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Bio 205 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the three factors of Natural Selection?

A
  1. variation in a trait
  2. heritable trait
  3. differences in fitness
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3
Q

What are the two theories of evolution?

A

macroevolution and microevolution

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4
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution as a pattern
-fossile record
- think of evolution as descent with modification
ex. pattern of bones

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5
Q

microevolution

A

evolution as a process
- changes is allele frequencies
-proportions of a population

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6
Q

What are the three factors that are used as evidence of evolution?

A
  1. Direct evolutions
  2. Homology
  3. Fossil record
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7
Q

Direct evolutions

A

example the soapberry bug: difference of beak length in different locations

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8
Q

homology

A

evolution as a process of decent of modification and ancestral traits are altered by natural selection over time (bones in the bat, whale, and human)

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9
Q

Fossil record

A

documents gradual change through time

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10
Q

what are the forces of evolution?

A
  1. mutation
  2. natural selection
  3. genetic drift
  4. gene flow
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11
Q

Mutation

A

-random changes in DNA; can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful
-ultimate source of variation

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12
Q

Natural selection

A

only force that leads to adaptations

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13
Q

Genetic Drift

A

ALWAYS OCCURRING
-random changes in the frequency in the trait over time (can greatly impact small populations)
-force of genetic drift; fixation=allele frequency becomes 100%

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14
Q

Gene flow

A

-migration that is purposeful
- An individual that changes allele frequencies
- can lead to patterns that differ than we expect by natural selection

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15
Q

Fixation

A

allele frequency becomes 100% due to genetic drift

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16
Q

speciation

A

process of species splits into two

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17
Q

what is the link between microevolution and macroevolution?

A

speciation

18
Q

What are the Pre-zygotic barriers

A

geographical isolation
behavioral isolation
temporal isolation

19
Q

pre-zygotic

A

mechanisms prevent fertilization

20
Q

Post-zygotic

A

prevent a hybrid

21
Q

Geographical isolation

A

a geographic feature separating species

22
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

behaviors that prevent reproduction of different species

23
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

species can’t reproduce together b/c they reproduce at different times

24
Q

Post-zygotic barriers

A

Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown

25
Q

What are the ecological contexts of speciation?

A

Allopatric and sympatric speciation

26
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

gene flow is restricted when a population is divided into 2 and geographically isolated

27
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

occurs in populations that live in the same geographical location; gene flow must be restricted by another mechanism

28
Q

Is speciation instantaneous?

A

no it takes billons

29
Q

stabilizing selection

A

form of selection in which individual with average (intermediate phenotypes are more fit)

30
Q

Directional selection

A

form of natural selection on which an extreme phenotype is favored

31
Q

Diversifying selection

A

form of natural selection which favors extreme values for a trait over intermediate values

32
Q

What is used as evidence for phylogenic trees?

A

molecular and morphigical

33
Q

molecular evidence

A

comparing nucleotide frequencies to view changes; assumptions is fewer difference the more closely related

34
Q

morphological evidence

A

powerful independent source pf evidence for testing

35
Q

what is the only evolutionary force that can be used to explain the match between traits and the environment?

A

natural selection

36
Q

root

A

represents ancestor that all lineages share

37
Q

tips

A

represent organisms; each tip a major group of organisms

38
Q

how does evolutionary flow on a phylogenic tree?

A

from root to tips

39
Q

node

A

the most common ancestor that all lineages on the tree have in common

40
Q

out-group

A

distantly related group of organisms; serves as a refrence

41
Q

sister taxa

A

share an immediate common ancestor

Bio 205 (3 decks)

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