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parasitology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what mites infect bees?

A

varroa destructor

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2
Q

what does varroa destructor do to bees?

A

carry dmv (deformed wing virus)

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3
Q

what is immunopathy

A

damage to the host that occurs due to an excessive immune response

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4
Q

what are the steps of a virus? (5)

A

attachment to host
entry of phage dna and degradation of host dna
synthesis of viral genomes and proteins
assembly
release

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5
Q

what do restriction enzymes do?

A

recognize and cut up certain phage dna, not their own

we can manipulate it for cloning

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6
Q

what does the prokaryote immune system do

A

recognizes foreign dna
files copies of it and cuts/destroys it when it is recognized in the cell

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7
Q

what is the cas enzyme function

A

rna copy of foreign dna is filed into cas enzyme memory to form crispr-cas complex

targets and cuts enzymes that sequences wherever it cuts

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8
Q

what are the crispr steps (5)

A

-infection by phage triggers transcription of crispr region of bacterial dna
-rna transcript processed into short rna strands
-each short rna strand binds to cas protien and forms complex
-complementary rna binds to dna, cas protein cuts phage dna
-phage dna can no longer replicate

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9
Q

what does crispr stand for

A

clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats

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10
Q

how do we use crispr

A

pick target donor sequences to be patched into sequence
engineer insertion of create gene drives to alter populations

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11
Q

what do gene drives do

A

convert hererozygote individuals to homozygotes

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12
Q

what are constitutive defenses?

A

constant defenses (skin, mucus membranes, etc)

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13
Q

what are inducible defenses?

A

fully activated defenses at certain threshold above baseline

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14
Q

what are prrs?

A

plant/vertebrate
pattern recognition receptors
bind to molecules associated with particular groups of pathogens
bound by 10 different TLRs in lymph nodes

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15
Q

what are pamps

A

plant/vertebrate
pathogen associated molecular patterns
group of recognized molecules

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16
Q

what do pamps do

A

pamp triggered immunity (pti)
general defenses
strengthening cell wall, production of lytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins

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17
Q

what happens in a plant hypersensitive response to pathogen

A

plant cells near an infection site die rapidly to limit spreading to other parts of the plant (yellowing leaf)
can even alert other plants

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18
Q

what do immune cells do

A

hemocytes
clump together, encapsulate parasites, act as opsonins to flag parasites for phagocytosis

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19
Q

what do opsonins do

A

antibody that binds to foreign microorganisms that make them more susceptible to phagocytosis

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20
Q

what are white blood cells (broad category examples)

A

neutrophils, macrophages, b cell, t cell

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21
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

engulf pathogens and damaged tissue and release cytotoxic chemicals and extracellular traps
release cytokines

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22
Q

what do macrophages do

A

engulf pathogens, infected cells/debris, release cytokines

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23
Q

how do phagocytic cells know what to eat

A

recognize a set of common pathogenic parts through set of toll-like receptors (TLR) (WOW) on their external and internal membranes

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24
Q

what do cytokines do

A

signaling molecules that enhance immune response (including inflammation)

