exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 goals of a male breeding soundness evaluation (BSE)
A
1) Estimate reproductive potential
2) Identify potentially infertile or subfertile males
3) Provide management or treatment recommendations for subfertile males
2
Q
When might male breeding soundness evaluations be performed?
A
*Prior to sale
Following purchase
Prior to breeding season
Diagnosis of infertility or subfertility
3
Q
What do you look out for during the general physical exam during a BSE
A
-Body condition
-General body systems
-conformation
-heritable defects
-Weight
-Eyes
-Teeth
-teeth
-pelvic size
4
Q
What are some common hereditary foot problems to look out for during a BSE
A
-Corkscrew claw defect
-interdigital fibromas (corns)
-Weak pasterns
-Post-leggedness
-Sickle hocks
5
Q
What are common ocular problems in bulls that you should look out for in bulls?
A
-Squamous cell carcinoma
-Infectious bovine keratocinjunctivities (pinkeye) caused by Moraxella bovis
6
Q
What measures are done to assess the testes of bulls
A
Scrotal circumference (Bulls, Rams)
Scrotal width (Stallions, Dogs)
*Size correlates to sperm production potential, all species- symmetry, texture, morphology
Ultrasound exam- testicular architecture should be unformly echogenic with mediastinum/central vein will be present, no nodules or masses should be present
7
Q
What should you normally see when ultrasounding the testes for a BSE
A
Architecture that is uniformly echogenic
Mediastinum/Central vein will be present
No nodules, masses, etc. should be present
8
Q
Testicular volume is correlated to_________
A
daily sperm output (DSO) potential
DSO is evaluated by daily semen collection for 7 to 10 consecutive days
Testicular measurements (length, width, and height) are obtained using calipers or by ultrasound
*May be used to predict potential daily sperm production
9
Q
How is testicular volume calculated
A
0.5233 x width x height x length
the volume measurements for the two testis are combined to yield total volume of testicular tissue
10
Q
What is the relationship between testicular volume and daily sperm output (stallion)
A
positive volume
as testicular volume increases, so does the daily sperm output
10
Q
What is occuring when a semen sample falls below the normal testicular volume vs DSO line?
A
there is decreased sperm production per volume of testicular tissue
10
Q
Why is it important to measure testicular volume
A
1) Predict potential sperm production problem
2) Identify problems with sperm production
3) Help determine potential number of females that can be mated per day (Should you do live cover or artificial insemination)
11
Q
What is the most common abnormal finding of the bull’s internal genitalia when performing a BSE
A
enlargement, excessive firmness or loss of lobulation of the vesicular glands (seminal vesicle)
12
Q
What stages of mating could problems arise?
A
Sexual arousal (lack of libido)
Erection
Mounting
Intromission
Ejaculation
13
Q
How is a semen evaluation achieved
A
single collection
Daily sperm output- 5 to 7 days required to reach DSO
Estimation of DSO- evaluate two ejaculated collected 1 to 2 hours apart
14
Q
How is semen collected in stallions and dogs
A
Artificial vagina
15
Q
How is semen collected in ruminants and cats?
A
electroejaculation (ruminants), cats (anesthetized)
16
Q
How is sperm concentration measured
A
With a hemocytometer
Spectophotometer (Densimeter)
NucleoCounter
17
Q
What is the minimum value for semen motility evaluation for bulls
A
fair gross swirling/wave
>30% progressive
18
Q
What is the minimum value for semen mobility evaluation for stallions
A
> 60% progressive
19
Q
Why should you do serology on dog semen
A
Brucella canis
20
Q
Why should you do serology on horse semen
A
Equine viral arteritis
21
Q
What is the minimum values for sperm morphology
A
Bull >70% normal
Stallion >60% normal
22
Q
What are the ancillary tests for semen evaluation
A
-Sperm chromatin structure (DNA integrity)
-Fluorescent probes (stains/dyes) for plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial function
-anti-sperm antibody
-Biochemical analysis of seminal plasma (alkaline phosphatase levels)
23
What is the test where sperm are subjected to an acidic environment. Sperm with nuclear DNA strand breaks are denatured and then a metachromatic DNA stain is applied
Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA)
24
How many sperm does SCSA measure
5,000 to 10,000
25
What color does double stranded DNA appear like on a SCSA
green
26
What color does single stranded DNA appear like on SCSA
red
27
What percent of denatured sperm has a high fertility potential
0 to 15%
28
What percent of denatured sperm has a moderate fertility potential
16 to 29%
29
What percent of denatured sperm has a low fertility potential
greater or equal to 30%
30
How many days does spermatogenesis take
60
31
How many days does it take for sperm to travel through the epididymis
10-14
32
How do protein hormones work
cant get into the cell, unless endocytosed
they just phosphorylate enzymes
33
How do steroid hormones work
they are really small
can enter straight into the cell
bind to receptor on the DNA of cell
make mRNA and new proteins
*Take long time, effect lasts long time
34
What converts T4 to E2
Aromatase
35
What converts T4 to DHT
5-a reductase
36
What is the result of having the SRY antigen
Sertoli cells make MIF to cause Mullerian Duct Regression
Leydig cells make T4 - develop Wolffian Ducts (vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and epididymis)
T4 is also converted to DHT to form penis and scrotum
37
de La Chapelle Syndrome
XX but have SRY on it.
