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exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 goals of a male breeding soundness evaluation (BSE)

A

1) Estimate reproductive potential
2) Identify potentially infertile or subfertile males
3) Provide management or treatment recommendations for subfertile males

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2
Q

When might male breeding soundness evaluations be performed?

A

*Prior to sale
Following purchase
Prior to breeding season
Diagnosis of infertility or subfertility

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3
Q

What do you look out for during the general physical exam during a BSE

A

-Body condition
-General body systems
-conformation
-heritable defects
-Weight
-Eyes
-Teeth
-teeth
-pelvic size

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4
Q

What are some common hereditary foot problems to look out for during a BSE

A

-Corkscrew claw defect
-interdigital fibromas (corns)
-Weak pasterns
-Post-leggedness
-Sickle hocks

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5
Q

What are common ocular problems in bulls that you should look out for in bulls?

A

-Squamous cell carcinoma
-Infectious bovine keratocinjunctivities (pinkeye) caused by Moraxella bovis

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6
Q

What measures are done to assess the testes of bulls

A

Scrotal circumference (Bulls, Rams)

Scrotal width (Stallions, Dogs)

*Size correlates to sperm production potential, all species- symmetry, texture, morphology

Ultrasound exam- testicular architecture should be unformly echogenic with mediastinum/central vein will be present, no nodules or masses should be present

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7
Q

What should you normally see when ultrasounding the testes for a BSE

A

Architecture that is uniformly echogenic
Mediastinum/Central vein will be present

No nodules, masses, etc. should be present

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8
Q

Testicular volume is correlated to_________

A

daily sperm output (DSO) potential
DSO is evaluated by daily semen collection for 7 to 10 consecutive days
Testicular measurements (length, width, and height) are obtained using calipers or by ultrasound

*May be used to predict potential daily sperm production

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9
Q

How is testicular volume calculated

A

0.5233 x width x height x length
the volume measurements for the two testis are combined to yield total volume of testicular tissue

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10
Q

What is the relationship between testicular volume and daily sperm output (stallion)

A

positive volume
as testicular volume increases, so does the daily sperm output

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10
Q

What is occuring when a semen sample falls below the normal testicular volume vs DSO line?

A

there is decreased sperm production per volume of testicular tissue

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10
Q

Why is it important to measure testicular volume

A

1) Predict potential sperm production problem
2) Identify problems with sperm production
3) Help determine potential number of females that can be mated per day (Should you do live cover or artificial insemination)

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11
Q

What is the most common abnormal finding of the bull’s internal genitalia when performing a BSE

A

enlargement, excessive firmness or loss of lobulation of the vesicular glands (seminal vesicle)

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12
Q

What stages of mating could problems arise?

A

Sexual arousal (lack of libido)
Erection
Mounting
Intromission
Ejaculation

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13
Q

How is a semen evaluation achieved

A

single collection
Daily sperm output- 5 to 7 days required to reach DSO
Estimation of DSO- evaluate two ejaculated collected 1 to 2 hours apart

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14
Q

How is semen collected in stallions and dogs

A

Artificial vagina

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15
Q

How is semen collected in ruminants and cats?

A

electroejaculation (ruminants), cats (anesthetized)

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16
Q

How is sperm concentration measured

A

With a hemocytometer
Spectophotometer (Densimeter)
NucleoCounter

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17
Q

What is the minimum value for semen motility evaluation for bulls

A

fair gross swirling/wave
>30% progressive

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18
Q

What is the minimum value for semen mobility evaluation for stallions

A

> 60% progressive

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19
Q

Why should you do serology on dog semen

A

Brucella canis

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20
Q

Why should you do serology on horse semen

A

Equine viral arteritis

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21
Q

What is the minimum values for sperm morphology

A

Bull >70% normal
Stallion >60% normal

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22
Q

What are the ancillary tests for semen evaluation

A

-Sperm chromatin structure (DNA integrity)
-Fluorescent probes (stains/dyes) for plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial function
-anti-sperm antibody
-Biochemical analysis of seminal plasma (alkaline phosphatase levels)

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23
Q

What is the test where sperm are subjected to an acidic environment. Sperm with nuclear DNA strand breaks are denatured and then a metachromatic DNA stain is applied

A

Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA)

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24
Q

How many sperm does SCSA measure

A

5,000 to 10,000

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25
Q

What color does double stranded DNA appear like on a SCSA

A

green

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26
Q

What color does single stranded DNA appear like on SCSA

A

red

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27
Q

What percent of denatured sperm has a high fertility potential

A

0 to 15%

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28
Q

What percent of denatured sperm has a moderate fertility potential

A

16 to 29%

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29
Q

What percent of denatured sperm has a low fertility potential

A

greater or equal to 30%

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30
Q

How many days does spermatogenesis take

A

60

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31
Q

How many days does it take for sperm to travel through the epididymis

A

10-14

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32
Q

How do protein hormones work

A

cant get into the cell, unless endocytosed
they just phosphorylate enzymes

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33
Q

How do steroid hormones work

A

they are really small
can enter straight into the cell
bind to receptor on the DNA of cell
make mRNA and new proteins
*Take long time, effect lasts long time

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34
Q

What converts T4 to E2

A

Aromatase

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35
Q

What converts T4 to DHT

A

5-a reductase

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36
Q

What is the result of having the SRY antigen

A

Sertoli cells make MIF to cause Mullerian Duct Regression

Leydig cells make T4 - develop Wolffian Ducts (vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and epididymis)
T4 is also converted to DHT to form penis and scrotum

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37
Q

de La Chapelle Syndrome

A

XX but have SRY on it.
SRY- embryonic testis is formed (MIF made)
Testosterone is made- male tract is made

No sperm present- Eif2s3y is missing from Y chromosome- no sperm production

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38
Q

Which hormone crosses BBB and masculinizes the brain?

