus (baseline)
2-2.9ng/mL: consistent with LH peak (2 days before ovulation)
3.0-3.9 ng/mL: Post LH surge
5.0-10 ng/mL: Consistent with ovulation day
>10ng/mL: consistent with post ovulation

485
Q

What will the vaginal swabs look like throughout the estrous cycle of the dog

A

Start: no blood
Proestrus: bloody
Estrus: some blood
Diestrus: brown and mucky

486
Q

how do you tell on vaginal cytology that you should do AI

A

clumps and overlapping superficial cells “sheeting”
usually seen within 3 days of D1

487
Q

what is the practical application when you see D1 diestrus on vaginal cytology

A

there is dumping of vaginal layers at the end of estrus
Whelping date is 57 days +1day after D1
marks end of fertile period: stop further inseminations because it is too late
(should have AIed 4 days prior to this)

therio (3 decks)

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