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Horse Prod > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the periosteum

A

Protective membrane that surrounds the bone

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2
Q

What will any amount of offset of the periosteum result in

A

Increased force and pressure on the bone

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3
Q

Where is the sight of healing in the bone

A

The periosteum

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4
Q

What happens when there is trauma to the periosteum

A

Excessive bone lays down creating boney growths

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5
Q

Are horses bones still developing when they are born

A

Yes, the foal moving and walking around triggers maturation allowing the bones to develop and mature

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6
Q

Why do you have to becareful with how dysmature animals bones grow

A

If there is too much force on the cartilage it will actually cause damage

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7
Q

What is the growth plate called

A

The physis this is not located at the end of the bone but close to it

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8
Q

When do you typically start doing heavy work with horses

A

After their growth plates fuse specifically after the growth plate in the carpus which takes 1.5-2.5 yrs

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9
Q

Where is the marrow cavity in the bone

A

In the center of the bone

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10
Q

What is hyaline cartilage

A

Padding at the end of the articular surfaces that protects the bone

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11
Q

What are synovial joints

A

Mobile joints that are between two long bones

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12
Q

What is articular cartilage

A

Fluid that fills synovial joints allowing them to fuse w/ no friction

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13
Q

When does osteoarthritis occur

A

When articular cartilage starts to get damaged and erode away

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14
Q

What is the joint capsule

A

The CT that surrounds the articular cartiladge to give the joint stability this covers the ends of both bones

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15
Q

What causes inflammation of synovial fluid in a joint capsule

A

A build up of fluid typically from an old hyperextension or arthritis

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16
Q

What is the medical name for the cannon bone in the front legs

A

Metacarpal 3

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17
Q

The medical name for the cannon bone in the back legs

A

Metatarsal 3

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18
Q

What is the medical name for the splint bones in the front leg

A

The medial bones are metacarpal 2 and 4

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19
Q

What are the medical name for the splint bones in the back leg

A

The medial bones are metatarsal 2 and 4

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20
Q

How many phalanges bones are there in the lower leg of the horse

A

Phalanx 1, 2, and 3

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21
Q

What are the sesamoid bones

A

Proximal sesamoids and the navicular bone

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22
Q

What is the suspensory ligament

A

The main structure that is responsible for the horses having a normal pastern angle and keeping the fetlock in an upright position

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23
Q

Where is the suspensory ligament

A

It goes around the metacarpal/metatarsal then breaks apart into extensor branches and comes back around cradlying the fetlock

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24
Q

What does injuries to the suspensory ligament cause

A

Fetlocks to drop preventing the maintence of the angle

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25
Q

What is the collateral ligament

A

Stabilizes the joints by running across them contecting bone to bone

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26
Q

What are annular ligaments

A

Stablizes the joint by going around it like a ring

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27
Q

What is the superficial digital flexor tendon

A

It runs down the back of the leg to the skin attaching to the muscle further along the metacarpal/metatarsal and connects to the top of phalanx 3 that flexes when it shortens

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28
Q

What is the deep digital flexor tendon

A

Runs down the back of the leg below the superficial digital flexor tendon also attaching to the muscle around the metacarpal/metatarsal connecting to phalanx 3

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29
Q

What is the common digital extensor tendon

A

Runs down the front of the horses leg down to phalanx 2 and extends the leg

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30
Q

What are other unique aspect of the horses legs

A

Interosseous ligament ossification, stay spparatus, and reciprocal apparatus

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31
Q

What is interosseous ligement ossification

A

The splint bone being located behind the metacarpal that is left over from evolution

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32
Q

What is the stay apparatus

A

Activates when they are sleeping standing up and all their body weight is on their legs and assists in their fight or flight

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33
Q

Is the stay apparatus functional if there is damage to ligaments or tendons in the leg

A

No but blood flow to the leg is not affected

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34
Q

What is the reciprocal apparatus

A

Something with the back legs that makes the fetlock, hock, and stifle joint all flex at the same time