A

estradiol

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39
Q

If a male does not produce 5alpha reductase, what will happen?

A

female genitalia with everything else male

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40
Q

The mother makes estradiol that is passed to the fetus, how does the fetus stop this from having an effect in the body?

-_______________________binds to estradiol in the body and prevents its effect

A

alpha fetal protein

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41
Q

How does estradiol have an effect on the brain if alpha fetal protein stops its effect?
-________________ can travel to the brain and be converted to ________________ because it is unaffected by alpha fetal protein

A

testosterone, estradiol

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42
Q

How does an XX , phenotypically male occur?
-________________________ to the X chromosome of the _________________ gene

A

translocation, SRY

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43
Q

Receptors for what three receptors are found in the hypothalamus?

A

testosterone, estradiol, progesterone

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44
Q

If one of the receptors in the hypothalamus (testosterone, E2, progesterone) is stimulated, what hormone is released?

A

Kisspeptin

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45
Q

What does Kisspeptin stimulate the release of?

A

GnRH

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46
Q

Where does GnRH bind to?

A

gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary

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47
Q

If one of the receptors in the hypothalamus (testosterone, E2, progesterone) is stimulated, what hormone is released?

A

LH and FSH

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48
Q

Where does LH bind to

A

Leydig cells in the testis

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49
Q

Where does FSH bind to

A

Sertoli cells in the testis

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50
Q

What is the function of androgen binding protein

A

binds testosterone so that a lot of testosterone is available to make proteins for spermatogenesis

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51
Q

Testosterone feeds back positively where?

receptors in hypothalamus to stimulate increased ________ and _____________ , other tissues and reproductive tract

A

libido and aggression

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52
Q

If you give high levels of anabolic testosterone, what will be the effect on behaviour?

A

increased libido and aggression

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53
Q

If you give high levels of anabolic testosterone, what will be the effect on spermatogenesis?

A

reduced spermatogenesis due to a decrease in GnRH, LH, and FSH (negative feedback to pituitary and hypothalmus)

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54
Q

How are high levels of testosterone maintained

A

pulses of GnRH- creating pulses of LH and FSH

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55
Q

What is a disseminate prostate

A

islands of prostate tissue different from the main body

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56
Q

What kind of penis does the stallion have

A

muscular vascular

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57
Q

Why do boars have large accessory sex glands

A

large amounts of seminal plasma

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58
Q

Do birds have accessory sex glands? What about epipidymis

A

NO

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59
Q

What species have a sigmoid flexure

A

bull, ram, boar

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60
Q

What tunic must be removed to separate epididymis from testicle?

A

visceral tunic

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61
Q

What gland is affected by light to affect reproduction seasons

A

pineal gland

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62
Q

What hormone regulates the release of kisspeptin in relationship to light

A

melatonin

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63
Q

Anabolic steroids cant be converted to_________

A

estradiol or DHT

-Kisspeptin isnt produced
-ABP is not made bc it is dependent on FSH
-Decreased repro function because no ABP and testosterone to drive spermatogensis

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64
Q

What hormone allows the production of androgen binding protein

A

FSH

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65
Q

What amount of T4 do you need to maintain spermatogenesis

A

at least 5-10 times the normal blood amount

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66
Q

What is the repro prognosis for younger animals on anabolic steroids

A

younger animals have worse prognosis because its discontinuation of steriods depends on age of animal and the type

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67
Q

The libido center in the hypothalmus has what receptor?

A

Estrogen receptor

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68
Q

The aggression center in the hypothalamus has what receptor

A

Testosterone receptor

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69
Q

Tryptophan is converted to melatonin when _______

A

there is an absence of light

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70
Q

Breeds that cycle when the light is increasing

A

Long day breeders (Horses, wolf, fox, rodents, birds)
melatonin inhibits kisspeptin - decrease GnRH release- no breeding

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71
Q

How does melatonin affect long day breeders like horses?

A

Melatonin inhibits kisspeptin- causes a decreased GnRH release and no breeding

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72
Q

How does melatonin affect short day breeders like sheep, cattle, elk/deer?

