Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the costs of multicelluarity?
-develop abnormally, increase complexity increases chance for mistakes
- increase energy needs, digestive systems, coordination of resources
what are the benefits of being multicellular?
-greater chance of survival; repair of damages cells
-greater efficiency by differentiating cell types
How to distinguish animals?
symmetry, feeding mode, type of movement, and presence/absence of a body
Example of Porifera
Sponges
what are the characteristics of Porifera?
simple,homogeneous, celluarl level organization, NO TISSUES, assymetrical, sessile
What are the challenges of being sessile?
harder to find food, can’t move to find a mate, if environment changes cannot just move
What is the significance of being sessile?
not moving means lower energy cost, chemical or physical defenses like camouflage
What are the functional roles of sponges?
-protect mangrove roots from organisms that can destroy them and provide nutrients
-fertilize
-act as a stabilizer
-protect by coating the coral in chemical
-sponges are the only organisms that can consumer bacteria sized particles from the water (filter feeder)
What is the significance of a simple body plan?
very good for regeneration
What are the physical/chemical ways sponges protect themselves?
synthesize chemical compounds
Spicules- glass like skeleton(spikes)
How do sponges reproduce sexual?
release egg & sperm into water at specific time
How do sponges reproduce asexual?
through fragmentation, branching coral sponges stabilize the rubble
What are the characteristics of cnidaria?
tissue level of organization, mouth ringed with tentacles, contain Nematocytes , radial symmetry
what are nematocytes?
stinging cells, used as a defense mechanisms against predators
mechanical barbs triggered by touch
chemical stuns the prey
What are the two different form of cnidaria?
medusa- jellyfish shaped (free floating)
poly-looks like coral (sessile)
Coral characteristics
made up of polyps embedded in a calcium carbonate skeleton, sessile, build reefs
Coral and Zooxanthellae
symbiosis; coral gets food from algae–algae get nutrients from coral (N,P,K)
what is coral bleaching?
when algae leave the coral due to a stressor like high water temperature/acidity
platyhyelminthes-flatworms characteristics
bilaterally symmetrical, flat
ex. planaria
What are the advantages of being flat?
-avoid preadidation by camouflage top
-increase in exchange of resource by being flat with increase surface area—exchange waste gases through surface area more efficiently
what is Cephalization
formation of a head/concetration of sensory equipment
What organisms can have cephalization?
only bilaterally symmetrical oraganisms
what is convergent evolution?
can’t pass down cephalization through common ancestry
Annelida-segmented worms characteristics?
repeated body, evolutionary creative, coelom, filter feeder, deposit feeder
Characteristics of a filter feeder
sessile, feathery net to increase surface area
Characteristics of a deposit feeder
in sediments have a straw to increase surface area to capture food, often sessile but can be mobile
What is coelom?
fluid filled body cavity that acts as a protective cushion for internal organs
what are coelom advantages?
can digest food with out moving, suspend organs inside body that act as in air bag, digestive, respiratory, and circular systems are more efficient in transporting nutrients and removing wastes
Mollusca- bivalves characteristics
second largest phylum, very divers body plans/behavior, body is made up of mantle,foot and radula
Mantle/foot/radula
mantle- dorsal body wall that covers the internal organs
foot-muscular organ used for digging, grasping, or moving
radula-organ for processing food (like teeth)
Bivalves characteristics
filter feeder, deposit feeder, need to have something to catch particles
Cephalopods characteristics
head, foot, large sensory equipment and complex nervous system usually predators like octopus
segmentation
allows of evolutionary creativity, hox genes control segmentation, feeding walking, swimming, flying
Arthropoda-crustaceans (crabs and lobster) charactersitics
segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendage
Which phyla are filter feeders?
Bivalve, Annelids, and Profera
Advantages of exoskeleton
protection from predators, prevent drying out, and provide structure
Disadvantages of an exoskeleton
lack of mobility in some places, need to shed the exoskeleton for growth—period of vulnerability, and heavy!!
