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Gen Ecology 302 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hierarchy of biological organization

A

Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ system

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2
Q

The word Ecology is derived from the Greek work ‘oikos’ which means

A

House

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3
Q

Hierarchy of biological realms

A

Organisms
Populations
Community
Ecosystems
Landscapes
Biosphere

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4
Q

Physiological ecology

A

Organismal level of ecological study

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5
Q

Population ecology

A

Population-level of ecological study

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6
Q

Community ecology

A

Community level of study (ie predation etc)

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7
Q

Ecosystem ecology

A

Ecosystem level of study (ie energy flow, food webs etc)

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8
Q

Global Ecology

A

Climate change and effects etc

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9
Q

Temporal variation

A

different times

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10
Q

Spatial variation

A

Different places

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11
Q

Proximate questions

A

Now, immediate, functional. ‘How’ questions

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12
Q

Ultimate questions

A

Evolutionarily ‘Why’ questions

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13
Q

Descriptive questions

A

‘What’ questions

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14
Q

What does the terrestrial ecosystem’s structure rely on?

A

Plants baby

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15
Q

Climate

A

Averages of temp, rainfall, lights, wind speed, hours of light

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16
Q

Weather

A

The day-to-day variation in temp, rainfall, lights, wind speed, hours of light

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17
Q

Seasons

A

Long-term predictable variation of temp, rainfall, lights, etc. Only truly outside the tropics

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18
Q

Why do seasons occur outside the tropics?

A

23-degree tilt of Earth’s axis

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19
Q

Troposphere

A

lowest layer of atmosphere, weather occurs here

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20
Q

Stratosphere

A

Lots of O3 (ozone) protects troposphere oxygen and screens out UV light

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21
Q

Mesosphere

A

Coldest, shooting stars

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22
Q

Thermosphere

A

Northern lights happen here

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23
Q

What is the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause?

A

Where atmosphere levels meet or end. Very little mixing occurs between layers

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24
Q

If everywhere on Earth gets the same hours of sunlight annually, why is there a different climate?

A

The Equator gets more energy and the difference is magnified by different levels of reradiation

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25
Q

Latent heat flux

A

Evaporation

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26
Q

Sensible heat flux

A

Convection (heat away from you), conduction (heat to you)

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27
Q

Albedo

A

Capacity to reflect radiation

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28
Q

2 key concepts of the climate model:

A

Warm air (water) rises, cool air (water) sinks

Warm air holds more water vapor than cold air

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29
Q

Intertropical Convergence Zone

A

Belt of moisture and rain in the tropics w/o much wind between the 2 Hadley cells

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30
Q

Which of the following statements is false?

a) increased CO2 in the atmosphere is likely to cause decreased ocean pH
b) some populations of penguins are declining because of spring snowmelt floods nests
c) spring phytoplankton bloom of diatoms is dependent on the annual cycle of the ice forming and melting
d) benthic inverts show a strong correlation between water temp and early development timing
e) there is less snow in the Antarctic now as the climate warms

A

e) there is less snow in the Antarctic now as the climate warms

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31
Q

Identify the mismatched pair

a) pteropods = marine mollusks threatened by ocean acidification
b) salps = food chain dead end
c) durophagous species = predators adapted for eating hard shell prey
d) krill = adults forage on algae under the ice sheets
e) algal forests = expanding with the eroding ice shelves

A

d) krill = adults forage on algae under the ice sheets

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32
Q

The ACC

a) helps to mix Antarctic biota with species from more temperate conditions to the North
b) generally found hugging very close to the Antarctic coats except along the Antarctic Peninsula
c) moves in an East to West direction around the South pole
d) naturally upwells at the Antarctic Peninsula’s western shore, making for a productive ecosystem
e) all of the above

A

d) naturally upwells at the Antarctic Peninsula’s western shore, making for a productive ecosystem

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33
Q

King crabs are normally confined to deep basins in the Antarctic because

a) of competition w/ other species found on the shallower continental shelves
b) there they can overcome the deadly effects of magnesium narcosis
c)the basin water is colder than neat the surface and they can’t tolerate warm waters
d) that’s the only place their food can live
e) none of the above

A

b) there they can overcome the deadly effects of magnesium narcosis

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34
Q

Adelie penguin populations are

a) increasing as the sea ice disappears and they have greater access to fish
b) decreasing in part because they breed earlier than the other penguins and are susceptible to spring nest floods
c) helped out by the increased snow bc it provides greater insulation
d) increasing bc of deceased completion with other penguin species
e) basically unaffected

A

b) decreasing in part because they breed earlier than the other penguins and are susceptible to spring nest floods

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35
Q

Which of the following has not been a pandemic disease?

a) flu
b) cholera
c) bubonic plague
d) AIDS
e) rabies

A

e) rabies

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36
Q

A zoonotic is

A

a disease transmitted from animals to humans

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37
Q

Air cell between 0 and 30 degrees

A

Hadley cell

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38
Q

air cell between 30 and 60 degrees

A

Ferrel cell

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39
Q

Air cell between 60 and 90 degrees

A

Polar cell

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39
Q

Global air currents cause 0 to be

A

Wet

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39
Q

Global air currents cause 30 to be

A

Dry (Sahara Desert)

39
Q

Global air currents cause 60 to be

A

Wet (not as much as equator tho)

40
Q

Westerlies are

A

Winds coming from North pole and going West

40
Q

Global air currents cause 90 to be

A

Cold and dry

41
Q

Easterlies are

A

Winds coming from South pole and going East

42
Q

West Coast currents are

A

Cold

43
Q

East coast currents are

A

Warm

44
Q

T or F, ITCZ goes around the equator perfectly all year round

A

False

45
Q

Why does ice float and water at the bottom of the lake never freezes?