A

Melatonin increases kisspeptin causing increased GnRH release to stimulate breeding

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73
Q

T/F: Males are less affected by melatonin than female

A

T

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74
Q

Equatorial species generally have

A

no breeding season

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75
Q

melatonin acts on the pulse generate cells to regulate ________

A

GnRH

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76
Q

Sperm concentration in the ejaculate is usually lower during

A

the non-breeding season

males are less affected by melatonin than females

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77
Q

What enzyme will be turned on or off based on the light to convert tryptophan to melatonin

A

N-acetylserotonin

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78
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in melatonin production

A

n-acetylserotonin, made in the absence of light. made from serotonin

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79
Q

Long day breeders breed in

A

Spring/summer

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80
Q

What are short day breeder

A

Animals that breed in the fall

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81
Q

Horses with melatonin will cause an increase or decreased GnRH

A

decreased GnRH

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82
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms for testicular thermoregulation

A

1) Conduction from venous blood to surface of skin
2) Sweat glands in skin of scrotum allows for evaporative cooling
3) Pampiniform plexus causes counter current heat exchange
4) Contraction/relaction of tunica dartos and external cremaster muscle

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83
Q

T/F Testosterone is not produced in Cryptorchid animals

A

F- the leydig cells are not affected

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84
Q

T/F Spermatogensis cannot occur when the testes are within the abdominal cavity

A

T

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85
Q

What happens when the testes are subjected to short term heat

A

abnormal cells during spermatogenesis

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86
Q

What happens when the testes are subjected to long term heat

A

spermatogenesis ceases

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87
Q

Fever in which the body temperature is increased will lead to

A

a negative effect on spermatogenesis
~14 days after insult

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88
Q

How does stress impact kisspeptin levels

A

cortisol levels decrease kisspeptin

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89
Q

How does fat within the scrotum impact thermoregulation

A

it causes thermoregulation to be more challenging

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90
Q

What stages of spermatogenesis are impacted by heat

A

all of them

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91
Q

What is the smooth muscle layer just beneath the scrotal skin, important for thermoregulation

A

Tunica dartos

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92
Q

What are the temperature differences occuring when heat is exchanged arterial to venous as blood travels through the pampiniform plexus

A

39 degrees to 33-34

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93
Q

Does heat affect epididymal sperm

A

NO

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94
Q

What is the gene linked to cryptorchidism

A

INSL3, RXFP2 (but 7 genes total) all need to be present

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95
Q

What contracts or relaxes the testis depending on the temperature

A

external cremaster muscle

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96
Q

What temperature does spermatogenesis typically occur at

A

2-5 degrees lower than body temperature

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97
Q

Cryptorchid testis have an increased incidence of ________

A

testicular neoplasia
i.e seminoma

even if lowered when juvenille

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98
Q

Do rooster testis work at body temperature

A

Yes, but they work even better when a little lower temperature

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99
Q

What is the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa

A

spermiogenesis

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100
Q

T/F Cryptorchid animals have a normal hormonal profile

A

T

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101
Q

What hormone allows A0 spermatogonia to divide into A0 and A1 cells?

A

FSH

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102
Q

What are A0 spermatogonia for

A

they maintain the cell population

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103
Q

What do A1 spermatogonia do?

A

they continue through mitotic membranes/divisions to eventually become primary spermatocytes (which later undergo meoisis I)

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104
Q

Primary spermatocytes are derived from

A

A1 spermatogonia

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105
Q

Where does spermatocytogenesis occur

A

in the basal compartment

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106
Q

Primary spermatocytes undergo _____ to become secondary spermatocytes

A

Meiosis I

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107
Q

What occurs during spermiogenesis

A

*Round spermatids (haploid) are elongated
*Histones replaced with protamined to condense DNA
*Most of cytoplasm is removed

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108
Q

What is the process of producing spermatids

A

Spermatocytogenesis

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109
Q

Secondary spermatocytes are haploid and will undergo __________ to produce _________

A

Meiosis II,
Spermatids

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110
Q

Cohorts of sperm during spermatogenesis all share

A

a same membrane/ cytoplasm

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111
Q

Where does spermiogenesis take place

A

in the adluminal compartment

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112
Q

Why is testosterone critical in spermiogenesis

A

because these cells cannot produce mRNA and cant make proteins. Sertoli cells make all the enzymes and proteins by means of androgen binding proteins maintaining testosterone level

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113
Q

Where does meiosis II rake place

A

in the adluminal compartment

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114
Q

Sperm cells are moved past the _________ by moving the location of the tight junctions that are associated with the sertoli cells upon completion of meiosis I

A

Blood testis barrier

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115
Q

What is the purpose of the blood testis barrier

A

Protects developing sperm cells from immune system attack

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116
Q

What is true of seasonal breeders and the blood brain barrier

A

Seasonal breeders that do not produce sperm in the off season will loose BTB and it will develop again once spermatogenesis again

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117
Q

Name 3 tight junction disruptors

A

1) Bisphenol A
2) Cadmium
3) Interleukins (IL-6)

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118
Q

What is important for the formation of sperm microtubules and the tail

A

centrioles

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119
Q

What is contained within the sperm’s acrosome

A

enzymes for degrading the zona pellucida
proteins for binding to the oolema

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120
Q

How does the sperm head shape and size varies among species

A

due to the the protamines present and how much they are able to back the DNA (supercondensed)