SRY- embryonic testis is formed (MIF made)
Testosterone is made- male tract is made
No sperm present- Eif2s3y is missing from Y chromosome- no sperm production
38
Which hormone crosses BBB and masculinizes the brain?
estradiol
39
If a male does not produce 5alpha reductase, what will happen?
female genitalia with everything else male
40
The mother makes estradiol that is passed to the fetus, how does the fetus stop this from having an effect in the body?
-_______________________binds to estradiol in the body and prevents its effect
alpha fetal protein
41
How does estradiol have an effect on the brain if alpha fetal protein stops its effect?
-________________ can travel to the brain and be converted to ________________ because it is unaffected by alpha fetal protein
testosterone, estradiol
42
How does an XX , phenotypically male occur?
-________________________ to the X chromosome of the _________________ gene
translocation, SRY
43
Receptors for what three receptors are found in the hypothalamus?
testosterone, estradiol, progesterone
44
If one of the receptors in the hypothalamus (testosterone, E2, progesterone) is stimulated, what hormone is released?
Kisspeptin
45
What does Kisspeptin stimulate the release of?
GnRH
46
Where does GnRH bind to?
gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary
47
If one of the receptors in the hypothalamus (testosterone, E2, progesterone) is stimulated, what hormone is released?
LH and FSH
48
Where does LH bind to
Leydig cells in the testis
49
Where does FSH bind to
Sertoli cells in the testis
50
What is the function of androgen binding protein
binds testosterone so that a lot of testosterone is available to make proteins for spermatogenesis
51
Testosterone feeds back positively where?
receptors in hypothalamus to stimulate increased ________ and _____________ , other tissues and reproductive tract
libido and aggression
52
If you give high levels of anabolic testosterone, what will be the effect on behaviour?
increased libido and aggression
53
If you give high levels of anabolic testosterone, what will be the effect on spermatogenesis?
reduced spermatogenesis due to a decrease in GnRH, LH, and FSH (negative feedback to pituitary and hypothalmus)
54
How are high levels of testosterone maintained
pulses of GnRH- creating pulses of LH and FSH
55
What is a disseminate prostate
islands of prostate tissue different from the main body
56
What kind of penis does the stallion have
muscular vascular
57
Why do boars have large accessory sex glands
large amounts of seminal plasma
58
Do birds have accessory sex glands? What about epipidymis
NO
59
What species have a sigmoid flexure
bull, ram, boar
60
What tunic must be removed to separate epididymis from testicle?
visceral tunic
61
What gland is affected by light to affect reproduction seasons
pineal gland
62
What hormone regulates the release of kisspeptin in relationship to light
melatonin
63
Anabolic steroids cant be converted to_________
estradiol or DHT
-Kisspeptin isnt produced
-ABP is not made bc it is dependent on FSH
-Decreased repro function because no ABP and testosterone to drive spermatogensis
64
What hormone allows the production of androgen binding protein
FSH
65
What amount of T4 do you need to maintain spermatogenesis
at least 5-10 times the normal blood amount
66
What is the repro prognosis for younger animals on anabolic steroids
younger animals have worse prognosis because its discontinuation of steriods depends on age of animal and the type
67
The libido center in the hypothalmus has what receptor?
Estrogen receptor
68
The aggression center in the hypothalamus has what receptor
Testosterone receptor
69
Tryptophan is converted to melatonin when _______
there is an absence of light
70
Breeds that cycle when the light is increasing
Long day breeders (Horses, wolf, fox, rodents, birds)
melatonin inhibits kisspeptin - decrease GnRH release- no breeding
71
How does melatonin affect long day breeders like horses?
Melatonin inhibits kisspeptin- causes a decreased GnRH release and no breeding
72
How does melatonin affect short day breeders like sheep, cattle, elk/deer?