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35
Q

What are the three pieces of the hoof are the primary weight barring structures

A

The wall, bars, and frog

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36
Q

What are the anatomical peices of the hoof

A

Sole, wall, bars, frog, heels, collateral grooves, white line, and collateral cartilage

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37
Q

What does walking on the sole cause

A

Soreness

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38
Q

What is the white line

A

Where the sole and the hoof wall meet

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39
Q

What are the three parts of the hoof wall

A

The heel, quarter, and toe

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40
Q

Where is phalanx 3 located

A

Hanging from the top of the hoof capsule and is suspended by the lamina

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41
Q

What does the horse lack in the leg from the knees and hocks down

A

Muscle

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42
Q

What allows for venous return from the leg

A

Movement

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43
Q

What is the process for compression of digital cushion

A

Directly above the frog the swing phase of motion allows for blood to enter the digital arteries, the impact phase sucks blood into the digital cushion, and the loading phase forces blood up the leg

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44
Q

What is laminae

A

periosteum that has modified itself and is like velcro that allows phalax 3 to descend from the hoof wall

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45
Q

What is laminitis

A

Inflammation of the laminae

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46
Q

What part of the laminae is along phalanx 3

A

The dermal laminae “sensitive laminae”

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47
Q

What is the part of the laminae that connects to the hoof wall

A

The epidermal laminae “insensitive laminae”

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48
Q

Where is the primary laminae

A

Perpendicular to the inner surface

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49
Q

What is secondary laminae

A

Additional laminae that go up into the primary laminae they are perpendicular to the primary laminae and branch off. Present in the dermal and epidermal

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50
Q

Where is the digital cushion located

A

Under the frog

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51
Q

Where does hoof growth originate from

A

The coronary band grows 1/4 inch per month and takes a year to replace

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52
Q

What are important things to keep in mind w/ farrier care

A

Symmetry, hoof angle, break over, and seasonal changes

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53
Q

What is the ideal hoof angle

A

45 degrees

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54
Q

How are abnormal used in farrier care

A

They can help w/ proper hoof care and should not cause additional stress on other joints

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55
Q

What is break over

A

The amount of movement w/in the horses foot that they need to take a step and pivot their weight to their toe. Essentially this is how the toe rolls over to take a stride.

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56
Q

During what season do hooves grow the fastest

A

The spring due to the increased nutrients in the grass

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57
Q

What are some examples of distorted hoof growth an be distorted

A

Curled up, bull nose, underrun heel, not being symmetric

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58
Q

Why arent hoof structures symmetrical

A

Due to an abnormailty in the internal structures such as the laminae

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59
Q

What can cause atrophy of the frog

A

Lack of mobilization and usage of the frog

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60
Q

What is lameness

A

An abnormailty in the gate due to pain/discomfort or mechanical

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61
Q

What is an unsoudness

A

A lameness that results in permanent impacts to performance that vary in prognosis depending on severity

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62
Q

What is a blemish

A

Permanent scar or abnormality that has no impact on performance that impacts value of the horse

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63
Q

What is congenital defects

A

Defect that they were born w/ or has been there since birth but is not always hereditary and are mostly due to formation errors or position in the uterus and can be corrected

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64
Q

What are aquired defects

A

Defect that was developed and can be corrected

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65
Q

What is arthritis

A

Articular cartilage is broken down and the amount of fluid w/in that joint is lessened that can cause calcification of the cartilage and boney build ups around joints

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66
Q

Where is articular arthritis

A

In the joint space

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67
Q

Where is periarticular arthritis

A

Near the joint

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68
Q

What are causes of arthritis

A

Concussion, trauma, or uneven loading

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69
Q

How does concussion occur

A

When horses walk on really hard ground all the time

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70
Q

When does uneven loading occur

A

When there is uneven weight distrubtion down the horses leg

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71
Q

Is arthritis an unsoundness or blemish

A

Progressive unsoundness

72
Q

What is arthritis in the hock joint

A

Bone spavin

73
Q

What is arthritis in the fetlock joint

A

Osselets

74
Q

What is arthritis in the pastern joint

A

High ringbone

75
Q

What is arthritis in the coffin joint

A

Low ringbone

76
Q

What is ossification

A

Structure that is not bone becomes bone by osteoblasts

77
Q

What are causes of ossification

A

Concussion or trauma to some type of soft tissue structure is up against the bone and the bone tries to heal can also occur in horses that have an uneven weight distrubution on legs