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121
Q

Once you get protamined put into the sperm, what cant occur

A

DNA is supercondensed, no mRNA can be made

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122
Q

Does heat effect sperm in the epididymis

A

No

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123
Q

How does movement from the seminiferous tubules to the rete testes occur

A

fluid movement

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124
Q

What is in the midpiece of the sperm

A

Microtubules and mitochondria

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125
Q

What attaches microtubules together

A

nexin

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126
Q

spermatogenesis occurs in ______. when there is a cell undergoing meiosis, there will be no other cells undergoing divisions

A

waves

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127
Q

During spermiogenesis, histones are replaced with ________, causing DNA to become highly condensed. This prevents sperm from making new mRNA. sperm rely on sertoli cells to supply them with everything they need

A

Protamines

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128
Q

Acrosome

A

dervied from golgi formed vesicle
contains enzymes that are used to digest a hole in zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte
3 types of binding proteins: proteins present on the outer membrane that bind to. the zona pellucida, proteins present on the inner acrosomal membrane to bind to the oocyte and proteins to hold the two groups together

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129
Q

The joint where the tail and head of the sperm lock together. composed of centrioles (proximal and distal)

A

neck

130
Q

proximal centriole is located :

A

within the connecting piece next to the basal plate of the sperm head

131
Q

the distal centriole is located:

A

perpendicular to the proximal centrole aligned with the axis of the tail

132
Q

Within the seminiferous tubules, you should be able to see_______

A

different stages

133
Q

What forms the shape of the sperm tail?

A

centrioles 9+2 forming microtubules
movement of the tail is created by action of microtubules moving against each other

134
Q

When is a cytoplasmic droplet on a sperm left

A

when the sperm is released from the seminiferous tubule. The sperm then matures through the epididymis where it migrates down the tail and is lost when the cell becomes motile

135
Q

cytoplasmic droplet is retained near the head, normally moves down during epididymal maturation

A

proximal droplet

136
Q

droplet remains on the mid-piece. normally it moves down off the tail once the sperm gains motility

A

Distal droplet

137
Q

When does the proximal droplet move down

A

during epididymal maturation

138
Q

When does the distal droplet move off

A

once the sperm gains motility

139
Q

How does heat affect the cytplasmic droplet

A

it causes it to be retained

140
Q

T/F sperm released into the seminiferous tubules are motile

A

F- they are moved out by flow of fluids produced by the sertoli cells (40-50mL of fluid produced daily)

141
Q

Small duct system that empties spermatids out of the testis and into the head of the epididymis via the efferent ducts

A

rete testis

142
Q

small tibes that connect the testis to the epididymis (4-12) ducts leading out of the rete testis into the epididymis

A

Efferent ducts

143
Q

What is the only part of the male repro tract that contains cilia

A

efferent ducts

144
Q

Are sperm motile and fertile when they are in the head of the epididymis

A

No
no proteins to bind to the zona pellucida

145
Q

What occurs in the head of the epididymis

A

1) dilute concentration of the sperm cells- becomes more concentrated as fluid is absorbed
Columnar epithelium with microvilli to absorb fluids
Low pH for keeping sperm cells immobile
2) DHT stimulates epithelium - G proteins in seminal plasma are added for motility to increased cAMP
3) Cholesterol is removed from cell membrane, making it less stable to allow acrosome rxn to occur
4) Ca2+ channels, receptors/2nd messeneger Pka system are added in preparation for becoming motile
5) gains nexin- ability to swim
6) glycocalyx added to sperm

146
Q

What are the cell features in the head of the epididymis

A

tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium with microvilli and thin smooth muscle

2-3 days here

147
Q

How long do sperm spend in the head of epididymis

A

2-3 days

148
Q

What are the cell features in the body of the epididymis

A

medium high cells with shorter microvilli and thin smooth muscle
2-3 days

149
Q

What part of the epididymis absorbs about 80% of the fluid

A

head of the epididymis

150
Q

Where is the ability for sperm gained

A

Head of epididymis
they do not swim here though

151
Q

What happens in the body of the epididymis

A

proteins added to permit zona pellucida binding
Proteins to inhibit motilty and acrosome reaction
change the protamine (allow DNA to decondense in the oocyte)
cytoplasmic droplet moved further down the tail becoming dsital droplet
start gaining capacity to fertilize
14% fluid is absorbed
takes about 2-3 daus

152
Q

What happens in the tail of the epididymis

A

1) cells capable of fertilization
2) removal of cholesterol
3) low pH to inhibit motility
4) Fluid Proteins to inhibit motility and acrosome rxn
5) contains thick smooth muscles -> contraction is triggered by ejaculation
*Not a healthy environment for supporting sperm long term (frequent collections)
4-14 days

153
Q

Where are proteins that allow binding to zona pellucida added to the sperm?