Melatonin increases kisspeptin causing increased GnRH release to stimulate breeding
73
T/F: Males are less affected by melatonin than female
T
74
Equatorial species generally have
no breeding season
75
melatonin acts on the pulse generate cells to regulate ________
GnRH
76
Sperm concentration in the ejaculate is usually lower during
the non-breeding season
males are less affected by melatonin than females
77
What enzyme will be turned on or off based on the light to convert tryptophan to melatonin
N-acetylserotonin
78
What is the rate limiting enzyme in melatonin production
n-acetylserotonin, made in the absence of light. made from serotonin
79
Long day breeders breed in
Spring/summer
80
What are short day breeder
Animals that breed in the fall
81
Horses with melatonin will cause an increase or decreased GnRH
decreased GnRH
82
What are the 4 mechanisms for testicular thermoregulation
1) Conduction from venous blood to surface of skin
2) Sweat glands in skin of scrotum allows for evaporative cooling
3) Pampiniform plexus causes counter current heat exchange
4) Contraction/relaction of tunica dartos and external cremaster muscle
83
T/F Testosterone is not produced in Cryptorchid animals
F- the leydig cells are not affected
84
T/F Spermatogensis cannot occur when the testes are within the abdominal cavity
T
85
What happens when the testes are subjected to short term heat
abnormal cells during spermatogenesis
86
What happens when the testes are subjected to long term heat
spermatogenesis ceases
87
Fever in which the body temperature is increased will lead to
a negative effect on spermatogenesis
~14 days after insult
88
How does stress impact kisspeptin levels
cortisol levels decrease kisspeptin
89
How does fat within the scrotum impact thermoregulation
it causes thermoregulation to be more challenging
90
What stages of spermatogenesis are impacted by heat
all of them
91
What is the smooth muscle layer just beneath the scrotal skin, important for thermoregulation
Tunica dartos
92
What are the temperature differences occuring when heat is exchanged arterial to venous as blood travels through the pampiniform plexus
39 degrees to 33-34
93
Does heat affect epididymal sperm
NO
94
What is the gene linked to cryptorchidism
INSL3, RXFP2 (but 7 genes total) all need to be present
95
What contracts or relaxes the testis depending on the temperature
external cremaster muscle
96
What temperature does spermatogenesis typically occur at
2-5 degrees lower than body temperature
97
Cryptorchid testis have an increased incidence of ________
testicular neoplasia
i.e seminoma
even if lowered when juvenille
98
Do rooster testis work at body temperature
Yes, but they work even better when a little lower temperature
99
What is the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa
spermiogenesis
100
T/F Cryptorchid animals have a normal hormonal profile
T
101
What hormone allows A0 spermatogonia to divide into A0 and A1 cells?
FSH
102
What are A0 spermatogonia for
they maintain the cell population
103
What do A1 spermatogonia do?
they continue through mitotic membranes/divisions to eventually become primary spermatocytes (which later undergo meoisis I)
104
Primary spermatocytes are derived from
A1 spermatogonia
105
Where does spermatocytogenesis occur
in the basal compartment
106
Primary spermatocytes undergo _____ to become secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis I
107
What occurs during spermiogenesis
*Round spermatids (haploid) are elongated
*Histones replaced with protamined to condense DNA
*Most of cytoplasm is removed
108
What is the process of producing spermatids
Spermatocytogenesis
109
Secondary spermatocytes are haploid and will undergo __________ to produce _________
Meiosis II,
Spermatids
110
Cohorts of sperm during spermatogenesis all share
a same membrane/ cytoplasm
111
Where does spermiogenesis take place
in the adluminal compartment
112
Why is testosterone critical in spermiogenesis
because these cells cannot produce mRNA and cant make proteins. Sertoli cells make all the enzymes and proteins by means of androgen binding proteins maintaining testosterone level
113
Where does meiosis II rake place
in the adluminal compartment
114
Sperm cells are moved past the _________ by moving the location of the tight junctions that are associated with the sertoli cells upon completion of meiosis I
Blood testis barrier
115
What is the purpose of the blood testis barrier
Protects developing sperm cells from immune system attack
116
What is true of seasonal breeders and the blood brain barrier
Seasonal breeders that do not produce sperm in the off season will loose BTB and it will develop again once spermatogenesis again
117
Name 3 tight junction disruptors
1) Bisphenol A
2) Cadmium
3) Interleukins (IL-6)
118
What is important for the formation of sperm microtubules and the tail
centrioles
119
What is contained within the sperm's acrosome
enzymes for degrading the zona pellucida
proteins for binding to the oolema
120
How does the sperm head shape and size varies among species
due to the the protamines present and how much they are able to back the DNA (supercondensed)
121
Once you get protamined put into the sperm, what cant occur
DNA is supercondensed, no mRNA can be made
122
Does heat effect sperm in the epididymis
No
123
How does movement from the seminiferous tubules to the rete testes occur
fluid movement
124
What is in the midpiece of the sperm
Microtubules and mitochondria
125
What attaches microtubules together
nexin
126
spermatogenesis occurs in ______. when there is a cell undergoing meiosis, there will be no other cells undergoing divisions
waves
127
During spermiogenesis, histones are replaced with ________, causing DNA to become highly condensed. This prevents sperm from making new mRNA. sperm rely on sertoli cells to supply them with everything they need
Protamines
128
Acrosome
dervied from golgi formed vesicle
contains enzymes that are used to digest a hole in zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte
3 types of binding proteins: proteins present on the outer membrane that bind to. the zona pellucida, proteins present on the inner acrosomal membrane to bind to the oocyte and proteins to hold the two groups together
129
The joint where the tail and head of the sperm lock together. composed of centrioles (proximal and distal)
neck
130
proximal centriole is located :
within the connecting piece next to the basal plate of the sperm head
131
the distal centriole is located:
perpendicular to the proximal centrole aligned with the axis of the tail
132
Within the seminiferous tubules, you should be able to see_______
different stages
133
What forms the shape of the sperm tail?
