Exam 2

Question 1

What are the costs of multicelluarity?

Answer 1

-develop abnormally, increase complexity increases chance for mistakes
- increase energy needs, digestive systems, coordination of resources

Question 2

what are the benefits of being multicellular?

Answer 2

-greater chance of survival; repair of damages cells
-greater efficiency by differentiating cell types

Question 3

How to distinguish animals?

Answer 3

symmetry, feeding mode, type of movement, and presence/absence of a body

Question 4

Example of Porifera

Answer 4

Sponges

Question 5

what are the characteristics of Porifera?

Answer 5

simple,homogeneous, celluarl level organization, NO TISSUES, assymetrical, sessile

Question 6

What are the challenges of being sessile?

Answer 6

harder to find food, can’t move to find a mate, if environment changes cannot just move

Question 7

What is the significance of being sessile?

Answer 7

not moving means lower energy cost, chemical or physical defenses like camouflage

Question 8

What are the functional roles of sponges?

Answer 8

-protect mangrove roots from organisms that can destroy them and provide nutrients
-fertilize
-act as a stabilizer
-protect by coating the coral in chemical
-sponges are the only organisms that can consumer bacteria sized particles from the water (filter feeder)

Question 9

What is the significance of a simple body plan?

Answer 9

very good for regeneration

Question 10

What are the physical/chemical ways sponges protect themselves?

Answer 10

synthesize chemical compounds
Spicules- glass like skeleton(spikes)

Question 11

How do sponges reproduce sexual?

Answer 11

release egg & sperm into water at specific time

Question 12

How do sponges reproduce asexual?

Answer 12

through fragmentation, branching coral sponges stabilize the rubble

Question 13

What are the characteristics of cnidaria?

Answer 13

tissue level of organization, mouth ringed with tentacles, contain Nematocytes , radial symmetry

Question 14

what are nematocytes?

Answer 14

stinging cells, used as a defense mechanisms against predators
mechanical barbs triggered by touch
chemical stuns the prey

Question 15

What are the two different form of cnidaria?

Answer 15

medusa- jellyfish shaped (free floating)
poly-looks like coral (sessile)

Question 16

Coral characteristics

Answer 16

made up of polyps embedded in a calcium carbonate skeleton, sessile, build reefs

Question 17

Coral and Zooxanthellae

Answer 17

symbiosis; coral gets food from algae–algae get nutrients from coral (N,P,K)

Question 18

what is coral bleaching?

Answer 18

when algae leave the coral due to a stressor like high water temperature/acidity

Question 19

platyhyelminthes-flatworms characteristics

Answer 19

bilaterally symmetrical, flat
ex. planaria

Question 20

What are the advantages of being flat?

Answer 20

-avoid preadidation by camouflage top
-increase in exchange of resource by being flat with increase surface area—exchange waste gases through surface area more efficiently

Question 21

what is Cephalization

Answer 21

formation of a head/concetration of sensory equipment

Question 22

What organisms can have cephalization?

Answer 22

only bilaterally symmetrical oraganisms

Question 23

what is convergent evolution?

Answer 23

can’t pass down cephalization through common ancestry

Question 24

Annelida-segmented worms characteristics?

Answer 24

repeated body, evolutionary creative, coelom, filter feeder, deposit feeder

Question 25

Characteristics of a filter feeder

Answer 25

sessile, feathery net to increase surface area

Question 26

Characteristics of a deposit feeder

Answer 26

in sediments have a straw to increase surface area to capture food, often sessile but can be mobile

Question 27

What is coelom?

Answer 27

fluid filled body cavity that acts as a protective cushion for internal organs

Question 28

what are coelom advantages?

Answer 28

can digest food with out moving, suspend organs inside body that act as in air bag, digestive, respiratory, and circular systems are more efficient in transporting nutrients and removing wastes

Question 29

Mollusca- bivalves characteristics

Answer 29

second largest phylum, very divers body plans/behavior, body is made up of mantle,foot and radula

Question 30

Mantle/foot/radula

Answer 30

mantle- dorsal body wall that covers the internal organs
foot-muscular organ used for digging, grasping, or moving
radula-organ for processing food (like teeth)

Question 31

Bivalves characteristics

Answer 31

filter feeder, deposit feeder, need to have something to catch particles

Question 32

Cephalopods characteristics

Answer 32

head, foot, large sensory equipment and complex nervous system usually predators like octopus

Question 32

segmentation

Answer 32

allows of evolutionary creativity, hox genes control segmentation, feeding walking, swimming, flying

Question 32

Arthropoda-crustaceans (crabs and lobster) charactersitics

Answer 32

segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendage

Question 33

Which phyla are filter feeders?

Answer 33

Bivalve, Annelids, and Profera

Question 33

Advantages of exoskeleton

Answer 33

protection from predators, prevent drying out, and provide structure

Question 34

Disadvantages of an exoskeleton

Answer 34

lack of mobility in some places, need to shed the exoskeleton for growth—period of vulnerability, and heavy!!