Exam 2 Flashcards
It has been suggested that repeated matings
a) turn on genes important for learning and memory
b) result in a phenotypically plastic response in the brain of voles
c) can affect up to 70 different brain regions
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
d) all of the above
Prairie vole males and females
a) live together, sharing a nest
b) both participate in raising the young together
c) defend their territory together
d) found in a central location
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
It has been hypothesized that prairie voles are monogamous because
a) they don’t live long enough to be successful reproducing any other way
b) they have no receptors for vasopressin which would allow them to bond
c) almost all species of voles exhibit monogamous behavior
d) they live in a homogeneous environment and are widely scattered in the habitat
e) all of the above
d) they live in a homogeneous environment and are widely scattered in the habitat
Identify the mismatched pair:
a) nucleus acumbens :: reward region of brain
b) meadow voles :: solitary
c) AAV :: brain region with oxytocin receptors
d) monogamy :: less than 5% of mammals
e) oxytocin :: peptide
c) AAV :: brain region with oxytocin receptors
Voles genetically engineered to lack oxytocin receptors
a) lost ability to bond with a mate
b) became promiscuous
c) became uninterested in mating
d) did not exhibit any change in their bonding behavior
e) showed increases in the number of neurons that responded to a mate
d) did not exhibit any change in their bonding behavior
Which of the following conditions caused a shift to a morphology more like the Devil’s Hole species (smaller with a larger head, no pelvic fins …)?
a) food restriction
b) cooler water temperatures
c) increased salinity
d) increased thyroid hormone levels
e) all of the above factors caused this shift
a) food restriction
Terrestrial biomes rely on what two things and vary with what two things?
Temp and precipitation
Latitude and altitude
Optimum level (or zone)
Each ssp has a range (of temperature, O2, etc) where it is most comfortable
Range of tolerance
Range in which a species can survive even if it’s not comfortable
Zones of stress
between limits of tolerance and the optimum
Limiting factors
A resource is scarce relative to its demand
(limits growth or reproduction of community or indv)
How do organisms adapt to limited resources? 3 things
Adapt (carnivorous gain nitrogen via bugs)
Improve at mining (long taproots to get deep groundwater)
Not be present at that place (can’t take heat)
What are limiting factors often referred to as?
Law of the minimum
The pools and springs of Death Valley
a) are good habitats for small fish, being relatively stable, protected from predation, and rich in nutrients
b) are basically stable in size since they don’t depend on regular rainstorms for replenishment
c) dry up for a period annually and have to be repopulated annually with fish
d) are primarily artesian (ground-water based)
e) are freshwater habitats resulting just from rain and runoff
d) are primarily artesian (ground-water based)
This study primarily examined
a) the natural history of one population of pupfish
b) ultimate causes of phenotypic plasticity
c) descriptive answers to questions about different phenotypes of pupfish populations
d) proximate causes of phenotypic plasticity
e) none of the above
d) proximate causes of phenotypic plasticity
Identify the mismatched pair
a) goitrogens :: interfere with thyroid function
b) paedomorphic :: Devil’s Hole pupfish
c) territorial behavior :: AVT hormone
d) morphological changes in refuge populations :: phenotypic plasticity
e) pupfish :: 3-4” long as adults
e) pupfish :: 3-4” long as adults
Phenotypic plasticity
a) only affects external anatomical phenotype
b) is seen in the pupfish morphology, their behavior and their physiology
c) is related to genetic variation within a species
d) is directly responsible for speciation in pupfish and Darwin’s finches
e) always results in an irreversible shift in phenotype
b) is seen in the pupfish morphology, their behavior and their physiology
Why don’t wooly spider monkeys stay in the same tree and eat until they’re full?
a) there is too much competition and they have to keep moving around
b) it’s too dangerous to stay in one place. their predators will likely pick them off
c) the leaves contain poisons that they can only consume in small amounts at a time
d) it would kill the trees and thus their food source
c) the leaves contain poisons that they can only consume in small amounts at a time
In order to consume milkweed leaves, some beetles
a) have developed immunity to the toxins in the sap
b) puncture the leaf vein to prevent sap from reaching the rest of the leaf which they can then eat
c) eat the leaves really fast so the plant doesn’t have time to transport the toxin to the leaves
d) none of the above
b) puncture the leaf vein to prevent sap from reaching the rest of the leaf which they can then eat
Macaws
a) focus on eating fruits and thus don’t have to worry about toxins in their food
b) are immune to the effects of the toxins they consume
c) self-medicate to neutralize the toxins by eating clay (kaolin)
d) none of the above
c) self-medicate to neutralize the toxins by eating clay (kaolin)
Identify the mismatched pair:
a) squirrel monkeys :: fruit eaters
b) chimps :: tool use for opening nuts
c) bamboo lemurs :: immune to cyanide in bamboo shorts
d) aye-ayes :: consume flowers whenever they can
d) aye-ayes :: consume flowers whenever they can
Frigatebirds
a) steal fish from terns as they return from foraging
b) prey upon other bird species like the smaller terns
c) follow terns out to sea to learn where there are lots of fish
d) plunge dive on the shoals of fish that are concentrated into certain areas by barracuda
a) steal fish from terns as they return from foraging
Indicator species
Organisims w/ low range of tolerance and indicate smthg about it (canary in a coal mine)
Synergetic effects
2 factors that are additive when combined
1+1= more than 2
ex: wind chill
What methods do animals use to alter tolerances?
Isozymes, heat shock proteins, acclimatization
Isozymes
Same type of enzyme that works best at diff temps
Limits to acclimatization are often caused by
Genes baby
Threshold effect
The straw that broke the camel’s back.
Final little change that you can’t adapt to so you cross the threshold by leaving or dying
Allometry
Body parts don’t grow at the same rate
Isometry
All body parts grow at same time and scale
More surface area to volume ratio means:
More exchange w/ environment and don’t need to conserve heat as much
Principle of Allocation
All organisms must distribute their limited resources to one of life’s functions
Most organisms preform best under a _____ range of conditions
Limited
Hindgut/foregut fermentors
Rumen full of microbes
Rabbits
Cows
Coprophagy
Eat your poop.
2 types of poop pellets- nutrient rich and pebbles
Endothermy
Use heat generated by internal mechanisms (metabolism)
Ectothermy
Use environmental sources to control body temp
Still metabolize but loose that to the environment
Outcomes of body temp regulation mechanisms (3)
Homeothermy
Heterothermy
Poikilothermy
Homeothermy
Stable body temp