A

in the body of the epididymis

154
Q

What are the features of the tail of the epididymis

A

short cells with short microvilli and lots of thick smooth muscle
contraction tiggered by ejaculation
4-14 days

155
Q

Ejaculation contains sperm from the __________

A

tail of the epididymis (High CH) and and from the vas deferens, this gives the sperm a wide range of survival

156
Q

Why do males that have been sexually inactive need to be collected a few times

A

to collect the dead/degenerate cells that accumulate in order to produce good quality semen

157
Q

Does frequent semen collection increase the number of immature sperm in the ejaculate

A

NO

158
Q

Daily sperm output

A

the number of spermatozoa that can be collected per 24 hour period. Is determiend by collecting the male daily for 7 days. the sperm comes from the tail of the epididymis

159
Q

Where is the receptor for g-protein and what does it do

A

in the seminal plasma
it increased cAMP

160
Q

if there has been no collection in a long time, what happens to the old sperm

A

till the ductus deferens and then are voided in the urine

161
Q

What stimulates the motility of epididymal sperm

A

seminal plasma

162
Q

How is an erection stimulated

A

sympathetic nerves stimulate the release of nitric oxide causing vasodilation from the production of cGMP (G cyclase) increasing engorgement of blood

163
Q

How is an erection stopped

A

the inactivation of cGMP through phosphodiesterase 5

164
Q

Viagra inhibits

A

Phosphodiesterase 5

cGMP is not broken down and keep engorgement of blood

165
Q

What substances make up seminal plasma

A

Fructose sugars
proteins- stimulate motility, inhibit capacitation (within20sec), epididymal sperm (within 20min)
pH buffers (citrate and bicarbonate)
salts
gel in some species

166
Q

What species have seminal plasma that can harm the sperm

A

Dog and stallion

167
Q

What is the only accessory sex gland that the dog has

A

Prostate

168
Q

What fraction of the dog ejaculate has sperm in it

A

Middle fraction
1st and 3rd are from the prostate

169
Q

When do the sperm require motility

A

cervix and UTJ (uterotubal junction) under female reproductive tract conditions
uterine contractions also help

170
Q

What occurs once sperm passes the utero-tubal junction

A

sperm capacitation occurs
-Acrosome reaction (membrane fusions with cholesterol)
-fertilization

171
Q

Where does sperm capacitation occur

A

oviduct

172
Q

Sperm capacitation

A

process where removal of decapacitation factors (seminal plasma)- acrosomal stabilizing factor
cholesterol loss- membrane destabilization
cAMP- phosphorylation of various proteins
Pkc- protein tyrosine phosphorylation - increase lysolipids -> membrane fusion Ca2+
pH increase intracellularly
Calcium-protein function, membrane fusion, potassium

173
Q

What is the mOsm of seminal plasma

A

300 mOsm

174
Q

What occurs during capacitation

A

1) Cholesterol is removed -> acrosomal reaction
2) protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased calcium for membrane fusion
3) Lose seminal plasma proteins coating the cell
4) Exposes receptor for zona pellucida in the oviduct near oocyte

175
Q

What is the acrosome reaction dependent on

A

Calcium allows membrane fusion via changes in charges
centrioles also do

176
Q

When sperm are hyperactive, they move in a

A

star pattern- to stay in the area where the oocyte is
move through viscous fluid

177
Q

The fusion of the plasma membrane with the outer acrosomal membrane allowing the liberation of enzymes to degrade the zona pellucida

A

Acrosomal reaction

178
Q

What proteins are contained in the zona pellucida

A

ZP1- Structural
ZP2 - Binds sperm
ZP3 -induces AR

179
Q

What zona pellucida protein induces the acrosomal reaction

A

ZP3

180
Q

What zona pellucida protein binds to the sperm

A

ZP1

181
Q

a necessary adhesion event between sperm and egg that is required for fertilization but is not sufficient for cell fusion.

A

Izumo 1

182
Q

Cold shock of sperm

A

membranes undergoes phase transition and kills the sperm

183
Q

What are the 4 methods of semen collection

A

1) Artificial vagina
2) Electro ejaculation
3) Manual massage
4) Chemical ejaculation

184
Q

What is the gold standard of natural ejaculation

A

artificial vagina

185
Q

What is a con of using electroejaculation

A

more seminal plasma
decreased concentration and may be detrimental if used on a species with toxic seminal plasma

186
Q

What species can manual massage be used

A

dogs, poultry, fish, exotics

187
Q

What 2 drugs are used in chemical ejaculation

A

Imipramine or Xylazine

188
Q

What a consequence of using chemical ejaculation like with imipramine or xylazine

A

less seminal plasma

189
Q

What does pus in the semen sample indicate

A

inflammation of the seminal vesicles

190
Q

Pigs only require _____ for semen collection

A

Pressure, not temperature

191
Q

What is a primary morphologic defect

A

defect in spermatogenesis

192
Q

Primary abnormalities are caused by failure during the formation of the cell in ________ while secondary abnormalities occur as the sperm travel through the _____

A

tesis
epididymis

193
Q

What is the stain for analyzing sperm viability

A

eosin nigrocin stain

194
Q

Where in the brain is the sexually dimorphic nucleus that is very large in the male

A

hypothalmus

195
Q

What masculinizes sexually dimorphic nucleus

A

E2

196
Q

What is the gold standard for evaluating sperm concentration

A

hemocytometer

197
Q

ASA (IgG) can cause_______

A

a decrease in fertility

198
Q

What can result from a disruption of the blood-testis barrier

A

development of antisperm antibodies that decrease fertility

test with ASA test

199
Q

What are the classification statuses of Bulls in BSE exams

A

Satisfactory
Questionable
Decision Deferred
Unsatisfactory

200
Q

Bulls with Satisfactory classification have:

