EXAM 1 Flashcards
what are the 4 Ds?
deviance, distress, danger, dysfunction
essential features to treatment
sufferer seeks relief from healer, trained (socially accepted) healer/therapist, series of therapeutic contacts
1400-1700 CE
thought demonic roots to psychological disorders, religious shrines and asylums
19th century
care of people w disorders began to improve, sought humane+ respectful treatment
psychogenic perspective
abnormal functioning has psychological causes
quasi experimental studies
matched (mixed) design: no random assignments, categorized by pre-existing groups
natural experiments ( nature manipulates IV and experimenter observes)
longitudinal (same individuals observed on many occasions over long period)
epidemiological (total # of cases and # of emerged cases )
prevention strategies
correction of social conditions, help individuals at risk, positive psych to teach coping skills
case studies
following one person
- new ideas, study unusual problems, new techniques, challenge/support for theory
but
- low internal (subjective evidence) and external (not generalizable) validity
confound/how to guard against
external variables that can also affect the DV
- control group, random assignment, masked design
treatments
drug therapy (most common), brain stimulation and psychosurgery used in severe treatment resistant cases
correlational study
has external validity, can replicate, statistical support
but
describes but does not explain a relationship/causation (3rd variable problem)
biological model
strengths: treatments bring relief, has respect, produces new info constantly
weaknesses: limits understanding of abnormal function by excluding non biological factors
psychodynamic model
behaviors are determined by underlying, unconscious dynamic, psych forces
strengths: 1st to recognize the importance of psych theories and systematic treatment
weaknesses: unsupported ideas, difficult to research, non-observable ideas
cognitive behavioral model
focuses on maladaptive (unhelpful) behaviors and or cognitions in understanding + treating abnormality
strengths: powerful, broad appeal, clinically useful, therapies are effective
weaknesses: emphasis on current conditions may lead to neglect of early life influences, other key dimensions not addressed
CB model: behavioral dimension
classical conditioning: exposure therapy, association between 2 things
operant conditioning: behavioral activation (rewards)
modeling: learn responses by observing and repeating behavior
CB model: cognitive dimension
focuses on identifying, challenging, and changing unhelpful thinking processes
- therapists guide clients towards new ways of thinking
CB model: cognitive behavioral interplay
behavioral and cognitive components are interwoven in most theories + therapies
- ex. social anxiety disorder cognition causes behavior (avoidance)
sociocultural model
abnormal behavior includes social + cultural forces that influence an individual
strengths: added to clinical understanding of treatment
weaknesses:research (directionality) hard to interpret, unable to predict abnormality in specific individuals (why only some minorities develop abnormality if all experience same prejudice?)
sociocultural model: family systems theory
views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns + unstated rules
sociocultural model: multicultural perspective
prejudice and discrimination faced by many minority groups may contribute to various forms of abnormal functioning
-poor treatment outcomes for minorities (less improvement, make less use of resources, etc.)
developmental psychopathology perspective
integrative framework to understand how variables may collectively account for maladaptive + adaptive human functioning
equifinality
different experiences –> same (equal) outcomes
multifinality
same experiences –> different (multiple) outcomes
clinical assessment
collection of relevant info to determine whether/how/why there is abnormal behavior and how to treat it