A

H2O is most dense at 4 degrees Celsius

46
Q

Thermocline

A

The narrow distance of which the temperature decreases in a body of water

47
Q

The different types of organisms in a region

A

Richness

48
Q

Relative numbers of species in a region

A

Evenness

49
Q

Intraspecific diversity

A

Within 1 species
Esp between populations
indv pops accumulated different traits to suit local conditions

50
Q

More diverse populations =

A

More stable

51
Q

Causes of diversity

A

Vertical structure ( Kansas plains vs rainforest trees)
Stability -> specialzation (ie tropics)
Disturbance

52
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

Species diversity is highest in areas of occasional disturbance (a factor that alters landscape)
Bc high species numbers and evenness
Disturbance reduces good competitors and gives others chance to colonize and coexist

53
Q

Why is low disturbance bad?

A

Overcompition by dominant species and exclude other species

54
Q

Why is high disturbance bad?

A

Too chaotic, only few, stress-tolerant species survive

55
Q

Diversity loss due to

A

Overuse
Exotic spp intro
Pollution
Population alterations
Habitat alterations

56
Q

Why is there higher taxa generally in marine ecosystems?

A

More orders and taxa
More time and stability to evolve

57
Q

Richness _____ with primary productivity

A

Increases

58
Q

T or F, islands tend to have lower diversity than comparable areas of mainland

A

True

59
Q

Saturation number

A

of species on a island at the same time

60
Q

Island species tend to

A

Get BIG or v v small
Lose dispersal abilities

60
Q

Emigration and extinction rates on islands affected by

A

Dispersal abilities
Habitat heterogeneity
Habitat size

61
Q

Spp richness bigger on land-brigde islands than oceanic islands . What is this called?

A

Species relaxation

62
Q

50% loss of habitat =

A

10% loss of species

63
Q

90% loss of habitat =

A

50% loss of species

64
Q

95% loss of habitat =

A

75% loss of species

65
Q

Evolution is

A

Change in allele frequencies

66
Q

Adaptions are

A

Characteristics that result on the improved ability for an individual to survive/thrive in an environment

67
Q

T or F, evolution is not directionless but has no goal

A

True

68
Q

T or F, since the direction is determined at the time of selection and can only occur based on current conditions, an adaption can become a negative

A

True

69
Q

Fitness

A

Proportional contribution of an individual to future generations

70
Q

Why are adaptions imperfect?

A

Everything is a tradeoff and the environment changes. Also can only occur on a list that exists.

71
Q

T or F, indiviudals evolve

A

False

72
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Selects against two extremes, or for the average phenotype
Compresses variability
Ex: birth weight - though skewed due to modern meds

73
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Select against average or fo two extremes
Separates population into distinct morphs

74
Q

Directional selection

A

Selects against one extreme or for one end of the phenotypic curve
Ex: pesticide resistance

75
Q

What is the source of all genetic variation?

A

Mutation

76
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

Null hypothesis
# of limitations mean allele frequency won’t change
(flip it and say what is causing allele changes)

77
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

Trait appearances differ due to environments but are genetically the same

78
Q

Outbreeding depression

A

Can’t breed q/ someone too different

78
Q

Inbreeding and outbreeding depression sweet spot is

A

Optimal outcrossing distance

78
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

A decrease in allele variations leads to an increase of homozygous traits

79
Q

Clinical variation

A

Series of ecotypes with some genetic basis

80
Q

Phenotypic definition of a species and limitations

A

Look-alike or different

Some species are the same and have different traits
Some species look crazy similar but have different habits

81
Q

Reproductive definition of a species and limitations

A

Most common
If 2 species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Open circle species (if A can breed with b and b with c, but c and breed with a)
Doesn’t work for asexual species

82
Q

Phylogenetic definition of species

A

Common ancestor

83
Q

Ecological definition of species

A

Different species based on behaviors or habitat etc

84
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Allo - differnt patric - countries

New species bc geographic isolation from ancestors
Most common form

85
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Speciation w/o geographical isolation due to hybridization, polyploidy, behavioral isolation, character displacement (different characteristics)

86
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

of sets of chromosomes

87
Q

Hybridization (or allopolyploidy) v cmmon in plants. Why?

A

Can speciate through polyploidy
Plants sedentary and pollen goes everywhere
Can self fertilize

88
Q

Prezygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation

A

Geographic
Ecological
Behavioral
Temporal
Mechanical
Gametic

89
Q

Postzygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation

A

Hybrid inviability (miscarriage)
Hybrid sterility
Hydrid breakdown (first gen fertile, future-gen not)

90
Q

Allopolyploidy:

A

hybrid of 2 species chromosome sets

91
Q

Founder effect

A

Start new pop w/ a small subset of the original population (zoos)

91
Q

Population bottlenecks

A

Population significantly reduced the allele frequencies may change not due to natural selection

92
Q

Variation is counteracted by

A

Gene flow

93
Q

What does gene flow do to populations?

A

Homogenizes them

Gen Ecology 302 (3 decks)

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