A

Met the minimal requirements for physical soundness and semen quality (scrotal circumference, sperm motility and morphology
Have an expected seasonal pregnancy rate of >80%
30 cows in 60-day breeding period

201
Q

Bulls with a Questional classification would:

A

most likely impregnant cows but fertility would be below normal or if there is a risk of transmitting an undesirable trait to the offspring
(Bulls didnt pass one part of the BSE)

202
Q

Bulls with a decision deferred classification are

A

1) prepubertal bulls with poor semen quality
2) mature bulls with a recent illness that affected spermatogenesis

*Re-evaluate at a later date
spermatogenesis - 60 days
Epididymal transport 5 to 10 days

203
Q

Bulls with an unsatisfactory classification have

A

Failed the BSE
expected to achieve low pregnancy rate or poor fertility in cows during a breeding season

204
Q

What are the classification of stallions after BSE exams

A

1) Satisfactory - >75% seasonal preg (40 naturally or 120 mares AI)
2) Questionable
3) Unsatisfactory

205
Q

Does BSE estimate fertility or potential fertility

A

potential fertility

only true criteria for evaluation of fertility is the pregnancy rate in females bred

206
Q

What is the only true criteria for evaluation of fertility

A

the pregnancy rate in females bred

207
Q

What do the mullerian ducts develop into

A

oviduct
uterus
vagina

208
Q

What do the wolffian ducts develop into

A

Vas Deferens
Epididymides

209
Q

What does the genital tubercle become

A

Penis (under DHT)
Clitoris (absence)

210
Q

What determines male gonadal development

A

presence of T chromosome and SRY region and Sox9 gene

211
Q

Ovaries develop in the absence of

A

Y chromosome (and SRY region)

212
Q

Individuals with XXY have:

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome- have testes present

213
Q

Individuals with XO have

A

Turner’s Syndrome - have ovaries present

214
Q

Primordial germ cells migrate from the ______________ to the ___________

A

yolk sac to the genital ridge

215
Q

How. do primitive sex cords form

A

as cells migrate inward from the coelomic epithelium to form the genital ridge

216
Q

What do the sex cords give rise to?

A

The seminiferous tubules

217
Q

What do primordial germ cells give rise to?

A

spermatozoa

218
Q

What are the supporting cells

A

Male: Sertoli

Female: Granulosa

219
Q

What are the interstitial cells

A

Male: Leydig

Female: Theca

*origin: mesenchyme

220
Q

What do Sertoli and granulosa cells originate from?

A

sex cords

221
Q

precursor to male internal genitalia (epididymis, vas deferens, urethra

A

Wolffian (mesonephric)

222
Q

precursor to female internal genitalia (oviduct, uterus, cervix)

A

Mullerian (paramesonephric)

223
Q

What is another name for the mullerian ducts

A

paramesonephric ducts

224
Q

What is another name for the wolffian ducts

A

mesonephric ducts

225
Q

What is the result of the sertoli cells producing AMH

A

mullerian ducts are are regressed

uterus, oviduct, and cervix do not develop

226
Q

What is the result of the fetal leydig cells secreting testosterone

A

stimulates the development of the wolffian ducts into the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra

227
Q

The absence of AMH allows for:

A

the development of the mullerian ducts into the oviduct, uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina

228
Q

The absence of high testosterone during fetal development results in:

A

the regression of the wolffian duct system

-no epididymis and vas deferens forms

229
Q

T/F the embryonic internal duct system will develop into female structures unless actively influenced by the testicular hormones AMH and testosterone

A

True

230
Q

What causes masculinazation and formation of male external genitalia

A

androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

peripheral tissues convert testosterone to DHT via the enzyme 5-a reductase

231
Q

What allows the formation of the penis and scrotum

A

DHT under enzyme 5a-reductase

232
Q

What allows for the formation of female external genitalia (clitoris and labia)

A

the absence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

233
Q

What happens to the urogenital sinus under the influence of DHT

A

closes the urethra and prostate developement

234
Q

What happens to the urogenital sinus in the absence of DHT

A

it remains open and becomes the caudual vagina vestibule

235
Q

an animal with both ovarian and testicular tissue present

A

Hermaphrodite

236
Q

What species if hermaphroditism most common in?

A

Swine

*both ovarian and testicular tissue present

237
Q

What might you see on histology of an animal with hermaphroditism

A

spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, ovarian stroma, and follicles

ovotestes!

