Exam 2 Flashcards
It has been suggested that repeated matings
a) turn on genes important for learning and memory
b) result in a phenotypically plastic response in the brain of voles
c) can affect up to 70 different brain regions
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
d) all of the above
Prairie vole males and females
a) live together, sharing a nest
b) both participate in raising the young together
c) defend their territory together
d) found in a central location
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
It has been hypothesized that prairie voles are monogamous because
a) they don’t live long enough to be successful reproducing any other way
b) they have no receptors for vasopressin which would allow them to bond
c) almost all species of voles exhibit monogamous behavior
d) they live in a homogeneous environment and are widely scattered in the habitat
e) all of the above
d) they live in a homogeneous environment and are widely scattered in the habitat
Identify the mismatched pair:
a) nucleus acumbens :: reward region of brain
b) meadow voles :: solitary
c) AAV :: brain region with oxytocin receptors
d) monogamy :: less than 5% of mammals
e) oxytocin :: peptide
c) AAV :: brain region with oxytocin receptors
Voles genetically engineered to lack oxytocin receptors
a) lost ability to bond with a mate
b) became promiscuous
c) became uninterested in mating
d) did not exhibit any change in their bonding behavior
e) showed increases in the number of neurons that responded to a mate
d) did not exhibit any change in their bonding behavior
Which of the following conditions caused a shift to a morphology more like the Devil’s Hole species (smaller with a larger head, no pelvic fins …)?
a) food restriction
b) cooler water temperatures
c) increased salinity
d) increased thyroid hormone levels
e) all of the above factors caused this shift
a) food restriction
Terrestrial biomes rely on what two things and vary with what two things?
Temp and precipitation
Latitude and altitude
Optimum level (or zone)
Each ssp has a range (of temperature, O2, etc) where it is most comfortable
Range of tolerance
Range in which a species can survive even if it’s not comfortable
Zones of stress
between limits of tolerance and the optimum
Limiting factors
A resource is scarce relative to its demand
(limits growth or reproduction of community or indv)
How do organisms adapt to limited resources? 3 things
Adapt (carnivorous gain nitrogen via bugs)
Improve at mining (long taproots to get deep groundwater)
Not be present at that place (can’t take heat)
What are limiting factors often referred to as?
Law of the minimum
The pools and springs of Death Valley
a) are good habitats for small fish, being relatively stable, protected from predation, and rich in nutrients
b) are basically stable in size since they don’t depend on regular rainstorms for replenishment
c) dry up for a period annually and have to be repopulated annually with fish
d) are primarily artesian (ground-water based)
e) are freshwater habitats resulting just from rain and runoff
d) are primarily artesian (ground-water based)
This study primarily examined
a) the natural history of one population of pupfish
b) ultimate causes of phenotypic plasticity
c) descriptive answers to questions about different phenotypes of pupfish populations
d) proximate causes of phenotypic plasticity
e) none of the above
d) proximate causes of phenotypic plasticity
Identify the mismatched pair
a) goitrogens :: interfere with thyroid function
b) paedomorphic :: Devil’s Hole pupfish
c) territorial behavior :: AVT hormone
d) morphological changes in refuge populations :: phenotypic plasticity
e) pupfish :: 3-4” long as adults
e) pupfish :: 3-4” long as adults
Phenotypic plasticity
a) only affects external anatomical phenotype
b) is seen in the pupfish morphology, their behavior and their physiology
c) is related to genetic variation within a species
d) is directly responsible for speciation in pupfish and Darwin’s finches
e) always results in an irreversible shift in phenotype
b) is seen in the pupfish morphology, their behavior and their physiology
Why don’t wooly spider monkeys stay in the same tree and eat until they’re full?
a) there is too much competition and they have to keep moving around
b) it’s too dangerous to stay in one place. their predators will likely pick them off
c) the leaves contain poisons that they can only consume in small amounts at a time
d) it would kill the trees and thus their food source
c) the leaves contain poisons that they can only consume in small amounts at a time
In order to consume milkweed leaves, some beetles
a) have developed immunity to the toxins in the sap
b) puncture the leaf vein to prevent sap from reaching the rest of the leaf which they can then eat
c) eat the leaves really fast so the plant doesn’t have time to transport the toxin to the leaves
d) none of the above
b) puncture the leaf vein to prevent sap from reaching the rest of the leaf which they can then eat
Macaws
a) focus on eating fruits and thus don’t have to worry about toxins in their food
b) are immune to the effects of the toxins they consume
c) self-medicate to neutralize the toxins by eating clay (kaolin)
d) none of the above
c) self-medicate to neutralize the toxins by eating clay (kaolin)
Identify the mismatched pair:
a) squirrel monkeys :: fruit eaters
b) chimps :: tool use for opening nuts
c) bamboo lemurs :: immune to cyanide in bamboo shorts
d) aye-ayes :: consume flowers whenever they can
d) aye-ayes :: consume flowers whenever they can
Frigatebirds
a) steal fish from terns as they return from foraging
b) prey upon other bird species like the smaller terns
c) follow terns out to sea to learn where there are lots of fish
d) plunge dive on the shoals of fish that are concentrated into certain areas by barracuda
a) steal fish from terns as they return from foraging
Indicator species
Organisims w/ low range of tolerance and indicate smthg about it (canary in a coal mine)
Synergetic effects
2 factors that are additive when combined
1+1= more than 2
ex: wind chill
What methods do animals use to alter tolerances?
