Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is half life of a hormone
A
A hormones half life is the time required for its concentration to decrease to half of its initial concentration meaning it doesnt instantly disappear it is just degraded
2
Q
What is the half life of a hormone dependent on
A
How fast the metablism is
3
Q
What is afferent
A
Move away from the tissue then towards the nervous system
4
Q
What is efferent
A
Goes towards something such as the tissue
5
Q
What are the 5 modes of signaling
A
Endocrine, autocrine, paracrine, juxtacrine, and intracrine
6
Q
What is autocrine
A
Same cell that releases the hormone has the receptor to the hormone
7
Q
What is paracrine
A
Signals to the cell next to the cell that secretes it
8
Q
What is juxtacrine
A
Signaling molecules is bound and binds to a receptor on its neighbor
9
Q
What is intracrine
A
Signal is released w/in the cell and acts w/in the cell
10
Q
What are the major pituitary hormones
A
ADH, GnRH, TRH, PRH, CRH, and GHRH
11
Q
What does ADH produce from the pituitary, its targets, and effects
A
Produces stores AVP, targets kidney sweat glands, and circulatory system, and effects water balance
12
Q
What does GnRH produce in the pituitary, its targets, and effects
A
Produces LH and FSH, targets the repro system, and LH stimulates production of sex hormones by gonads FSH stimulates production of sperm and eggs
13
Q
What does TRH produce in the pituitary, its targets, and effects
A
Produces TSH, targets the thyroid gland, and effects stimulates the release of thyroid hormone regulating metabolism
14
Q
What does PRH produce in the pituitary, its target, and effects
A
Produces PRL, targets mammary glands, and effects milk production
15
Q
What does GHRH produce in the pituitary, its target, and its effects
A
Produces GH, targets liver, bones, and muscles, and effects IGF stimulating body growth and a higher metabolic rate
16
Q
What does CRH produce in the pituitary, its target, and its effects
A
Produces ACTH, its target is the adrenal glands, and effects glucocorticoids which regulates metabolism and stress response
17
Q
What does the nerve center drive
A
Homeostatic and homeostasis states
18
Q
What does hypothalamus control
A
Homeostasis as the main link of nervous and endocrine systems
19
Q
What is the infundibulum
A
Its a stalk of portal vessels
20
Q
What is the anterior pituitary gland comprised of
A
Glandular tissue
21
Q
What is the posterior pituitary composed of
A
Neural tissue
22
Q
What are acidophils
A
Protein hormones such as GH and PRL that are pink w/ dark nuclei and stains w/ eosin
23
Q
What are basophils
A
Glycoprotein hormones such as ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH that are that a dark purple cytoplasm and stains w/ hematoxylin
24
Q
What are chromophobes
A
Non secretory support cells and dont take up stain
25
What are most proteins in the cytoplasm
Basic so eosin binds to these proteins and stains them pink
26
What are basic dyes
Cationic containing positive charges staining anionic structures
27
What is AVP
Arginine vasopressin
28
What are target cells in the mammary glands
Myoepithelial cells
29
What do the small subtle differences lead to in different chemical structures
Very different actions due to the different shape of the molecules
30
What does oxytocin stimulate
Contractions of the myometrium
31
What occurs to release oxytocin during parturition
The fetus pushes against the cervix where nerve impulses stimulating travel to the brain releasing oxytocin into the blood binding to receptors in the uterus
32
What does oxytocin stimulate
Contractions, cervical dilation, milk letdown, and maternal bonding
33
What is a synthetic form of oxytocin
Pitocin
34
What is the sensing apparatus
Found in the blood vessels especially the aorta that contains nerves signaling the hypothalamus releasing the ADH
35
What are pituitary endocrine disorders
Galactorrhea, acromegaly, gigantism, dwarfism, cushings, and diabetes insipidus
36
What is galactorrhea
Excessive lactation that wont stop caused by pituitary tumor
37
What is acromegaly
Overgrowth in head and facial features occurs in adults focusing on other bones
38
How is GH unique
It has both a releasing and inhibitory aspect
39
Where does GH have receptors
Liver, bone cells, muscle cells, nervous system cells, immune system cells, and adipose cells
40
What are the three things in the thyroid gland
Follicles, colloid, and iodine
41
What are follicles
Open circular structures that are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium that create the thyroid hormone and is filled w/ colloid
42
Where is thyroid hormone stored
W/in colloid
43
What is colloid
Fluid filled matrix
44
What is the difference between T3 and T4
T3 has 3 iodines while T4 has 4 iodines
45
What does thyroid hormone act on
Mitochondria stimulating oxidative phosphorylation/production of ATP, metabolism rate is increased, and sends negative feedback where there is enough produced causing hypo and pituitary to lower their signals
46
What is graves disease
