Exam 2

Question 1

fortuna/fortune (machiavelli)

Answer 1

the fickleness of the goddess, never good. Enemy of political order and ultimate threat to safety, responsible for human misery and wreaks havoc at random

Question 2

Virtu (machiavelli)

Answer 2

the range of personal qualities that the prince will find it necessary to acquire to ‘maintain his state’ and ‘achieve great things’

Question 3

lo stato (machiavelli)

Answer 3

the acquisition and application of power in a coercive sense

Question 4

vivere sicuro (machiavelli)

Answer 4

living in safety

Question 5

vivere libero (machiavelli)

Answer 5

freedom of the community

Question 6

state (machiavelli)

Answer 6

something that has dominion and absolute power over men and can be either a republic or a principate

Question 7

the prince (machiavelli)

Answer 7

a political treatise written by machiavelli. describes how to acquire power, create a state, and keep it.

Question 8

leviathan (hobbes)

Answer 8

the first general theory of politics in the english language, the ruling body

Question 9

state of nature (hobbes)

Answer 9

a time of war where every man is enemy to every man and a time where men live without security

Question 10

sovereignty (hobbes)

Answer 10

perpetual, inalienable, undivided, absolute

Question 11

liberty (hobbes)

Answer 11

the absence of external impediments, ability to act according to one’s will without being physically hindered from performing that act

Question 12

natural law (hobbes)

Answer 12

not a law! qualities that dispose men to peace and obedience.

Question 13

solipsism (hobbes)

Answer 13

the philosophical idea that one’s own mind is sure to exist

Question 14

justice (hobbes)

Answer 14

artificial virtue. only exists as a convention in the context of a civil society

Question 15

natural power (hobbes)

Answer 15

internal qualities like intellectual eloquence, external strength, and prudence

Question 16

instrumental power (hobbes)

Answer 16

the ability to secure wellbeing or personal advantage to obtain some future apparent good

Question 17

social contract (hobbes)

Answer 17

between the people and the people, NOT the people and the leviathan. once the people agree to a leviathan they have no influence over it.

Question 18

the only thing the leviathan doesn’t have the power to do is: (hobbes)

Answer 18

KILL.

Question 19

Fiduciary (locke)

Answer 19

involving trust–basically, you’ve got money and you’re a trustee, you rely on a beneficiary to keep you from spending it.

Question 20

the legislature (locke)

Answer 20

the supreme power, to which all other powers must be subordinate.

Question 21

natural power (locke)

Answer 21

a prominent/superior ability of the mind, like strength, eloquence, or liberality

Question 22

the right of nature (locke)

Answer 22

liberty each man has to use his own power for self-preservation

Question 23

law (locke)

Answer 23

not a limitation, but it guides an intelligent and free man to what is in his best interest/good for mankind in general

Question 24

commonwealth (locke)

Answer 24

has the power to devise punishment for law breakers, and preserve the property of society members (life and possessions)

Question 25

liberty (locke)

Answer 25

“my own will in all things, where the rule prescribes not”

Question 26

paternal power (locke)

Answer 26

the power that parents have over their children until they reach the age of reason

Question 27

political power (locke)

Answer 27

power that everyone in a society gives up to the commonwealth in order to protect their property.

Question 28

despotic power (locke)

Answer 28

absolute arbitrary power of one person to take the life and property of another against their will

Question 29

usurpation (locke)

Answer 29

domestic conquest, a change of leadership. usurper has no power until the people freely confirm him as such.

Question 30

tyranny (locke)

Answer 30

“the exercise of power beyond right”, ruler who breaks the law and acts on his own behalf

Question 31

political equality (locke)

Answer 31

all power and jurisdiction and reciprocal, no one has more power than another

Question 32

the social contract (locke)

Answer 32

agreement between the people and the gov’t, like a fiduciary trust. the people set up the gov’t for their own benefit, and the legislature passes laws for the benefit of the people. the people can dissolve the gov’t when it no longer works to their benefit.

Question 33

social order (rousseau)

Answer 33

a sacred right, not from nature, foundation of all other rights.

Question 34

state of nature (rousseau)

Answer 34

man seeks to take care of himself first, then others. man is compassionate.

Question 35

social state (rousseau)

Answer 35

peace through force, everyone’s in line bc the authority is in control

Question 36

the social pact (rousseau)

Answer 36

self-preservation by coming together and working as a whole. obstacle to taking care of yourself

Question 37

body politic (rousseau)

Answer 37

the sovereign and everyone else is bound by the laws

Question 38

the general will (rousseau)

Answer 38

no factionalism. the even, balanced ‘common good’

Question 39

factionalism (rousseau)

Answer 39

when a bunch of people band together because of shared private interests and agree to promote those interests by voting as one. not on the behalf of the common good.

Question 40

law (rousseau)

Answer 40

abstract expression of the general will that is universally applicable. made by all the people and apply to all the people. cannot deal with individuals or a group.

Question 41

equality (rousseau)

Answer 41

differences in wealth ought not to unbalance the state.

Question 42

political/fundamental laws (rousseau)

Answer 42

subject of social contract. determine the fundamental structure of the state

Question 43

civil laws (rousseau)

Answer 43

deal with individuals in relation with each other or with the body politic as a whole

Question 44

criminal laws (rousseau)

Answer 44

deal with cases where the law is broken

Question 45

legislator/lawgiver (rousseau)

Answer 45

he is intelligent, willing to work selflessly. has great insight, they’re not a citizen of the state they give laws to. outside and above the sovereign’s authority.

Question 46

three kinds of aristocracy!
n/e/h
rousseau loves this shit frfr. bootlicker

Answer 46

natural: elders govern a tribe

elective: BEST KIND, those with power, riches, or otherwise are best suited to govern are placed in charge

hereditary: WORST KIND, certain families govern the rest.

Question 47

democracy (rousseau)

Answer 47

when all or most of the citizens are magistrates

Question 48

aristocracy (rousseau)

Answer 48

when fewer than half the citizens are magistrates

Question 49

monarchy (rousseau)

Answer 49

when there is only one magistrate (or a small handful)

Question 50

social contract (roussaeu)

Answer 50

created to counter exploitative social relations backed by law/state power.

everyone enjoys the protection of common force, but are free as they were in state of nature–they are compassionate, not driven by selfishness.

GENERAL WILL: collective will of the citizen body as a whole, source of law. so when citizens follow the law they’re just following their own will and remain free.