78
Q

Is ossification an unsoundness or blemish

A

Splint is a blemish other ossifications are unsoundness

79
Q

Are splints progressive

A

No and they typically occur in horses younger than 2 years of age

80
Q

Where does splint occur

A

Interosseous ligament

81
Q

Where does sidebone occur

A

Collateral cartilage

82
Q

Where are soft tissue abnormalities typically found

A

Tendons, tendon sheath, ligaments, and bursa

83
Q

What is the tendon sheath

A

Goes around the tendon for protection and allows the tendon to shorten as the muscle extends

84
Q

What is the bursa

A

Bumper around the joints that are close to the surface of the skin, is fluid filled, and is not involved in movement because it is on the outside of the bones and joints

85
Q

What is a bowed tendon

A

Injury to a tendon that can range anywhere from swelling to a ruptured tendon

86
Q

What are causes of a bowed tendon

A

Most are caused by athletic injury or strain

87
Q

What is a bandage bow

A

Caused by a bandage that is applied to the leg incorrectly and provides uneven pressure

88
Q

Is a bowed tendon a unsoundness or blemish

A

Unsoundness that prognosis varies on severity

89
Q

What causes soft tissue abnormalities of the hock

A

Due to athletic use on the back legs and is common in all aged performance horses

90
Q

Is soft tissue abnormality of the hock a unsoundness or blemish

A

Blemish

91
Q

What is curb

A

Soft tissue abnormality below hock on the back or inflammation of plantar ligament

92
Q

What is thoroughpin

A

soft tissue abnormality above hock in web or swelling of DDFT sheath

93
Q

What is bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursa

94
Q

What are causes of bursitis

A

Trauma to the fluid filled bursa that is overlaying the joint, capped elbow is rubbing on the elbow on something such as a shoe that creates a rub spot when the horse lays down, and capped hock typically by kicking a stall wall or trailer

95
Q

Is bursitis an unsoundness or blemish

A

Blemish

96
Q

What is capped hock

A

Inflammation of hock bursa

97
Q

What is capped elbow or shoe boil

A

Inflammation of elbow bursa

98
Q

What is joint effusion

A

Excessive synovial fluid that doesnt directly cause lameness but indicates underlying unsoundness

99
Q

What are causes of joint effusion

A

Joint defect and previous joint capsule hyperextension

100
Q

Is joint effusion an unsoundness or blemish

A

Blemish but can be an indication of an underlying unsoundness

101
Q

What part of a prepurchase physical exam will show if there is an underlying unsoundness with joint effusion

A

Flexation tests and rads

102
Q

What is joint effusion in the hock joint

A

Bog spavin

103
Q

What is effusion in the fetlock joint

A

Windpuff

104
Q

What hoof or foot problems are unsoundnesses

A

Laminits/founder and navicular diseases

105
Q

What are common temporary hoof or foot problems

A

Sole bruise, abscess, quarter crack, and thrush

106
Q

What are causes of horse bruises

A

Getting a big rock stuck or abnormal underlying anatomy

107
Q

What is the treatment for hoof bruises

A

Stall rest or anti inflammatory

108
Q

How does a hoof abscess occur

A

Small microscopic cracks in the hoof wall allows for a wet muddy anerobic bacteria breeding ground that produces a soft fluid filled pocket

109
Q

What is the movement of a hoof abscess

A

As it gets bigger it moves to the softest area it can find leading it to the cornet band

110
Q

What is the most common cause of sudden severe lameness in horses w/ no other injuries