238
Q

What is it called when an animal has gonads of one sex and accessory reproductive organs of the opposite sex

A

Pseudohermaphroditism

239
Q

is hermaphroditism or pseudohermaphroditism more common

A

Pseudohermaphroditism

240
Q

Testes with female external genitalia

A

Male pseudohermaphroditism

241
Q

ovaries and male external genitalia

A

Female pseudohermaphroditism

242
Q

Is male or female pseudohermaphroditism more common

A

Male pseudohermaphroditism

243
Q

Androgen Resistance Syndromes

A

XY karotype
BIlateral testes
Normal regression of Mullerian ducts (AMH)
Normal secretion of testosterone
-> female external genitalia

a) 5a-reductase deficiency
b) Androgen receptor dysfunction

244
Q

How do androgen resistance syndromes occur

A

a) 5a reductase deficiency
b) androgen receptor dysfunction

245
Q

What is a result of androgen resistance syndromes (either through 5a reductase deficiency or androgen receptor dysfunction)

A

Bilateral testes and normal testosterone but female external genitalia due to lack of DHT
-Wolffian ducts are underdeveloped

246
Q

In the absence of functional androgen receptors, what happens?

A

testosterone cannot induce development of the Wolffian ducts and DHT cannot stimulate masculinization of external genitalia

247
Q

Exposure of female fetuses to androgens in utero may lead to:

A

masculinization of the external genitalia

248
Q

What can result from andrenogenital syndrome during pregnancy?

A

enzyme deficiency in adrenal gland leads to overproduction of androgens and masculinization of the female fetus

249
Q

An inherited disorder of AMH production resulting in oviducts ,uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina

A

Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome

250
Q

Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome

A

An inherited disorder of AMH production resulting in oviducts ,uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina

251
Q

XX sex reversal

A

testes or ovotestes present in an XX female

252
Q

Freemartinism

A

intersex female born co-twin to a male
Occurs as a result of early fusion of placental blood vessels between twins, allowing interchange of blood

if anastomoses fail to form, the female fetus is unaffected

253
Q

What happens to the female fetus in freemartinism

A

ovaries hypoplastic and may contain seminiferous tubules
Development of mullerian duct is variable
Wolffian duct derivatives present
External genitalia- female is hypoplastic

androgens and AMH from the male twin

254
Q

What happens to the male in freemartinism

A

generally minimal efrect

255
Q

the failure of the testes to descend completely into the scrotum - can be bilateral or unilateral

A

cryptorchidism

256
Q

Testicular descent into the scrotum is caused by regression of

A

the gubernaculum (relative to fetal growth)
androgen dependent

257
Q

What is the result of cryptorchidism

A

-Azoospermia- due to elevated testicular temperature
-Male behavior due to androgen production
-Increased risk of testicular tumors
-Inherited trait in some species

258
Q

Testicular hypoplasia

A

aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophy

testes smaller than normal (Beef bulls should be >32cm scrotal circumference at 12 months of age)

hereditary (camelids)

Associated with cryptorchidism, chromosomal abnormalities, exogenous hormone treatment

259
Q

What is the main different between testicular hypoplasia vs degeneration

A

hyoplasia is congential

260
Q

Most calico cats are

A

XX color pattern inherited on X chromosomes (orange and black)

261
Q

Why are male calico cats abnormal

A

the color pattern is inherited on the X chromosomes so they need to be XXY karyotype (Klinefelter Syndrome)

262
Q

Are tricolored male cats infertile

A

Yes- infertile testicular hypoplasia

no spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules

263
Q

What species is cryptorchidism is most common in

A

Pigs
Dogs
Horses (5-8% as opposed to about 1%)

264
Q

Is cryptorchidism inherited

A

potentially in certain individuals in some species

265
Q

Is unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism more common

A

Unilateral- left tends to be more intra-abdominal and right tends to be inguinal

266
Q

In cryptorchidism, what testicle tends to be more intra-abdominal?

What tends to be more inguinal

A

Left: intra-abdominal

Right: inguinal

267
Q

Species with cryptorchidism have an increased risk of:

A

1) Neoplasia (Dogs and horses)
2) Torsion of the spermatic cord

268
Q

Unilateral cryptorchid males are potentially

A

fertile- sperm are produced by descended testis

Bilateral cryptorchid males are infertile
no sperm are produced by cryptorchid testes

269
Q

What are animals with abdominal testes

A

Monotremes (platypus, echidna)
Armadillos
Sloths
Elpehants
Rhinoceros
Whale
Dolphins

270
Q

In cryptorchid males, the testes are small but what has a relatively large size

A

the epididymis

271
Q

What does cryptorchid testes look like under ultrasound

A

smaller in size and appear more anechoic

272
Q

How can you test for cryptorchidism

A

Test testosterone
Give HCG
test afterwars 1-2

HCG acts like LH and you will see increase in testosterone so you will see an increased

273
Q

What is testicular degeneration

A

the most frequent cause of reduced fertility
many causes
Primary spermatocytes are most susceptible
Palpation of testi:
resilent -> soft -> firm/fibrotic

274
Q

What do the testes feel like in testicular degeneration

A

Begin as resilent and then become more soft and then firm/fibrotic

275
Q

What are the potential causes of testicular degeneration

A

Age***
Elevated temp
Systemic infections
nutritional factors
toxins
trauma
vascular occlusion
obstruction to sperm outflow
autoimmunity
hormonal deficiencies
frostbite
unknown

276
Q

What does testicuar degeneration look like in histology

A

Seminiferous tubules with no germ cells

277
Q

inflammation of the testis due to trauma - local/regional effect or infection (hematogenous)