Hyperthyroidism causing enlargement of the thyroid and other symptoms
47
Where are osmoreceptors found
The hypothalamus decreasing the amount of ADH present in the body
48
What is gigantism/dwarfism
Derangements of GH that occurs in children prior to the growth places closing affecting the long bones
49
What is cushings
Too much cortisol is produced from an overproduction of ACTH by a pituitary tumor
50
What are most pituitary endocrine disorders caused by
Trauma or tumors of the pituitary gland
51
What is diabetes insipidus
Rare form of diabetes that causes excessive urination, light colored urine, constantly feel thirsty, nasty/not sweet, diagnosed by tasting urine, and involves an overproduction of ADH
52
What is diabetes mellitus
A more common form of diabetes that is an over production of glucose resulting in a sweet taste
53
What are the 4 types of diabetes insipidus
Central, nephrogenic, dipsogenic, and gestational
54
What do the hormones involved in diabetes insipidus work
Causes polyuria and polydipsia which also directly cause one another
55
What is polyuria
Produce abnormally high volumes of dilute urine
56
What is polydipsia
Excessive thirst
57
What is hyponatremia
Low blood sugar
58
What is hypernatremia
High blood sugar
59
What is central diabetes insipidus
A lack of ADH caused by injury, disease, autoimmune, and genetics
60
What is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
ADH production ok but kidneys dont respond caused by some meds, urinary tract blockage, and genetics
61
What is dipsogenic diabetes insipidus
Problem w/ hypothalamus makes u thirsty making u drink to much caused by injury, surgial damage, inflammation, tumor, meds, and mental health problems
62
What is gestational diabetes insipidus
Placenta makes too much enzyme that breaks down ADH that rarely occurs temporarily during pregnancy that is more likely than twins and alters liver function
63
What does gestational diabetes led to the production of
Vasopressinase which is made by the placenta and is metabolizes in the liver
64
What autoimmune antibody is produced by graves disease
TSI thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin
65
What are common causes of hypothroidism
Hashimoto's disease, iodine deficiency, and postpartum thyroiditis (autoimmune)
66
What symptoms of hypothyroidism
Metabolism slows down, weight gain, tired/lethargic, and cold from not producing adequate body heat
67
What type of cells does is thyroid hormone synthesis
Cuboidal epithelium cells
68
How does the ER make thyroglobulin
Binds a thyroid hormone to a globulin which is secreted thru exocytosis into the follicle
69
What does the Na/I symporter do
Brings in Na and I molecules into the cytoplasm
70
What happens to Na and I do once in the cytoplasm
Transporters transport the iodine in the middle of the follicle, thyroid peroxidase oxidizes the iodine for conjugation, and the the molecules undergo endocytosis the proteolysis occurs to break up T3 and T4 which then gets secreted into the blood stream
71
What are the three players producing calcitonin
Kidney, bone, and GIT
72
What does the parathryoid maintain
Blood calcium homeostasis
73
What is produced in the adrenal medulla
Adrenaline/epinephrine and norepinephrine
74
What are the three regions of the adrenal glands
Outer most region, inner most region, and middle region
75
What does the outer most region produce
Mineralocorticoids regulating minerals
76
What does the inner most region produce
Sex steroids
77
What does the middle region produce
Glucocorticoids regulating glucose
78
What is a receptor
Protein that binds to a ligand w/ high affinity and low capacity and must be saturable
79
What is high affinity
Binding occurs at low drug concentrations
80
What is low affinity
Binding occurs at high drug concentrations
81
What are hormone binding proteins
Water soluble that bind to steroids
82
What type of hormones can bind to receptors
Free hormones
83
What do bound hormones represent
A pool or reserve in circulation slowing clearance
84
When does a bound hormone become free
Once in the ICF then binds to either the metabolizing enzyme or hormone receptor where it can have its affect
85
What is the major blood protein
Albumin which binds to lots of stuff and is found in serum
86
What type of cells produce calcitonin
Parafollicular cells or C cells that responds to high blood Ca
87
What does the calcitonin do
Inhibits osteoclasts (miners), stimulates osteoblasts (depositors), decreases Ca absorption from intestines, increases Ca loss from kidneys, and partial contributor to blood Ca homeostasis
88
What are the functions of the parathyroid glands
Embedded in the posterior of thyroid glands express the Ca sensing receptor and mobilize intracellular Ca in response to CASR activation
89
What is the function of chief cells
Make and secrete pepsinogen (PTH)
90
What are the functions of PTH
Stimulate osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts, stimulate reabsorption in kidney, stimulate calcitriol in kidneys, acts on intestines to increase Ca absorption, and more important regulator of Ca
