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parasitology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what mites infect bees?

A

varroa destructor

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2
Q

what does varroa destructor do to bees?

A

carry dmv (deformed wing virus)

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3
Q

what is immunopathy

A

damage to the host that occurs due to an excessive immune response

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4
Q

what are the steps of a virus? (5)

A

attachment to host
entry of phage dna and degradation of host dna
synthesis of viral genomes and proteins
assembly
release

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5
Q

what do restriction enzymes do?

A

recognize and cut up certain phage dna, not their own

we can manipulate it for cloning

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6
Q

what does the prokaryote immune system do

A

recognizes foreign dna
files copies of it and cuts/destroys it when it is recognized in the cell

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7
Q

what is the cas enzyme function

A

rna copy of foreign dna is filed into cas enzyme memory to form crispr-cas complex

targets and cuts enzymes that sequences wherever it cuts

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8
Q

what are the crispr steps (5)

A

-infection by phage triggers transcription of crispr region of bacterial dna
-rna transcript processed into short rna strands
-each short rna strand binds to cas protien and forms complex
-complementary rna binds to dna, cas protein cuts phage dna
-phage dna can no longer replicate

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9
Q

what does crispr stand for

A

clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats

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10
Q

how do we use crispr

A

pick target donor sequences to be patched into sequence
engineer insertion of create gene drives to alter populations

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11
Q

what do gene drives do

A

convert hererozygote individuals to homozygotes

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12
Q

what are constitutive defenses?

A

constant defenses (skin, mucus membranes, etc)

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13
Q

what are inducible defenses?

A

fully activated defenses at certain threshold above baseline

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14
Q

what are prrs?

A

plant/vertebrate
pattern recognition receptors
bind to molecules associated with particular groups of pathogens
bound by 10 different TLRs in lymph nodes

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15
Q

what are pamps

A

plant/vertebrate
pathogen associated molecular patterns
group of recognized molecules

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16
Q

what do pamps do

A

pamp triggered immunity (pti)
general defenses
strengthening cell wall, production of lytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins

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17
Q

what happens in a plant hypersensitive response to pathogen

A

plant cells near an infection site die rapidly to limit spreading to other parts of the plant (yellowing leaf)
can even alert other plants

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18
Q

what do immune cells do

A

hemocytes
clump together, encapsulate parasites, act as opsonins to flag parasites for phagocytosis

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19
Q

what do opsonins do

A

antibody that binds to foreign microorganisms that make them more susceptible to phagocytosis

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20
Q

what are white blood cells (broad category examples)

A

neutrophils, macrophages, b cell, t cell

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21
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

engulf pathogens and damaged tissue and release cytotoxic chemicals and extracellular traps
release cytokines

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22
Q

what do macrophages do

A

engulf pathogens, infected cells/debris, release cytokines

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23
Q

how do phagocytic cells know what to eat

A

recognize a set of common pathogenic parts through set of toll-like receptors (TLR) (WOW) on their external and internal membranes

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24
Q

what do cytokines do

A

signaling molecules that enhance immune response (including inflammation)

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25
Q

what do mast cells do

A

connective tissue
release histamine
triggers blood vessels to dialate and become more permeable

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26
Q

what are pyrogens

A

cells that trigger fever response

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27
Q

what is septic shock

A

overwhelming inflammatory response associated with heavy infection

28
Q

what is adaptive/acquired immunity

A

develops after exposure to foreign substances
targeted to specific pathogens
vertebrate adaptation

29
Q

what do b and t cells do

A

have binding sites that bind specific antigens for an immune response

B cells secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)

30
Q

what are antibodies

A

signals and binding sites for other components of the immune system, can disable pathogens too

31
Q

what to MHC do

A

major histocompatibility complex
bind to and display proteins (on surface of cells)

32
Q

MHC steps

A

antigen associates with mhc molecule
t cell recognizes combination
cytotoxic t cell destroys infected cell
helper t cell releases cytokines

33
Q

what are the two types of b cells

A

plasma b cells short lived and immediately active
memory b cells are long lived and stored for future use

34
Q

how is acquired immunity built

A

vaccination
passive immunity from mother passed down

35
Q

what is pathogenesis

A

capacity of a parasite to cause disease

36
Q

why might not some parasites cause disease

A

they exist below the threshold for harm
less virulent or slow reproduction

37
Q

how do pathogens hurt the host (5)

A

trauma to cells or organs
changes in cell growth patterns
interfere with host nutrients
release toxins
host immune response to infection

38
Q

how is influenza named

A

type of protein hemoglobin and neuraminidase (H1N1)

39
Q

how does influenza work (3)