centrioles 9+2 forming microtubules
movement of the tail is created by action of microtubules moving against each other
134
When is a cytoplasmic droplet on a sperm left
when the sperm is released from the seminiferous tubule. The sperm then matures through the epididymis where it migrates down the tail and is lost when the cell becomes motile
135
cytoplasmic droplet is retained near the head, normally moves down during epididymal maturation
proximal droplet
136
droplet remains on the mid-piece. normally it moves down off the tail once the sperm gains motility
Distal droplet
137
When does the proximal droplet move down
during epididymal maturation
138
When does the distal droplet move off
once the sperm gains motility
139
How does heat affect the cytplasmic droplet
it causes it to be retained
140
T/F sperm released into the seminiferous tubules are motile
F- they are moved out by flow of fluids produced by the sertoli cells (40-50mL of fluid produced daily)
141
Small duct system that empties spermatids out of the testis and into the head of the epididymis via the efferent ducts
rete testis
142
small tibes that connect the testis to the epididymis (4-12) ducts leading out of the rete testis into the epididymis
Efferent ducts
143
What is the only part of the male repro tract that contains cilia
efferent ducts
144
Are sperm motile and fertile when they are in the head of the epididymis
No
no proteins to bind to the zona pellucida
145
What occurs in the head of the epididymis
1) dilute concentration of the sperm cells- becomes more concentrated as fluid is absorbed
Columnar epithelium with microvilli to absorb fluids
Low pH for keeping sperm cells immobile
2) DHT stimulates epithelium - G proteins in seminal plasma are added for motility to increased cAMP
3) Cholesterol is removed from cell membrane, making it less stable to allow acrosome rxn to occur
4) Ca2+ channels, receptors/2nd messeneger Pka system are added in preparation for becoming motile
5) gains nexin- ability to swim
6) glycocalyx added to sperm
146
What are the cell features in the head of the epididymis
tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium with microvilli and thin smooth muscle
2-3 days here
147
How long do sperm spend in the head of epididymis
2-3 days
148
What are the cell features in the body of the epididymis
medium high cells with shorter microvilli and thin smooth muscle
2-3 days
149
What part of the epididymis absorbs about 80% of the fluid
head of the epididymis
150
Where is the ability for sperm gained
Head of epididymis
they do not swim here though
151
What happens in the body of the epididymis
proteins added to permit zona pellucida binding
Proteins to inhibit motilty and acrosome reaction
change the protamine (allow DNA to decondense in the oocyte)
cytoplasmic droplet moved further down the tail becoming dsital droplet
start gaining capacity to fertilize
14% fluid is absorbed
takes about 2-3 daus
152
What happens in the tail of the epididymis
1) cells capable of fertilization
2) removal of cholesterol
3) low pH to inhibit motility
4) Fluid Proteins to inhibit motility and acrosome rxn
5) contains thick smooth muscles -> contraction is triggered by ejaculation
*Not a healthy environment for supporting sperm long term (frequent collections)
4-14 days
153
Where are proteins that allow binding to zona pellucida added to the sperm?