A

Hoof abscesses

111
Q

How can we speed up how long it takes the hoof to rupture

A

Since the abscess works from the bottom up if you create an area for it to rupture on the bottom of the hoof it will speed up the process

112
Q

What is a quarter crack

A

A crack that develops in the quarter of the horses hoof that develops when the horses foot is unbalanced creating extra force in one area that allows the crack to keep going up

113
Q

How is quarter crack treated

A

It can grow out w/ proper farrier care w/ glue or staples

114
Q

What is thrush

A

An anerobic bacterial infection in the collateral grooves, frog, and heel area that can eat away the frog from a damp environmet often really dirty stalls that can be treated w/ medication. Horses arent usually lame in the early stage of infection but there is a distinctive smell

115
Q

What is founder

A

Rotation or sinking of phalanx 3

116
Q

What is the cause of founder

A

When a horses has laminitis leading to a decrease in blood flow to the laminae which leads to necrosis of the laminae allowing them to pull apart while the DDFT pulls the bone away causing rotation of phalanx 3

117
Q

What can happen if founder gets severe enough

A

Phalanx 3 can puncture thru the sole or a bruis of phalanx 3 can occur if it gets severe enough

118
Q

When does acute laminits occur

A

From initial cellular change to the start of rotation of phalanx 3

119
Q

When does chronic laminits occur

A

When phalanx 3 begins to rotate or sink this is the same thing as founder

120
Q

What are the common causes of laminitis

A

CHO overload and being on a lush pasture

121
Q

What horses are at the highest risk of getting laminitis

A

Overweight or horses that have already had laminitis

122
Q

What are other causes of laminitis

A

Hormone abnormalities, digestive disturbances, retained fetal membranes, concussion, black walnut toxicity, and sepsis/endotoxemia

123
Q

What is endotoxemia

A

Massive amounts of toxins in the body the horse pulls of its resources to the core body leaving the limbs to fend for themselves causing necrosis

124
Q

What are early acute symptoms of laminitis

A

Restlessness, increase, DP, and heat in feet

125
Q

What are later acute and chronic symptoms of laminitis

A

Founder stance and unwillingness to stand

126
Q

What are chronic hoof changes seen w/ laminitis

A

Wide white lines, hoof rings, curled toes, and sole bruising

127
Q

When is laminitis so severe that you are looking at long term management

A

When there are chronic hoof changes present

128
Q

What are treatment steps for laminitis

A

Treat or remove trigger, decrease inflammation, decrease DDFT tension, and cushion sole

129
Q

How do you decrease inflammation w/ laminitis

A

Giving anti-inflammatories or applying ice boots

130
Q

How do you decrease the DDFT tension

A

By utilizing first aid such as applying foam or lilly pad to support the hoof or provide long term care w/ a wooden shoe if needed

131
Q

How can you cushion the sole to decrease laminitis

A

By decreasing the weight bearing on the laminae and providing deep bedding

132
Q

What are other management steps for avoiding or treating laminitis

A

Preventing obesity, avoiding any triggers of laminitis such as taking off pasture and feeding low starch diets, and possibly putting the horse in therapeutic shoes

133
Q

Why are horses that had laminitis more likely to get it again

A

Because there are some subtly abnormailites to the blood vessels that occur after laminitis

134
Q

What is navicular syndrome or caudal heel pain

A

Pain that originates in the navicular bone and region surrounding it

135
Q

What are causes of navicular syndrome

A

Concussion, anatomical abnormalities, or trauma

136
Q

What can navicular syndrome cause

A

Atrophy because they do not put full weight on the heel

137
Q

How do you dianosis a horse w/ navicular syndrome

A

Any horse that has pain/discomfort that is isolated in the heel/navicular region is termed navicular this typically occurs in the front feet

