EXAM 2

Question 1

fear vs anxiety

Answer 1

fear= immediate, serious threat (jumpscare)
anxiety= vague sense of threat/danger (waiting for jumpscare)

Question 2

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 2

person experiences disproportionate, uncontrollable and ongoing anxiety (worries about multiple matters) for 6+ months

at least 3 of the following: edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems

Question 3

social anxiety disorder (SAD)

Answer 3

pronounced, disproportionate, and repeated anxiety about social situations for 6+ months, fear of being negatively evaluated or offensive to others, avoidance of social situations

Question 4

biological perspective- GAD

Answer 4

fear reactions tied to brain circuits (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula & amygdala) hyperactivity = GAD, longer and more frequent experiences of fear

low levels of GABA = less inhibition = excessive fear circuit activity

Question 5

cognitive behavioral perspective- SAD

Answer 5

interplay of cognitive and behavioral factors (unrealistically high social standards + perfectionism)

treatment: cognitive restructuring, graded (in order of fear) exposure therapy

Question 6

panic disorder

Answer 6

panic attack criteria: periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly (out of the blue), reach a peak within minutes (<10), and gradually pass

panic disorder criteria: unforeseen panic attacks that occur repeatedly, worried about another attack coming on

Question 7

cognitive behavioral perspective- panic disorder

Answer 7

interplay between bodily sensations, cognitions, & avoidance behaviors –> bodily sensations are misinterpreted (cognitions) as signs of medical catastrophe and controlled via avoidance

treatment: educate about cycle of panic attacks, cognitive restructuring to challenge inaccurate interpretations, graded interoceptive exposure therapy (exposure to internal bodily sensations)

Question 8

agoraphobia

Answer 8

pronounced, disproportionate, or repeated fear about being in at least 2 of the following situations: public transportation, parking lots/bridges/open spaces, shops/theaters/confined spaces, lines or crowds, or away from home unaccompanied

belief that it would be hard to escape/get help if panic/embarrassment occurred

Question 9

cognitive behavioral perspective- OCD

Answer 9

everyone has these intrusive thoughts, those with OCD blame themselves and expect that terrible things will happen as a result

treatment: focus on cognitive processes, exposure and response prevention (ERP): exposes client to anxiety- arousing thoughts then prevents them from performing their compulsions (50-70% improvement)

Question 9

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 9

obsessions: persistent thoughts/ideas that seem to invade a person’s consciousness (intrusive thoughts)

compulsions: repetitive and rigid behaviors that they feel must be performed to prevent/reduce anxiety (take a considerable amount of time)

Question 9

dev. psych perspective- anxiety disorders

Answer 9

biological: genetic predisposition, hyperactive fear circuits, fearful temperament

cog-behav.: parenting style too overprotecting

sociocultural: life/stress/poverty, family disharmony/peer pressure/school difficulties

Question 9

biological factors- acute stress disorder and PTSD

Answer 9

overlap between fear, arousal, and anxiety brain circuits

circuit: amygdala (emotional response, activates) prefrontal cortex (evaluates whether or not threat), hippocampus (forming memories + regulating stress hormones)

brain-body stress route: fight/flight, HPA axis

PTSD: overreactive amygdala + under-reactive PFC= persistent arousal

Question 9

fight or flight response

Answer 9

controlled by hypothalamus

autonomic nervous system (ANS): involuntary activities, activates sympathetic nervous system (fight)

endocrine system: hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis (HPA axis)

Question 9

traumatic event

Answer 9

exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury, sexual violation –>

acute stress disorder: fear/symptoms occur soon after trauma and last for less than a month (50% develop to PTSD)

PTSD: fear/symptoms occur either shortly after trauma or months/years after (25% develop 6+ months after), lasts more than 1 month

Question 9

factors influencing development of PTSD

Answer 9

childhood experiences (assault, poverty, etc), inflexible coping style, negative worldview

severity/nature of traumatic event may determine whether or not a person will develop the disorder

Question 10

PTSD treatment

Answer 10

exposure based treatment is the best intervention for people with PTSD, virtual reality

Question 10

dissociative amnesia

Answer 10

person cannot recall important life-related info (personal info, not encyclopedic or procedural), typically traumatic/stressful info

localized: most common type, loss of all memory within a certain time frame

selective: loss of memory for some, but not all, events within a certain period (not emotionally intense details)

Question 10

dissociative fugue

Answer 10

extreme version of dissociative amnesia, people not only forget personal info but also flee to a new location (may be brief or more severe)

Hannah Upp from lecture

Question 10

depersonalization-derealization disorder

Answer 10

no memory difficulties, persistent and recurring episodes of depersonalization and or derealization

depersonalization: feeling separation from own body, dream-like, dizzy, aware of distorted perceptions

derealization: feeling external world/reality isn’t real/strange (other people as robots)