91
What is the medulla regulated by
Nerves that intergrade into it and is where fight or flight occur
92
What are TBGs
Thyroxine binding globulins
93
What is the function of thyroid hormone
Regulation basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis, normal fetal/childhood development, interact w/ repro hormones, and increase sensitivity to catecholamines
94
What is the pineal gland comprised of and produce
Pinealocytes and produces melatonin
95
What is the function of suprachiasmatic nucleus
Senses light and transfers the information to the pineal gland
96
What does renal enzyme 1-a hydroxylase do
Converts vitamin D to its active form
97
What is DBP
Vitamin D binding protein
98
What is VDR
Vitamin D receptor
99
What is general adaptation syndrom
Response to stress that has three stages
100
What is the stage 1 of GAS
Alarm reaction that contains fight or flight and is epinephrine driven
101
What is stage 2 of GAS
Stage of resistance that adapts metabolsim
102
What is stage 3 of GAS
Stage of exhaustion which leads to depression, immune suppression, and weight gain
103
What is RAAS
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
104
Where is renin released, what does it act on, and what does it form
Released from the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, and forms angiotensin 1
105
Where is ace released from, what does act on, and what does it form
Released from the lungs, acts on angiotensin 1 and forms angiotensin 2
106
What does angiotensin 2 act on and what does it stimulate
Acts on the adrenal glands and stimulates the release of aldosterone
107
What does aldosterone act on and what does it stimulate
Acts on the kidneys and stimulates reabsorption of salt and water
108
What is the most important function of the liver
Controlling the blood glucose levels producing insulin
109
What does insulin trigger
The uptake of glucose in muscle
110
What does an increase in glucose trigger
An uptake of glucose in adipose cells
111
What does low blood glucose trigger the release of
Glucogon
112
What type of islet cells produce glucagon
Alpha cells
113
What type of islet cells produce insulin
Beta cells
114
What is type 1 diabetes mellitus
Autoimmune that attacks beta cells and lose source of insulin requiring injectable insulin and continuously monitor glucose
115
What is type 2 diabetes mellitus
Aquired as an adult, has insulin resistance, is associated w/ obesity, and beta cells keep secreting insulin becoming exhausted desensitizing the target cell
116
How does chronic high glucose damage the body
Damages the blood vessels and nerves especially small blood vessels and nerves commonly causing blindness and effecting nerves in the feet
117
When does ketosis occur
When the body is trying to meet energy requirements but you cant use glucose so you use fat
118
What does hyperglycaemia affect
Pancrease, liver, vessels, brain, inflammation, muscle, kidneys, and adipose tissue
119
What produces leptin and what effect does it have
Produced by adipose tissue and promotes satiety signals in the brain
120
What produces renin and what is its effect
Produced by the renin and stimulates the release of aldosterone
121
What produces calcitriol and what is its effect
Produced by kidneys and aids in the absorption of Ca ion
122
What produces erythropoietin (EPO) and what is its effect
Produced by the kidneys and triggers the formation of RBCs in the bone marrow
123
What produces cholecalciferol and what is its effect
Produced by the skin and is a modified to form vitamin D
124
What produces IGF 1 and what is its effect
Produced by liver and stimulates body growth
125
Where is angiotensiongen produced and what is its effect
Produced in the liver and raises blood pressure
126
What is somato medin
Mediates effects of somatotropin (GH or IGF)
127
What is the somatomedin hypothesis
IGH leads to lipolysis in adipose, bone growth via liver, and generates binding proteins
128
What does is myostatin
Protein encoded by myostatin gene that is also known as growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8)
129
What does differences in myostatin production cause
Mighty mice (receptors) and DM cattle (production)
130
What does food in the intestine trigger
Glucose dependent insulinotropic hormone and insulin
131
What are the two main targets of insulin
Skeletal muscle and adipocytes
132
What does insulin support the movement of
Intracellular vesicles containing facilitative glucose transporters to the cell membrane
133
How do the transporters move glucose
Facilitated diffusion
134
What insulin inhibit
Glycogenolysis and glycogenogensis
135
What does insulin stimulate
Glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis
136
What are the 4 layers of the GIT
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
137
Why are most of the epithelial lining of the GIT columnar cells
Because they have to have the capacity to transport things across
138
What is the function of mucus
To protect the GIT
139
What secretes the mucus in the GIT