138
Q

What are management steps for treating navicular disease

A

Shoeing, medication, joint/bursa injections, and surgery

139
Q

What does shoeing do for navicular horses

A

Decreases pull on DDFT and reduces coffin joint movement

140
Q

What type of medications are used for navicular horses

A

NSAIDS specifically isoxuprine

141
Q

What injections are given for navicular horses

A

Steroids specifically hyaluronic acid

142
Q

What joint supplements are given to navicular horses

A

MSM and glucosamine

143
Q

What kind of surgery can be done for navicular horses

A

Neurectomy takes the feeling form their foot but nerves do regenerate

144
Q

What is the definition of colic

A

General term for abdominal pain

145
Q

What is the number one cause of death in horses

A

Colic

146
Q

What are symptoms of colic

A

Not eating/drinking, laying down not wanting to get up, stretching out, biting at sides, rolling, kicking at belly, and lip curl

147
Q

What do you do when your horse is colicy

A

Call vet, do not medicate the horse, do not feed horse, and potentially walk the horse

148
Q

What is a bad idea to medicate a horse when its colicly

A

The gut is not absorbing correctly so meds will last longer

149
Q

Why does walking benefit a colicly horse

A

prevents rolling that could lead to torsion and could distract the horse

150
Q

When do you not need to walk a colicy horse

A

When they are quiet or approaching exhaustion

151
Q

What would a veterinarian do for a colicy horse

A

Take vitals, put a nasal gastric tube, rectal palpation, and +/- abdominal ultrasound

152
Q

What does putting in a gastic tube do for colic

A

Checks the quality of the stomach contents and checks reflex

153
Q

What does rectal palpation do for colic

A

Allows to check and see if there any abnormalities in the GIT

154
Q

What are treatments for colic

A

Hydrating the animal via NG tube or IV fluids as a bolus, giving pain relief, or surgery

155
Q

How do you get a good prognosis for colic

A

Get treatment faster

156
Q

What are causes of impaction and obstruction colic

A

Dehydration, poor quality roughage, bad teeth, sand, parasites, foreign body, displacement, or enteroliths

157
Q

What are causes of spasmodic or flatulent colic

A

Stress, gas, diarrhea, or changes in feed

158
Q

What are causes of strangulation colic

A

Hernia, twist (volvulus), intussusception, adhesions, displacement, or stangulating lipoma

159
Q

What are causes of inflammation colic

A

Parasites, stomach ulcer, colon ulcer, toxins, GI rupture, or abdominal foreign body

160
Q

What is enteroliths

A

Horse ingests some type of mineral that builds up over time and causes an obstruction

161
Q

How to prevent colic

A

Hydration, forage based diet, dental care, deworming, changing feed slowly, identifying early, and checking/remove hazards in field

162
Q

What are tactics to improve biosecurity

A

Knowing the incubation period of a disease, quarantine, vaccinations, isolate traveling herds, ventilation, hygiene, decrease nose to nose touching, and avoid sharing water w/ unknown horses

163
Q

When is knowning how long an incubation period is especially important

A

When working w/ contagious diseases

164
Q

How long are most incubation periods

A

10-14 days

165
Q

When do you quarantine horses

A

When they are sick or if they are new

166
Q

What are most contagious disesases and the most common way to spread them

A

Most are aerosolized and are spread via nasal discharge

167
Q

When is a coggins required annual

A

Change of ownership, traveling, showing, breeding, or boarding

168
Q

What is Equine Infectious Anemia

A

Immunodeficiency virus where the RBCs attack themselves

169
Q

What are sympoms of EIA

A

Fever, anemia, edema, and/or weight loss

170
Q

How is EIA spread

A

Blood to blood transfer via needle or horse flies

171
Q

How is EIA treated, cured, or prevented

A

No vaccine to prevent and there is no treatment horses are generally euthanized

172
Q

How do you reduce spread of EIA

A

Coggins testing

173
Q

What are core vaccines

A

WNV, EEE/WEE, tetanus, and rabies

174
Q

What are risk based vaccines

A

Flu, EHV, and strangles

175
Q

Feeling the horses leg from front to back what anatomical structures whould you feel

A

Common digital extensor tendon, suspensory ligament, deep digital flexor tendon, and superficial digital flexor tendon

Horse Prod (3 decks)

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