Isozymes, heat shock proteins, acclimatization
Isozymes
Same type of enzyme that works best at diff temps
Limits to acclimatization are often caused by
Genes baby
Threshold effect
The straw that broke the camel’s back.
Final little change that you can’t adapt to so you cross the threshold by leaving or dying
Allometry
Body parts don’t grow at the same rate
Isometry
All body parts grow at same time and scale
More surface area to volume ratio means:
More exchange w/ environment and don’t need to conserve heat as much
Principle of Allocation
All organisms must distribute their limited resources to one of life’s functions
Most organisms preform best under a _____ range of conditions
Limited
Hindgut/foregut fermentors
Rumen full of microbes
Rabbits
Cows
Coprophagy
Eat your poop.
2 types of poop pellets- nutrient rich and pebbles
Endothermy
Use heat generated by internal mechanisms (metabolism)
Ectothermy
Use environmental sources to control body temp
Still metabolize but loose that to the environment
Outcomes of body temp regulation mechanisms (3)
Homeothermy
Heterothermy
Poikilothermy
Homeothermy
Stable body temp
Heterothermy
Body temp changes (hibernation)
Poikilothermy
Environmental body temp
How do cold temps affect physiological activity?
Inhibit nervous systems
Reduces enzyme effectiveness bc of cell rigidity and slow movement
How do warm temps affect physiological activity?
Osmotic stress
Dehyration
Enzymes denaturing
Evaporation
Latent heat transfer (loss of heat)
Conduction
Transfer heat between object and surroundings (Loss or gain)
Convection
Sensible heat transfer through atmosphere (loss or gain)
Radiation
gain by sun or give off body heat (loss or gain)
Metabolism
Heat gain
In cold weather, homeotherms:
Shiver
Increase metabolism
Pilomotor response (fluff fur or goosebumps)
Huddle and other behaviors
In hot weather, homeotherms:
Evaporate (sweat or slobber)
Vasodilate (expand blood variables to lose heat)
How do plants deal with extreme temperature changes seasonally?
Alter transpiration and evaporation rate
Strategies for dealing with extreme weather changes
Relocation
Storage (stockpile foot or fat)
Dormancy/ torpor/ hibernation
depends on biological rhythms
Polyphenism is the outcome of what
Phenotypic plasticity
Somatic growth
Cell growth
Why reproduce asexually?
Easier and less energetically expensive
Meiosis
make haploid gamete w/ half of DNA, other half wasted
Outbreeding depression
breeding w/; someone too distant is bad
Cost of males
Males are expensive and unable to ‘clone’ self to make baby
Gonochoristic
Single-sex, fixed at maturity (may be environmentally determined)
Red Queen Hypothesis
‘Run as fast as you can to stay in the same place’
harder to get nutrients needed when reproducing sexually
Anisogamy
Females produce few expensive gametes (eggs)
males produce many cheap gametes (sperm)
Isogamous
gametes of both sexes roughly same size
Parthenogenic
Essentially clone self (reptiles)
Sexual bc meiosis and form gametes
Simultanous hermaphrodite
Male and female gonads at same time
Sequential hermaphrodite
Start life as one sex, change sex after maturity
Protandrous hermaphrodite
Male first, female later
Protogynous hermaphrodite
Female first, male later
What is the most common mating system?
Promiscuous
Both sexes w/ multiple partners and no long term associations
No courtship or parental care
Polygyny
1 male with many females
97% all mammals
Polyandry
1 females with many males
V rare (common in some birds)
Monogamous
Mating pair remains solely together over 1) season 2)lifetime 3) until someone hot comes along
T or F, only humans cheat in monogamy
False every monogamous system shows some cheating
Monomorphic
Females and males look exactly alike
Permanently dimorphic
Mature sexes distinguishable
Seasonally dimorphic
Mature sexes distinguishable only during spawning
Polymorhphic
More than 2 morphs of female and male
Sexy son hypothesis
Female wants to ensure her son will be sexy in future so she picks only sexy mates
Runway sexual selection
Females pick a characteristic they like and drive directional selection
Handicap principle
Peacocks have huge tail and maintain it to be sexy. But its dangerous to have. If you can stay
Precocial
Babiues matured, large, few
Super precocial
Baby wildbeasts can keep up with herd 2 h after birth
altricical
babies very little, underdeveloped, many
3 aspects of reproduction
maturity - when can reproduce
parity - times of reproduction
fecundity - # of offspring
Live through at least one nonbreeding season
annual and bi-annual reproduction
semelparous
reproduce once in life
extreme or unstable environments
works as long as you time it right
perennials
live multiple years
iteroparous
live and reproduce over many years, repeat reproducers
continuous breeders are common in what environments?
stable! tropics and temporal generally
determinate growth
humans stop growing at some point. size doesn’t increase number of kids or attempts for kids you have
indeterminate growth
trees grow as big as they can, size in creases # of attempts for kids/ # of kids
Population (generally)
group of individuals that can reproduce with one another in one location, same species, can interact on frequent basis
Genet individual
clonal group of organisms (maggot workers, polyps in coral)
Ramet individual
Make up genet, individuals within clone group
Dispersal
animals moving around
Dispersion
patterns of movement (clumped, uniform, etc)
Uniform dispersion
Evenly spaced individuals
limited resources bc everyone wants space but limited room
direct interactions amounts indvs
Random dispersion
Lack of predictable pattern
no attraction or aggression
not v common
plants in a homogenous environment often
clumped dispersion
organisms in groups
patchiness of resources
aggression/attraction
most common in nature
BMR
Basal metabolic rate
Baseline metabolism when hungry and at rest