A

flu hemagglutinin binds to sugars on surface of cells
proteases cleave hemagglutinin
host cells acquire virus through endocytosis

40
Q

what causes symptoms when we are sick

A

inflammatory cytokines

41
Q

what is entamoeba histolytica

A

dystentery

42
Q

what is entamoeba histolytica steps (4)

A

parasitic amoeba
-ingestion of feces in contaminated food or water
-excystation and trophozoites form
-trophozoites migrate to large intestine
-binary fission

some go on to encystation and exit in stool
some go one and invade intestinal mucosa and spread infection in blood stream and infection

43
Q

what is excystation

A

leaving protective cyst

44
Q

what is a trophozoite

A

feeding stage of life cycle

45
Q

what are the giardia lamblia steps (5)

A

parasite
-ingestion of cysts through contamination
-excystation in duodenum
-trophozoites emerge from cyst, binary fission, attach to small intestine
-trophozoites form cyst wall, cysts with 4 nuclei
-pass in stool

block lactose digestion and cause diarrhea through osmosis

46
Q

plasmodium falciparum steps (6)

A

malaria
-infected mosquito spreads sporozoite to blood
-sporozoite migrate to liver and asexual repro
-merazoites burst from liver and infect red blood cells
-form trophozoites in cells (some make more merazoites, some form gametocytes)
-gametocytes in blood transferred to mosquito
-gametocyte in mosquito sexual fusion to make oocyst and sporozoites

47
Q

plasmodium falciparum definitive and intermediate host

A

d: mosquito
i: vertebrate

48
Q

entamoeba histolytica hosts

A

humans
no intermediate

49
Q

giardia lamblia hosts

A

humans
no intermediate

50
Q

why does the fever from malaria cycle

A

corresponds to release of merozoites every few days
can relapse years later

51
Q

toxoplasma gondii steps 4

A

-oocyst ingested in contaminated food or vertical transmission or cat feces
-cats ingest intermediate host with tissue cyst, sexual reproduction
-intermediate hosts ingest oocyst
-sporozoites from oocysts form tissue cysts

52
Q

toxoplasma gondii host

A

d: cats
i: humans and rodents
humans are dead end bc we don’t get eaten

53
Q

platyhelminth description

A

bilateral animals most are parasites

54
Q

what are flatworms

A

cephalization (head), ladder cns, no circulatory or respiratory
single gut opening
hermaphrodites

55
Q

schistosoma blood fluke steps (5)

A

infect blood vessels of digestive/urinary system
-cercariae penetrates skin and becomes schistosomulae that enter circulation and travel in liver to mature
-worms pari up in liver and sexual repro
-eggs pass in feces/urine
-miracidia hatch and penetrate snails and develop sporocysts
-mother sporocyst produce daughters and form cerariae

56
Q

what are granulomas

A

cluster of white blood cells around foreign threat to isolate parasite

57
Q

what is ascites

A

fluid collected in swollen stomach due to hypertension

58
Q

what is hematura

A

bloody urine from eggs in bladder wall

59
Q

what are reservoirs for schistosoma

A

bovine, canine, rodents

60
Q

what is cercarial dermatitis

A

swimmers itch
attempted infection of avain influenza but wrong host

61
Q

schistosoma hosts

A

human definitive
snails intermediate

62
Q

fasciola/fasciolopis liver fluke steps 4

A

trematodes
-metacercaria present on water plants digested by humans or ruminants
-excyst in duodenum, penetrate gut wall and liver so adults form in hepatic ducts
-unembryonated eggs pass in feces, hatch to form miracidium
-miracidium penetrates snail, leaves and forms cercariae and metacercarae

63
Q

what are fasciola hosts

A

d ruminants
i snail
humans accident

64
Q

what are tapeworms

A

ribbon like parasites that lack digestive systems and absorb nutrients from vertebrate gut
break into units

65
Q

what are the two types of tapeworm

A

diphyllobothrium latum
taenia solium/saginata

66
Q

diphyllobothrium latum steps 3

A

-fish (intermediate) harbors plerocercoids and eaten by humans (definitive)
-plerocercoid uses scolex to attach to small intestine and becomes adult and releases eggs
-coracida hatch from eggs and swim, ingested by fish and turn into procercoid larvae

67
Q

taenia solium/saginata steps 4

A

-humans (definitive) ingest raw meat containing oncospheres in protective muscle cysticeri
-scolex attaches to lining of small intestine, eggs passed in feces
-cattle/pigs ingest (intermediate) contaminated
-oncosphere hatch from egg and penetrate muscle to form cysticerci

if humans ingest eggs not cysticerci, eggs fuck up the brain

parasitology (4 decks)

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