in the body of the epididymis
154
What are the features of the tail of the epididymis
short cells with short microvilli and lots of thick smooth muscle
contraction tiggered by ejaculation
4-14 days
155
Ejaculation contains sperm from the __________
tail of the epididymis (High CH) and and from the vas deferens, this gives the sperm a wide range of survival
156
Why do males that have been sexually inactive need to be collected a few times
to collect the dead/degenerate cells that accumulate in order to produce good quality semen
157
Does frequent semen collection increase the number of immature sperm in the ejaculate
NO
158
Daily sperm output
the number of spermatozoa that can be collected per 24 hour period. Is determiend by collecting the male daily for 7 days. the sperm comes from the tail of the epididymis
159
Where is the receptor for g-protein and what does it do
in the seminal plasma
it increased cAMP
160
if there has been no collection in a long time, what happens to the old sperm
till the ductus deferens and then are voided in the urine
161
What stimulates the motility of epididymal sperm
seminal plasma
162
How is an erection stimulated
sympathetic nerves stimulate the release of nitric oxide causing vasodilation from the production of cGMP (G cyclase) increasing engorgement of blood
163
How is an erection stopped
the inactivation of cGMP through phosphodiesterase 5
164
Viagra inhibits
Phosphodiesterase 5
cGMP is not broken down and keep engorgement of blood
165
What substances make up seminal plasma
Fructose sugars
proteins- stimulate motility, inhibit capacitation (within20sec), epididymal sperm (within 20min)
pH buffers (citrate and bicarbonate)
salts
gel in some species
166
What species have seminal plasma that can harm the sperm
Dog and stallion
167
What is the only accessory sex gland that the dog has
Prostate
168
What fraction of the dog ejaculate has sperm in it
Middle fraction
1st and 3rd are from the prostate
169
When do the sperm require motility
cervix and UTJ (uterotubal junction) under female reproductive tract conditions
uterine contractions also help
170
What occurs once sperm passes the utero-tubal junction
sperm capacitation occurs
-Acrosome reaction (membrane fusions with cholesterol)
-fertilization
171
Where does sperm capacitation occur
oviduct
172
Sperm capacitation
process where removal of decapacitation factors (seminal plasma)- acrosomal stabilizing factor
cholesterol loss- membrane destabilization
cAMP- phosphorylation of various proteins
Pkc- protein tyrosine phosphorylation - increase lysolipids -> membrane fusion Ca2+
pH increase intracellularly
Calcium-protein function, membrane fusion, potassium
173
What is the mOsm of seminal plasma
300 mOsm
174
What occurs during capacitation
1) Cholesterol is removed -> acrosomal reaction
2) protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased calcium for membrane fusion
3) Lose seminal plasma proteins coating the cell
4) Exposes receptor for zona pellucida in the oviduct near oocyte
175
What is the acrosome reaction dependent on
Calcium allows membrane fusion via changes in charges
centrioles also do
176
When sperm are hyperactive, they move in a
star pattern- to stay in the area where the oocyte is
move through viscous fluid
177
The fusion of the plasma membrane with the outer acrosomal membrane allowing the liberation of enzymes to degrade the zona pellucida
Acrosomal reaction
178
What proteins are contained in the zona pellucida
ZP1- Structural
ZP2 - Binds sperm
ZP3 -induces AR
179
What zona pellucida protein induces the acrosomal reaction
ZP3
180
What zona pellucida protein binds to the sperm
ZP1
181
a necessary adhesion event between sperm and egg that is required for fertilization but is not sufficient for cell fusion.
Izumo 1
182
Cold shock of sperm
membranes undergoes phase transition and kills the sperm
183
What are the 4 methods of semen collection
1) Artificial vagina
2) Electro ejaculation
3) Manual massage
4) Chemical ejaculation
184
What is the gold standard of natural ejaculation
artificial vagina
185
What is a con of using electroejaculation
more seminal plasma
decreased concentration and may be detrimental if used on a species with toxic seminal plasma
186
What species can manual massage be used
dogs, poultry, fish, exotics
187
What 2 drugs are used in chemical ejaculation
Imipramine or Xylazine
188
What a consequence of using chemical ejaculation like with imipramine or xylazine
less seminal plasma
189
What does pus in the semen sample indicate
inflammation of the seminal vesicles
190
Pigs only require _____ for semen collection
Pressure, not temperature
191
What is a primary morphologic defect
defect in spermatogenesis
192
Primary abnormalities are caused by failure during the formation of the cell in ________ while secondary abnormalities occur as the sperm travel through the _____
tesis
epididymis
193
What is the stain for analyzing sperm viability
eosin nigrocin stain
194
Where in the brain is the sexually dimorphic nucleus that is very large in the male
