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PSY 350 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 Ds?

A

deviance, distress, danger, dysfunction

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2
Q

essential features to treatment

A

sufferer seeks relief from healer, trained (socially accepted) healer/therapist, series of therapeutic contacts

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3
Q

1400-1700 CE

A

thought demonic roots to psychological disorders, religious shrines and asylums

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4
Q

19th century

A

care of people w disorders began to improve, sought humane+ respectful treatment

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5
Q

psychogenic perspective

A

abnormal functioning has psychological causes

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6
Q

quasi experimental studies

A

matched (mixed) design: no random assignments, categorized by pre-existing groups
natural experiments ( nature manipulates IV and experimenter observes)
longitudinal (same individuals observed on many occasions over long period)
epidemiological (total # of cases and # of emerged cases )

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7
Q

prevention strategies

A

correction of social conditions, help individuals at risk, positive psych to teach coping skills

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8
Q

case studies

A

following one person
- new ideas, study unusual problems, new techniques, challenge/support for theory
but
- low internal (subjective evidence) and external (not generalizable) validity

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9
Q

confound/how to guard against

A

external variables that can also affect the DV

  • control group, random assignment, masked design
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10
Q

treatments

A

drug therapy (most common), brain stimulation and psychosurgery used in severe treatment resistant cases

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10
Q

correlational study

A

has external validity, can replicate, statistical support
but
describes but does not explain a relationship/causation (3rd variable problem)

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11
Q

biological model

A

strengths: treatments bring relief, has respect, produces new info constantly

weaknesses: limits understanding of abnormal function by excluding non biological factors

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12
Q

psychodynamic model

A

behaviors are determined by underlying, unconscious dynamic, psych forces

strengths: 1st to recognize the importance of psych theories and systematic treatment

weaknesses: unsupported ideas, difficult to research, non-observable ideas

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13
Q

cognitive behavioral model

A

focuses on maladaptive (unhelpful) behaviors and or cognitions in understanding + treating abnormality

strengths: powerful, broad appeal, clinically useful, therapies are effective

weaknesses: emphasis on current conditions may lead to neglect of early life influences, other key dimensions not addressed

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14
Q

CB model: behavioral dimension

A

classical conditioning: exposure therapy, association between 2 things

operant conditioning: behavioral activation (rewards)

modeling: learn responses by observing and repeating behavior

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15
Q

CB model: cognitive dimension

A

focuses on identifying, challenging, and changing unhelpful thinking processes
- therapists guide clients towards new ways of thinking

16
Q

CB model: cognitive behavioral interplay

A

behavioral and cognitive components are interwoven in most theories + therapies
- ex. social anxiety disorder cognition causes behavior (avoidance)

17
Q

sociocultural model

A

abnormal behavior includes social + cultural forces that influence an individual

strengths: added to clinical understanding of treatment

weaknesses:research (directionality) hard to interpret, unable to predict abnormality in specific individuals (why only some minorities develop abnormality if all experience same prejudice?)

18
Q

sociocultural model: family systems theory

A

views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns + unstated rules

19
Q

sociocultural model: multicultural perspective

A

prejudice and discrimination faced by many minority groups may contribute to various forms of abnormal functioning

-poor treatment outcomes for minorities (less improvement, make less use of resources, etc.)

20
Q

developmental psychopathology perspective

A

integrative framework to understand how variables may collectively account for maladaptive + adaptive human functioning

21
Q

equifinality

A

different experiences –> same (equal) outcomes

22
Q

multifinality

A

same experiences –> different (multiple) outcomes

23
Q

clinical assessment

A

collection of relevant info to determine whether/how/why there is abnormal behavior and how to treat it

24
Q

standardization

A

setting up common steps to be followed whenever a tool is used

25
Q

reliabilty

A

consistency

-interrater: different judges independently agree on how to score/use a tool
-test-retest: a test yields same results every time it is given to the same people

26
Q

validity

A

accuracy

-face: appears to measure what it is supposed to
-predictive: accurately predicts future behaviors
-concurrent: agrees with independent measures assessing similar characteristics

27
Q

intelligence tests

A

IQ

strengths: highly standardized, high validity and reliability

weaknesses: cultural biases, minority groups have less experience/exposure/opportunities

28
Q

personality inventories

A

MMPI

strengths:objectively scored/standardized

weaknesses: do not allow for cultural differences in responses (individual cultures vs collectivist)

29
Q

projective testing

A

interpretation of vague stimuli (ink blot)

30
Q

clinical picture

A

info from interviews, tests + observations to construct an integrated picture of the factors that are causing/maintaining client’s disturbance

31
Q

analogue observations

A

artificial (2 way mirror)

32
Q

DSM-5-TR (2022)

A

U.S, lists of categories, disorders, symptoms, descriptions, clusters of symptoms

-detailed

-practice/research

weaknesses: gender/racial bias, making normal reactions to difficult stimuli seem abnormal

33
Q

ICD-11

A

other nations, includes medical and psychological disorders

-brief

-practice/research

34
Q

RDoC (2009)

A

national institute of mental health (world’s largest funding)

encourages identification of disorders as underlying biological variables (genetics, brain scans, neuroscience) rather than symptoms

-research

35
Q

categorical info

A

name of category (disorder) indicated by symptoms

36
Q

dimensional info

A

rating of severity of symptoms + degree of dysfunctionality

37
Q

what factors influence treatment decisions?

A

theoretical orientation, empirically supported, evidence-based treatment

38
Q

what influences treatment progress/outcomes?

A

40% common factors (client/therapist)
15% specific therapist techniques

PSY 350 (3 decks)

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