Question 11

unipolar depression symptom types

Answer 11

emotional symptoms: sadness (miserable/empty), experiencing little pleasure (anhedonia), anger,

motivational symptoms: lacking drive/initiative/spontaneity

behavior symptoms: less active/productive, social withdrawal/isolation, slower movement/speech

cognitive symptoms: negative self views, procrastination, pessimistic

physical symptoms: headaches, dizzy spells, general pain, indigestion, constipation, sleep disturbances/fatigue

Question 12

unipolar depression criteria

Answer 12

for a 2 week period, a person has an increased depressed mood/decrease in enjoyment or interest across most activities

major depressive disorder: presence of a major depressive episode, no pattern of mania or hypomania

persistent depressive disorder: person experiences symptoms of major/mild depression for at least 2 years (symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time)

Question 13

biological perspective- unipolar perspective

Answer 13

biochemical factors: reflection of disorder or helped to produce disorder- low activity of serotonin +norepinephrine

glutamate: stimulates neurons and promotes connectivity/communication among neurons (lower levels of it amidst depression)

treatment: second gen antidepressants: increase serotonin activity (prozac, zoloft, lexapro); increase norepinephrine activity only (strattera); both

Question 14

behavioral perspective- unipolar depression

Answer 14

Lewinsohn: number of life rewards is related to the presence or absence of depression (positive life events=feelings of happiness)

negative cognitions: Beck- unipolar depression is caused by a combination of maladaptive attitudes, cognitive traid, errors in thinking, automatic thoughts

Question 15

negative cognitions perspective- unipolar depression

Answer 15

Beck- unipolar depression is caused by a combination of maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, errors in thinking, automatic thoughts

cognitive triad:negative view of experiences, oneself, and the future

Watkins- ruminative responses are linked to longer feelings of dejection, later life clinical depressions

Question 16

cognitive behavioral treatment- unipolar depression

Answer 16

behavioral activation: reintroduction to pleasurable events/activities, reward non-depressive behaviors, non-reward depressive ones

cognitive therapy: Beck- increase activities/activate mood –> challenge automatic thoughts –> identify negative thinking/biases –> changing primary attitudes

Question 17

sociocultural +multicultural perspective- unipolar depression

Answer 17

family: a decline in social rewards impacts depression; weak/unavailable social support + lack of intimacy –> unhappy marriage

multicultural: women 2x as likely, younger; depression varies from country to country (physical symptoms more than cognitive in non-Western); ethnically/racially: hispanic +black americans 50% more likely to have recurrent depression than white people due to lack of treatment

Question 18

dev psychopath perspective- depression

Answer 18

caused by a combination of factors: genetics, timing, resiliency

Question 19

bipolar disorder

Answer 19

for 1 week or more, person has inflates, unrestrained, or irritable mood as well as continually heightened energy/activity

Question 20

manic episode criteria

Answer 20

at least 3 of the following: inflated self-esteem, reduced sleep need, fast-moving thoughts/ideas, attention pulled in many directions, heightened activity/agitated moments, excessive pursuit of risky/problematic activites

Question 21

diagnoses: bipolar 1 vs bipolar 2

Answer 21

depression tends to be experienced more than mania + lasts longer

bipolar 1: manic episode

bipolar 2: no history of manic episode, hypomanic/depressed rather

Question 22

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 22

milder form of bipolar disorder, continues for 2+ years interrupted by occasional normal moods (usually begins in adolescence/early adulthood)

Question 22

biological perspective- bipolar disorder

Answer 22

genetics: inheritance of a biological predisposition

neurotransmitters: high norepinephrine + low serotonin = mania, low both= depression

ion activity: improper transport of ions may cause them to fire easily = mania

Question 23

suicide

Answer 23

self inflicted death in which one makes intentional, direct, and conscious effort to end their life

Question 24

non-suicidal self injury (NSSI)

Answer 24

distinct from suicide attempt, true intent unclear

direct/deliberate destruction of one’s tissue that is not necessarily linked o an intent to die

Question 25

mental disorders that precipitate suicide

Answer 25

majority of people who attempt suicide have a mental disorder

unipolar/bipolar depression (70%), chronic alcoholism (20%), schizophrenia (10%)

risk increases with multiple disorders

Question 26

modeling

Answer 26

contagion of suicide, a suicidal act appears as a model for other such acts- especially among teens (family members/friends, celebrities/publicized cases)

Question 27

sociocultural perspective- underlying causes of suicide

Answer 27

interpersonal beliefs (often inaccurate/overstated)- perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, psychological ability to carry out suicide, hopelessness

Question 28

interpersonal psychological theory- sociocultural and suicide

Answer 28

joiner et al: acquisition of a psychological ability for suicidal acts

basic motivation to live can weaken with repeated exposure to adverse events, higher tolerance for pain/fearlessness about death

Question 29

suicide in older adults

Answer 29

U.S elderly are most likely to commit suicide and most successful

contributory factors: clinical depression (60%), loss of friends/relatives, control over life, status