A

Orchitis

278
Q

What is a common cause of orchitis

A

Infection (hematogenous)
Brucella/Brucella canis

trauma- local/regional effect

279
Q

inflammation of the tissue around the testicle

A

Periorchitis

280
Q

Hydrocele or hematocele

A

increased insulation adversely affecting the sperm production and sperm viability

281
Q

What is the primary target of testicular degeneration

A

primary spermatocytes

282
Q

Torsion of the spermatic cord are most common in:

A

Dogs and horses

283
Q

“Testicular torsion” is actually the torsion of the

A

Spermatic cord

284
Q

How do you tell a hematocele from a hydrocele upon ultrasound

A

Hydrocele: anechoic fluid

Hematocele: fibrin strands in anechoic fluid

285
Q

Interstitial cell tumors

A

neoplasia of the leydig cells
tan color, discrete, soft
most common testis tumor of the dog
minimal androgen production
Seldom metastasize

286
Q

What is the most common testis tumor of the dog

A

Interstitial (Leydig) cell timor

287
Q

What testicle tumor is tan in color, discrete, and soft

A

Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor

288
Q

Do Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumors commonly metastasize

A

seldomly

289
Q

What testicle tumor is white, lobular, and firm

A

Sertoli (Sustentacular)

290
Q

WHat is the effect of sertoli cell tumors

A

estrogenic effects, feminization, alopecia, bone marrow suppression

291
Q

Sertoli (Sustentacular) cell tumor

A

White, lobular, firm
Frequent in the dog
Metastasis is unusual
Estrogenic effects: feminization, alopecia, bone marrow suppression

292
Q

3 types of germ cell tumors

A

1) teratoma
2) dysgerminoma
3) seminoma

293
Q

What are common scrotal lesions?

A

-Dermatitis
-Trauma
-Edema (insulation effect)
-Frostbite
-Neoplasms

294
Q

Priapism

A

prolonged penile swelling without stimulation

295
Q

Paraphimosis

A

inability to retract penis into the prepuce

296
Q

Phimosis

A

stenosis of the preputial orifice preventing protrusion of the penis

297
Q

prolonged penile swelling without stimulation

A

Priapism

298
Q

inability to retract penis into the prepuce

A

Paraphimosis

299
Q

stenosis of the preputial orifice preventing protrusion of the penis

A

Phimosis

300
Q

What causes infectious pustular balanoposthitis in the bull

A

BoHV-1 (Bovine Herpesvirus-1)

301
Q

What are the 6 penile lesions that the bull gets

A

1) Penile deviation
2) infectious pustular balanoposthitis
3) Persistent frenulum
4) Penile hematoma (fractured/broken)
5) Preputial abscess
6) Fibropapilloma

302
Q

Fractured penis is a result of rupturing the

A

tunica albuginea of the penis and leakage of the blood from corpus cavernosum

303
Q

Where does the hematoma typically occur when the penis is fractured

A

dorsally
cranially to scrotum

304
Q

What are 6 common penile lesions the stallion gets

A

-Priapism
-Paraphimosis and Phimosis
-Neoplasia (Squamous cell carcinoma)
-Habronemiasis (Summer Sores)
-Coital exanthema (EHV-3)
-Urethritis

305
Q

What causes coital exanthema

A

EHV-3

306
Q

Paraphomosis is secondary to

A

a lot of reasons (could be secondary to acute colitis in a breeding stallion)

307
Q

How is EHV-3 spread

A

Coital exanthema is spread through venereal transmission

308
Q

What is a neoplasm that stallions typically get on their penis

A

squamous cell carcinoma

309
Q

transmissible venereal tumor

A

transplant of cancer cells (via direct physical contact)
world-wide distribution (esp tropical areas)
tumor cells have 59 chromosomes (dog has 78)
Sites- penis, vulva, nasal passages
locally invasive

310
Q

3 Common penis lesions of the dog

A

1) transmissible venereal tumor
2) canine herpesvirus
3) fracture of the os penis

311
Q

What penile lesion is common in boars

A

Preputial diverticulitis

312
Q

What causes pizzle rot (ulcerative posthitis) in sheep

A

Corynebacterium renale
due to high protein ration

313
Q

What predisposed sheep to pizzle rot

A

high protein ration

314
Q

What should you do when a urinary calculi is lodged in the urethral process of the rm

A

cut off the urethral process

315
Q

What species get seminal vesiculitis

A

Bulls and stallions

316
Q

What accessory sex gland does the pig not have

A

ampullae

317
Q

All species have bulbourthral gland except for the

A

dog

318
Q

How can you diagnose seminal vesiculitis in thestallion

A

rectal palpation or ultrasound

319
Q

What is a causative agent of seminal vesiculitis in the bull

A

Actinomyces pyogenes

320
Q

Prostatic disease

A

Prostatitis
Prostatic cysts
Prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)- intact ale dogs under androgenic stimulation
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
-most species- dogs

321
Q

What causes prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

intact male dogs under androgenic (testosterone) stimulation

322
Q

obstruction of the lumen of ductus deferens in stallion leads

A

No sperm passing through
ejaculate devoid of sperm

323
Q

inflammation of epididymis

A

epididymitis

324
Q
A

therio (3 decks)

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