hypothalmus
195
What masculinizes sexually dimorphic nucleus
E2
196
What is the gold standard for evaluating sperm concentration
hemocytometer
197
ASA (IgG) can cause_______
a decrease in fertility
198
What can result from a disruption of the blood-testis barrier
development of antisperm antibodies that decrease fertility
test with ASA test
199
What are the classification statuses of Bulls in BSE exams
Satisfactory
Questionable
Decision Deferred
Unsatisfactory
200
Bulls with Satisfactory classification have:
Met the minimal requirements for physical soundness and semen quality (scrotal circumference, sperm motility and morphology
Have an expected seasonal pregnancy rate of >80%
30 cows in 60-day breeding period
201
Bulls with a Questional classification would:
most likely impregnant cows but fertility would be below normal or if there is a risk of transmitting an undesirable trait to the offspring
(Bulls didnt pass one part of the BSE)
202
Bulls with a decision deferred classification are
1) prepubertal bulls with poor semen quality
2) mature bulls with a recent illness that affected spermatogenesis
*Re-evaluate at a later date
spermatogenesis - 60 days
Epididymal transport 5 to 10 days
203
Bulls with an unsatisfactory classification have
Failed the BSE
expected to achieve low pregnancy rate or poor fertility in cows during a breeding season
204
What are the classification of stallions after BSE exams
1) Satisfactory - >75% seasonal preg (40 naturally or 120 mares AI)
2) Questionable
3) Unsatisfactory
205
Does BSE estimate fertility or potential fertility
potential fertility
only true criteria for evaluation of fertility is the pregnancy rate in females bred
206
What is the only true criteria for evaluation of fertility
the pregnancy rate in females bred
207
What do the mullerian ducts develop into
oviduct
uterus
vagina
208
What do the wolffian ducts develop into
Vas Deferens
Epididymides
209
What does the genital tubercle become
Penis (under DHT)
Clitoris (absence)
210
What determines male gonadal development
presence of T chromosome and SRY region and Sox9 gene
211
Ovaries develop in the absence of
Y chromosome (and SRY region)
212
Individuals with XXY have:
Klinefelter's Syndrome- have testes present
213
Individuals with XO have
Turner's Syndrome - have ovaries present
214
Primordial germ cells migrate from the ______________ to the ___________
yolk sac to the genital ridge
215
How. do primitive sex cords form
as cells migrate inward from the coelomic epithelium to form the genital ridge
216
What do the sex cords give rise to?
The seminiferous tubules
217
What do primordial germ cells give rise to?
spermatozoa
218
What are the supporting cells
Male: Sertoli
Female: Granulosa
219
What are the interstitial cells
Male: Leydig
Female: Theca
*origin: mesenchyme
220
What do Sertoli and granulosa cells originate from?
sex cords
221
precursor to male internal genitalia (epididymis, vas deferens, urethra
Wolffian (mesonephric)
222
precursor to female internal genitalia (oviduct, uterus, cervix)
Mullerian (paramesonephric)
223
What is another name for the mullerian ducts
paramesonephric ducts
224
What is another name for the wolffian ducts
mesonephric ducts
225
What is the result of the sertoli cells producing AMH
mullerian ducts are are regressed
uterus, oviduct, and cervix do not develop
226
What is the result of the fetal leydig cells secreting testosterone
stimulates the development of the wolffian ducts into the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra
227
The absence of AMH allows for:
the development of the mullerian ducts into the oviduct, uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina
228
The absence of high testosterone during fetal development results in:
the regression of the wolffian duct system
-no epididymis and vas deferens forms
229
T/F the embryonic internal duct system will develop into female structures unless actively influenced by the testicular hormones AMH and testosterone
True
230
What causes masculinazation and formation of male external genitalia
androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
peripheral tissues convert testosterone to DHT via the enzyme 5-a reductase
231
What allows the formation of the penis and scrotum
DHT under enzyme 5a-reductase
232
What allows for the formation of female external genitalia (clitoris and labia)
the absence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
233
What happens to the urogenital sinus under the influence of DHT
closes the urethra and prostate developement
234
What happens to the urogenital sinus in the absence of DHT
it remains open and becomes the caudual vagina vestibule
235
an animal with both ovarian and testicular tissue present
Hermaphrodite
236
What species if hermaphroditism most common in?
Swine
*both ovarian and testicular tissue present
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What might you see on histology of an animal with hermaphroditism
spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, ovarian stroma, and follicles
ovotestes!