Goblet cells that are embedded in the epithelial in the LI
140
What is the function of the enteroendocrine cells in the GIT epithelial
Make particular hormones and secretes them
141
What are characteristices of the mucosa layer
Mainly contains non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, Loose CT that contains blood, lymph vessels, and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)and a thin smooth muscle layer that creates folds
142
What does the submucosa contain
Dense irregular CT, blood, lymph, submucosal glands, and nerves such as the submucosal plexus
143
What does the muscularis contain
Inner circular smooth muscle and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
144
What are exceptions are there to having smooth muscle in their muscularis layer
Mouth, pharynx, proximal esophagus, and anus have skeletal muscle, stomach's 3rd layer is oblique muscle, and the colon has tenia coli forming pouches
145
Whatis the serosa layer in the abdominal cavity made of
Loose CT
146
What is the serosa in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus have
Adventitia and dense collagen attachment
147
What is the intrinsic nervous system in the GIT
Enteric independent neurons that run from mouth to anus, has a myenteric plexus in the muscularis controls motility of the gut and peristalsis to propel digestion along, submucosal plexus in the submucosa that regulates digestive secretions and reacts to presence of food/chemicals/nutrients and interneurons
148
What is the extrinisic nervous system in the GIT
Autonomic system where the sympathetic controls fight or flight which inhibits intrinsic and parasympathetic allows for rest and digest stimulating intrinsic
149
What allows for obese mice
Increase in leptin
150
What allows for bioclip cheep
EGF treatmen
151
How to increase the milk production in bovine
Supplimenting bovine somatotropin
152
How to increase loin eye area and decrease BF thickness in pigs
Supplementing porcine somatotropin
153
What are the main functions of the blood supply in the GIT
Transport absorbed protein (AA) and carbs and supplies nutrients such as oxygen and hormones
154
What large vein system is in the GIT
The hepatic portal system
155
What are the two layers of the peritoneum
The parietal that lines the abdominal wall and the visceral that surrounds the gut organs
156
What are other functions of the visceral
Contains folds that anchor the organs, contains blood vessels, lymph, and nerves, and has greater fat deposition
157
What are the 6 activities of GIT
Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation
158
What does ingestion consist of
Biting, chewing, and saliva production
159
What does propulsion consist of
Swallowing and peristalsis
160
What does mechanical digestion consist of
Increase in SA, mastication, and insalivation
161
What does chemical digestion consist of
Enzymes, acids, and salts
162
What does absorption consist of
Mainly occurs in the SI to take up nutrients from the lumen
163
What does defecation consist of
Void whats in the bowels
164
What is chyme
Soup of digesta, acid, and enzymes
165
What allows segmentation to occur
Peristalsis which can go forward and backwards
166
In what layer of the GIT does peristalsis occur
In the muscularis for smooth muscle usage
167
How is the GIT regulated and integrated
Neural and endocrine signals
168
What does neural receptors do for regulation and integration
Test to see when digestion is done
169
What receptors are involved with neural regulation and integration
Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and osmoreceptors that measure long extrinsic reflexes and short intrinsic reflexes
170
What hormones produced by the endocrine system affect regulation and integration of the GIT
Gastrin and secretin
171
How does gastrin affect regulation and integration of the GIT
Secreted by some cells in the stomach, is signaled by the presence of food, and stimulates acid secretion
172
How does secretin affect regulation and integration of the GIT
Secreted in the duodenum and triggers secretion of biocarb that comes from the pancreas
173
What does cholecystokinin do in the GIT
CCK stimulates pancreatic enzymes and bile, responses to sensing presence of protein in the digesta or presence of FA/lipid in digesta, and proteolytic
174
What does gastric inhibitory peptide do in the GIT
GIP inhibits gastric secretion slowing motility and emptying
175
What is the solar plexus
A large network of nerves, blood, or lymph vessels in the abdomen that freezes everything when impacted
176
Where is the auerbach's myenteric nerve plexus
In the middle of the muscularis externa
177
Where is the meissners nerve plexus
In the submucosa layer
178
What is the greater omentum
Apron like structure that lies superficial to the SI and transverse colon; a site of fat deposition in people who are overweight
179
What is the lesser omentum
Suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver; provides a pathway for structures connecting the liver
180
What is GLP-1
Glucagon like peptide that is produced by enteroendocrine L cells