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25
what do mast cells do
connective tissue release histamine triggers blood vessels to dialate and become more permeable
26
what are pyrogens
cells that trigger fever response
27
what is septic shock
overwhelming inflammatory response associated with heavy infection
28
what is adaptive/acquired immunity
develops after exposure to foreign substances targeted to specific pathogens vertebrate adaptation
29
what do b and t cells do
have binding sites that bind specific antigens for an immune response B cells secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)
30
what are antibodies
signals and binding sites for other components of the immune system, can disable pathogens too
31
what to MHC do
major histocompatibility complex bind to and display proteins (on surface of cells)
32
MHC steps
antigen associates with mhc molecule t cell recognizes combination cytotoxic t cell destroys infected cell helper t cell releases cytokines
33
what are the two types of b cells
plasma b cells short lived and immediately active memory b cells are long lived and stored for future use
34
how is acquired immunity built
vaccination passive immunity from mother passed down
35
what is pathogenesis
capacity of a parasite to cause disease
36
why might not some parasites cause disease
they exist below the threshold for harm less virulent or slow reproduction
37
how do pathogens hurt the host (5)
trauma to cells or organs changes in cell growth patterns interfere with host nutrients release toxins host immune response to infection
38
how is influenza named
type of protein hemoglobin and neuraminidase (H1N1)
39
how does influenza work (3)
flu hemagglutinin binds to sugars on surface of cells proteases cleave hemagglutinin host cells acquire virus through endocytosis
40
what causes symptoms when we are sick
inflammatory cytokines
41
what is entamoeba histolytica
dystentery
42
what is entamoeba histolytica steps (4)
parasitic amoeba -ingestion of feces in contaminated food or water -excystation and trophozoites form -trophozoites migrate to large intestine -binary fission some go on to encystation and exit in stool some go one and invade intestinal mucosa and spread infection in blood stream and infection
43
what is excystation
leaving protective cyst
44
what is a trophozoite
feeding stage of life cycle
45
what are the giardia lamblia steps (5)
parasite -ingestion of cysts through contamination -excystation in duodenum -trophozoites emerge from cyst, binary fission, attach to small intestine -trophozoites form cyst wall, cysts with 4 nuclei -pass in stool block lactose digestion and cause diarrhea through osmosis
46
plasmodium falciparum steps (6)
malaria -infected mosquito spreads sporozoite to blood -sporozoite migrate to liver and asexual repro -merazoites burst from liver and infect red blood cells -form trophozoites in cells (some make more merazoites, some form gametocytes) -gametocytes in blood transferred to mosquito -gametocyte in mosquito sexual fusion to make oocyst and sporozoites
47
plasmodium falciparum definitive and intermediate host
d: mosquito i: vertebrate
48
entamoeba histolytica hosts
humans no intermediate
49
giardia lamblia hosts
humans no intermediate
50
why does the fever from malaria cycle
corresponds to release of merozoites every few days can relapse years later
51
toxoplasma gondii steps 4
-oocyst ingested in contaminated food or vertical transmission or cat feces -cats ingest intermediate host with tissue cyst, sexual reproduction -intermediate hosts ingest oocyst -sporozoites from oocysts form tissue cysts
52
toxoplasma gondii host
d: cats i: humans and rodents humans are dead end bc we don't get eaten
53
platyhelminth description
bilateral animals most are parasites
54
what are flatworms
cephalization (head), ladder cns, no circulatory or respiratory single gut opening hermaphrodites
55
schistosoma blood fluke steps (5)
infect blood vessels of digestive/urinary system -cercariae penetrates skin and becomes schistosomulae that enter circulation and travel in liver to mature -worms pari up in liver and sexual repro -eggs pass in feces/urine -miracidia hatch and penetrate snails and develop sporocysts -mother sporocyst produce daughters and form cerariae
56
what are granulomas
cluster of white blood cells around foreign threat to isolate parasite
57
what is ascites
fluid collected in swollen stomach due to hypertension
58
what is hematura
bloody urine from eggs in bladder wall
59
what are reservoirs for schistosoma
bovine, canine, rodents
60
what is cercarial dermatitis
swimmers itch attempted infection of avain influenza but wrong host
61
schistosoma hosts
human definitive snails intermediate
62
fasciola/fasciolopis liver fluke steps 4
trematodes -metacercaria present on water plants digested by humans or ruminants -excyst in duodenum, penetrate gut wall and liver so adults form in hepatic ducts -unembryonated eggs pass in feces, hatch to form miracidium -miracidium penetrates snail, leaves and forms cercariae and metacercarae
63
what are fasciola hosts
d ruminants i snail humans accident
64
what are tapeworms
ribbon like parasites that lack digestive systems and absorb nutrients from vertebrate gut break into units
65
what are the two types of tapeworm
diphyllobothrium latum taenia solium/saginata
66
diphyllobothrium latum steps 3
-fish (intermediate) harbors plerocercoids and eaten by humans (definitive) -plerocercoid uses scolex to attach to small intestine and becomes adult and releases eggs -coracida hatch from eggs and swim, ingested by fish and turn into procercoid larvae
67
taenia solium/saginata steps 4
-humans (definitive) ingest raw meat containing oncospheres in protective muscle cysticeri -scolex attaches to lining of small intestine, eggs passed in feces -cattle/pigs ingest (intermediate) contaminated -oncosphere hatch from egg and penetrate muscle to form cysticerci if humans ingest eggs not cysticerci, eggs fuck up the brain

parasitology (4 decks)

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