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What is it called when an animal has gonads of one sex and accessory reproductive organs of the opposite sex
Pseudohermaphroditism
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is hermaphroditism or pseudohermaphroditism more common
Pseudohermaphroditism
240
Testes with female external genitalia
Male pseudohermaphroditism
241
ovaries and male external genitalia
Female pseudohermaphroditism
242
Is male or female pseudohermaphroditism more common
Male pseudohermaphroditism
243
Androgen Resistance Syndromes
XY karotype
BIlateral testes
Normal regression of Mullerian ducts (AMH)
Normal secretion of testosterone
-> female external genitalia
a) 5a-reductase deficiency
b) Androgen receptor dysfunction
244
How do androgen resistance syndromes occur
a) 5a reductase deficiency
b) androgen receptor dysfunction
245
What is a result of androgen resistance syndromes (either through 5a reductase deficiency or androgen receptor dysfunction)
Bilateral testes and normal testosterone but female external genitalia due to lack of DHT
-Wolffian ducts are underdeveloped
246
In the absence of functional androgen receptors, what happens?
testosterone cannot induce development of the Wolffian ducts and DHT cannot stimulate masculinization of external genitalia
247
Exposure of female fetuses to androgens in utero may lead to:
masculinization of the external genitalia
248
What can result from andrenogenital syndrome during pregnancy?
enzyme deficiency in adrenal gland leads to overproduction of androgens and masculinization of the female fetus
249
An inherited disorder of AMH production resulting in oviducts ,uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina
Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome
250
Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome
An inherited disorder of AMH production resulting in oviducts ,uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina
251
XX sex reversal
testes or ovotestes present in an XX female
252
Freemartinism
intersex female born co-twin to a male
Occurs as a result of early fusion of placental blood vessels between twins, allowing interchange of blood
if anastomoses fail to form, the female fetus is unaffected
253
What happens to the female fetus in freemartinism
ovaries hypoplastic and may contain seminiferous tubules
Development of mullerian duct is variable
Wolffian duct derivatives present
External genitalia- female is hypoplastic
androgens and AMH from the male twin
254
What happens to the male in freemartinism
generally minimal efrect
255
the failure of the testes to descend completely into the scrotum - can be bilateral or unilateral
cryptorchidism
256
Testicular descent into the scrotum is caused by regression of
the gubernaculum (relative to fetal growth)
androgen dependent
257
What is the result of cryptorchidism
-Azoospermia- due to elevated testicular temperature
-Male behavior due to androgen production
-Increased risk of testicular tumors
-Inherited trait in some species
258
Testicular hypoplasia
aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophy
testes smaller than normal (Beef bulls should be >32cm scrotal circumference at 12 months of age)
hereditary (camelids)
Associated with cryptorchidism, chromosomal abnormalities, exogenous hormone treatment
259
What is the main different between testicular hypoplasia vs degeneration
hyoplasia is congential
260
Most calico cats are
XX color pattern inherited on X chromosomes (orange and black)
261
Why are male calico cats abnormal
the color pattern is inherited on the X chromosomes so they need to be XXY karyotype (Klinefelter Syndrome)
262
Are tricolored male cats infertile
Yes- infertile testicular hypoplasia
no spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules
263
What species is cryptorchidism is most common in
Pigs
Dogs
Horses (5-8% as opposed to about 1%)
264
Is cryptorchidism inherited
potentially in certain individuals in some species
265
Is unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism more common
Unilateral- left tends to be more intra-abdominal and right tends to be inguinal
266
In cryptorchidism, what testicle tends to be more intra-abdominal?
What tends to be more inguinal
Left: intra-abdominal
Right: inguinal
267
Species with cryptorchidism have an increased risk of:
1) Neoplasia (Dogs and horses)
2) Torsion of the spermatic cord
268
Unilateral cryptorchid males are potentially
fertile- sperm are produced by descended testis
Bilateral cryptorchid males are infertile
no sperm are produced by cryptorchid testes
269
What are animals with abdominal testes
Monotremes (platypus, echidna)
Armadillos
Sloths
Elpehants
Rhinoceros
Whale
Dolphins
270
In cryptorchid males, the testes are small but what has a relatively large size
the epididymis
271
What does cryptorchid testes look like under ultrasound
smaller in size and appear more anechoic
272
How can you test for cryptorchidism
Test testosterone
Give HCG
test afterwars 1-2
HCG acts like LH and you will see increase in testosterone so you will see an increased
273
What is testicular degeneration
the most frequent cause of reduced fertility
many causes
Primary spermatocytes are most susceptible
Palpation of testi:
resilent -> soft -> firm/fibrotic