181
What does GLP-1 affect
Brain, tongue, heart, stomach, adipose tissue, muscles, pancreas, bones, kidneys, liver, and lungs
182
What are characteristics of the tongue
Forms the bolus, has papillae (taste buds and touch receptors), lingual lipase, lingual frenulum (tongue tie), and is a strong muscle
183
What are the three salivary glands
Submandibular, sublingual, and partoid
184
What are characteristics of saliva
Lube and digest, 95% watery, amylase (species dependent), contains bicarb and phosphate (buffer pH), and forms mucus
185
What part of the nervous system controls salivation
Autonomic, parasympathetic allows for basal low flow and sympathetic causes dry mouth
186
What are the different types of teeth
Incisors, cuspids (canines), bicuspids (premolars), and molars
187
What is the hardest substance in the body
Enamel
188
What is the anatomy of the tooth
Gingivae (gum), crown, root, pulp cavity (contains blood vessels and nerves), dentin, cementum, enamel, and dental caries
189
What is the tongue's extrinsic muscles
Move tongue sideways and in and out
190
Tongues intrinsic muscles
Change tongue shape
191
What are the three parts of the pharynx
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
192
What is the nasopharynx
Opening to the nasal cavity used for breathing and speaking
193
What is the oropharynx
Opening to the oral cavity used for breathing and digesting
194
What is the laryngopharynx
The lowest region of the pharynx used for breathing and digestion
195
What type of muscle does the upper esophageal sphincter have
Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
196
What does the lower esophageal sphincter do
It is comprised of smooth muscle preventing heartburn and GERD
197
What are the three phases of swallowing
Voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal
198
Characteristics of pharyngeal phase
Involuntary, uses oropharynx receptors, reflex to uvula and soft palate, and where the laryngeal muscles close the trachea
199
Characteristics of esophageal phase
Enters esophagus, triggers peristalsis and mucus, and relaxes cardiac sphincter
200
What are the characteristics of the stomach
Expandable storage chamber that mixes and chruns contents, digestion involving acid-pepsin, where chyme is located, and minimal absorption due to the protective measures against acid
201
What are the 4 regions of the stomach
Cardia (cardiac sphincter), fundus (dome), body, and pylorus (pyloric sphincter and funnel shaped)
202
What is the rugae of the stomach
Folds that have projections for expansion
203
What is the omentum
Allows the stomach to suspend to the liver and other digestive organs
204
What is the function of the oblique
Smooth muscle that mixes the contents
205
What are gastric pits
Invaginations located in the wall where parietal, cheif, and enteroendocrine cells are
206
What do parietal cells secrete
HCl acid and produce intrinsic factor (VB12)
207
What is the function of gastric glands
They secrete mucus and are comprised of parietal, chief, and enteroendocrine cells
208
What hormones are secreted by enteroendocrine cells
Gastrin, ghrelin, and somatostatin
209
What is gastrin secreted from, what is its targets, and affect
Secrets G cells targeting the stomach for secretion and emptying, muscle contractions in the SI, relaxes ileocecal valve, and mass movements (defecation) in the LI
210
What is ghrelin secreted by, target, and affect
Secreted by mucosa, targets hypothalamus, triggers hunger
211
What is somatostatin secreted from, target, and affect
Secreted from mucosa and duodenum targets the stomach to decrease secretions, motility, and emptying, decrease secretions in the pancreas, and decreases absorption and blood flow of the SI
212
What are phases of gastric secretion
Cephalic is a reflex phase that can be conditioned, gastric is where food enters, stretches, and causes secretions/contractions in the stomach, and intestinal has excitatory (chyme into duodenum, enteric gastrin, and increase gastric juice) and inhibitory (full duodenum, inhibit secretion, and close pyloric sphincter)
213
What is the gastric mucosal barrier
Comprised of thick bicarb rich mucus to neutralize acid
214
What is the saying about the barrier
1 mucus 2 bicarbonate 3 tight junction
215
What are the mechanical functions of the stomach
Mixing waves, pylorus filtering, and gastric emptying
216
What is a zymogen
Proenzyme inactive precursor of an enzyme
217
What are the chemical functions of the stomach
Stores ingested food and gas, upon mixing acidity inactivates salivary amylase activating lingual lipase (lipid digestion), and intrinsic factor
218
Where are intrinsic factor receptors
On the luminal membranes of ileal cells
219
What is transcobalamin 2
Transporter for VB12 in the blood
220
Characteristics of the duodenum
Starts at the pyloric sphincter, C shape around pancreas, 4 regions superior, descending, horizontal, and ascending, and contains the ampulla of vater
221
What is the ampulla of vater