274
What do the testes feel like in testicular degeneration
Begin as resilent and then become more soft and then firm/fibrotic
275
What are the potential causes of testicular degeneration
Age***
Elevated temp
Systemic infections
nutritional factors
toxins
trauma
vascular occlusion
obstruction to sperm outflow
autoimmunity
hormonal deficiencies
frostbite
unknown
276
What does testicuar degeneration look like in histology
Seminiferous tubules with no germ cells
277
inflammation of the testis due to trauma - local/regional effect or infection (hematogenous)
Orchitis
278
What is a common cause of orchitis
Infection (hematogenous)
Brucella/Brucella canis
trauma- local/regional effect
279
inflammation of the tissue around the testicle
Periorchitis
280
Hydrocele or hematocele
increased insulation adversely affecting the sperm production and sperm viability
281
What is the primary target of testicular degeneration
primary spermatocytes
282
Torsion of the spermatic cord are most common in:
Dogs and horses
283
"Testicular torsion" is actually the torsion of the
Spermatic cord
284
How do you tell a hematocele from a hydrocele upon ultrasound
Hydrocele: anechoic fluid
Hematocele: fibrin strands in anechoic fluid
285
Interstitial cell tumors
neoplasia of the leydig cells
tan color, discrete, soft
most common testis tumor of the dog
minimal androgen production
Seldom metastasize
286
What is the most common testis tumor of the dog
Interstitial (Leydig) cell timor
287
What testicle tumor is tan in color, discrete, and soft
Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor
288
Do Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumors commonly metastasize
seldomly
289
What testicle tumor is white, lobular, and firm
Sertoli (Sustentacular)
290
WHat is the effect of sertoli cell tumors
estrogenic effects, feminization, alopecia, bone marrow suppression
291
Sertoli (Sustentacular) cell tumor
White, lobular, firm
Frequent in the dog
Metastasis is unusual
Estrogenic effects: feminization, alopecia, bone marrow suppression
292
3 types of germ cell tumors
1) teratoma
2) dysgerminoma
3) seminoma
293
What are common scrotal lesions?
-Dermatitis
-Trauma
-Edema (insulation effect)
-Frostbite
-Neoplasms
294
Priapism
prolonged penile swelling without stimulation
295
Paraphimosis
inability to retract penis into the prepuce
296
Phimosis
stenosis of the preputial orifice preventing protrusion of the penis
297
prolonged penile swelling without stimulation
Priapism
298
inability to retract penis into the prepuce
Paraphimosis
299
stenosis of the preputial orifice preventing protrusion of the penis
Phimosis
300
What causes infectious pustular balanoposthitis in the bull
BoHV-1 (Bovine Herpesvirus-1)
301
What are the 6 penile lesions that the bull gets
1) Penile deviation
2) infectious pustular balanoposthitis
3) Persistent frenulum
4) Penile hematoma (fractured/broken)
5) Preputial abscess
6) Fibropapilloma
302
Fractured penis is a result of rupturing the
tunica albuginea of the penis and leakage of the blood from corpus cavernosum
303
Where does the hematoma typically occur when the penis is fractured
dorsally
cranially to scrotum
304
What are 6 common penile lesions the stallion gets
-Priapism
-Paraphimosis and Phimosis
-Neoplasia (Squamous cell carcinoma)
-Habronemiasis (Summer Sores)
-Coital exanthema (EHV-3)
-Urethritis
305
What causes coital exanthema
EHV-3
306
Paraphomosis is secondary to
a lot of reasons (could be secondary to acute colitis in a breeding stallion)
307
How is EHV-3 spread
Coital exanthema is spread through venereal transmission
308
What is a neoplasm that stallions typically get on their penis
squamous cell carcinoma
309
transmissible venereal tumor
transplant of cancer cells (via direct physical contact)
world-wide distribution (esp tropical areas)
tumor cells have 59 chromosomes (dog has 78)
Sites- penis, vulva, nasal passages
locally invasive
310
3 Common penis lesions of the dog
1) transmissible venereal tumor
2) canine herpesvirus
3) fracture of the os penis
311
What penile lesion is common in boars
Preputial diverticulitis
312
What causes pizzle rot (ulcerative posthitis) in sheep
Corynebacterium renale
due to high protein ration
313
What predisposed sheep to pizzle rot
high protein ration
314
What should you do when a urinary calculi is lodged in the urethral process of the rm
cut off the urethral process
315
What species get seminal vesiculitis
Bulls and stallions
316
What accessory sex gland does the pig not have
ampullae
317
All species have bulbourthral gland except for the
dog
318
How can you diagnose seminal vesiculitis in thestallion
rectal palpation or ultrasound
319
What is a causative agent of seminal vesiculitis in the bull
Actinomyces pyogenes
320
Prostatic disease
Prostatitis
Prostatic cysts
Prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)- intact ale dogs under androgenic stimulation
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
-most species- dogs
321
What causes prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
intact male dogs under androgenic (testosterone) stimulation
322
obstruction of the lumen of ductus deferens in stallion leads
No sperm passing through
ejaculate devoid of sperm
323
inflammation of epididymis
epididymitis
324