The hepatopancreatic ampulla is where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct join to form the major duodenal papilla also contains the sphincter of oddi
222
What is the sphincter of oddi
The muscular valve surrounding the exit of the bile duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum that only opens in response to a meal
223
What are the 3 unique features of the mucosa and sub mucosa of the small intestine
Circular folds, villi, and microvilli
224
Where are the circular folds and what is their purpose
They are at the end near the mid ileum in the ridges of the mucosa and submucosa they cause chyme to spiral through
225
Where are villi and what are they
They are absorptive enterocytes that are located in the epithelium of arterioles, venules, and lacteal small lymph vessels to transport lipid chylomicrons
226
What are microvilli
Microfilaments that are anchored to enzymes and are known as the brush border
227
What are crypts of lieberkuhn
Tubular intestinal glands that secrete intestinal juices
228
What are brunner's glands
Submucosal duodenal glands that secrete high bicarb, alkaline mucus, and buffers acidic chyme entering from the stomach
229
What are I cells secreted from and its function
Secreted by the intestinal glands of duodenum and it is the secretion of the hormone cholecystokinin stimulating the release of pancreatic juices and bile
230
What are K cells secreted from and its function
Secreted by the intestinal glands it is the secretion of GIP which stimulates the release of insulin
231
What are S cells secreted from and its function
Secreted by the intestinal glands and is the secretion of secretin
232
What does incretins do
Stimulates insulin secretion
233
What are the steps of mechanical digestion in the SI
Segmentation, migrating motility complexes, and gastroileal reflex
234
What is migrating motility complex triggered by
Motilin
235
Where does migrating motility complex continue to
The ileocecal sphincter
236
What stimulates the gastroileal reflex and what does it allow
It is stimulated by ileal motility which is stimulated by gastrin and allows for digestion in the stomach triggering segmentation
237
What occurs during chemical digestion
FInal digestion of proteins and CHO, most digestion of lipids, absorption of water, digestive enzymes attach to the surface of enterocytes, and coordination of the flow, pH, and osmolarity of chyme
238
What are the functions of the LI
Finish nutrient absorption, absorb water, synthesize vitamins, form feces, and defecate
239
Why do ruminants not have a large vitamin requirement
Because they are synthesized by microbes
240
What does ATDS mean w/ the colon
Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid or after this defecate soon
241
Why does the rectum have 3 lateral bends
To help separate gas from feces
242
What three things are found in the SA of the SI
Plicae, villi, and microvilli
243
What are the three types of movement for mechanical digestion in the LI
Haustral contraction, peristalsis, and mass movement
244
WHat occurs during chemical digestion in the LI
Saccharolytic fermentation of the remaining carbs breaking down sugars
245
What is the defecate reflex
The parasympathetic uses the spinal cord to load the chute for voluntary control of the anal sphincter
246
What is the porta hepatis
The gate to the liver also referred to as the hepatic portal this has the blood supply of the liver
247
What are the two parts of the livers blood supply
The hepatic artery for oxygen and the portal vein that brings absorbed nutrients from the gut straight to the liver
248
What are the three components of the livers histology
The hepatocytes (liver cells), bile canaliculi (canals that carry bile), and hepatic sinusoids (space filled w/ blood)
249
What is the hepatic lobule
The core functional unit of the liver that is a radial arrangement roughly in a polygon shape
250
What does the hepatic lobule contain
Portal triads, cords of hepatocytes, and bile canaliculi
251
What is the portal triads
Located outside of the central vein it contains the hepatic artery, branch of portal vein, and the bile duct
252
What are the cords of hepatocytes
Sinusoids that are irregular shaped capillaries that contain a mixture of venule and arteriole blood that are lined by kupffer cells, stellate cells, and liver sinusoidal enothelial cells
253
What is bile canaliculi
Found in the cords of hepatocytes it is secreted by hepatocytes and is moved to the outside where it meets the bile duct
254
Where are stellate cells located and what are their function
They are located in the space of Disse and they are the primary location for vitamin A storage in characteristic lipid droplets
255
Where are sinusoidal capillaries located and why are they different
In the liver and they are discontinuous capillaries that facilitates exchange of larger molecules
256
What stimulates the secretion of bile
A gut hormone called secretin
257
Where are chylomicrons transferred
Thru lymph fluid
258
What is the common bile duct
A two way cystic duct that bile is released into by the gallbladder
