Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the periosteum
A
Protective membrane that surrounds the bone
2
Q
What will any amount of offset of the periosteum result in
A
Increased force and pressure on the bone
3
Q
Where is the sight of healing in the bone
A
The periosteum
4
Q
What happens when there is trauma to the periosteum
A
Excessive bone lays down creating boney growths
5
Q
Are horses bones still developing when they are born
A
Yes, the foal moving and walking around triggers maturation allowing the bones to develop and mature
6
Q
Why do you have to becareful with how dysmature animals bones grow
A
If there is too much force on the cartilage it will actually cause damage
7
Q
What is the growth plate called
A
The physis this is not located at the end of the bone but close to it
8
Q
When do you typically start doing heavy work with horses
A
After their growth plates fuse specifically after the growth plate in the carpus which takes 1.5-2.5 yrs
9
Q
Where is the marrow cavity in the bone
A
In the center of the bone
10
Q
What is hyaline cartilage
A
Padding at the end of the articular surfaces that protects the bone
11
Q
What are synovial joints
A
Mobile joints that are between two long bones
12
Q
What is articular cartilage
A
Fluid that fills synovial joints allowing them to fuse w/ no friction
13
Q
When does osteoarthritis occur
A
When articular cartilage starts to get damaged and erode away
14
Q
What is the joint capsule
A
The CT that surrounds the articular cartiladge to give the joint stability this covers the ends of both bones
15
Q
What causes inflammation of synovial fluid in a joint capsule
A
A build up of fluid typically from an old hyperextension or arthritis
16
Q
What is the medical name for the cannon bone in the front legs
A
Metacarpal 3
17
Q
The medical name for the cannon bone in the back legs
A
Metatarsal 3
18
Q
What is the medical name for the splint bones in the front leg
A
The medial bones are metacarpal 2 and 4
19
Q
What are the medical name for the splint bones in the back leg
A
The medial bones are metatarsal 2 and 4
20
Q
How many phalanges bones are there in the lower leg of the horse
A
Phalanx 1, 2, and 3
21
Q
What are the sesamoid bones
A
Proximal sesamoids and the navicular bone
22
Q
What is the suspensory ligament
A
The main structure that is responsible for the horses having a normal pastern angle and keeping the fetlock in an upright position
23
Q
Where is the suspensory ligament
A
It goes around the metacarpal/metatarsal then breaks apart into extensor branches and comes back around cradlying the fetlock
24
Q
What does injuries to the suspensory ligament cause
A
Fetlocks to drop preventing the maintence of the angle
25
What is the collateral ligament
Stabilizes the joints by running across them contecting bone to bone
26
What are annular ligaments
Stablizes the joint by going around it like a ring
27
What is the superficial digital flexor tendon
It runs down the back of the leg to the skin attaching to the muscle further along the metacarpal/metatarsal and connects to the top of phalanx 3 that flexes when it shortens
28
What is the deep digital flexor tendon
Runs down the back of the leg below the superficial digital flexor tendon also attaching to the muscle around the metacarpal/metatarsal connecting to phalanx 3
29
What is the common digital extensor tendon
Runs down the front of the horses leg down to phalanx 2 and extends the leg
30
What are other unique aspect of the horses legs
Interosseous ligament ossification, stay spparatus, and reciprocal apparatus
31
What is interosseous ligement ossification
The splint bone being located behind the metacarpal that is left over from evolution
32
What is the stay apparatus
Activates when they are sleeping standing up and all their body weight is on their legs and assists in their fight or flight
33
Is the stay apparatus functional if there is damage to ligaments or tendons in the leg
No but blood flow to the leg is not affected
34
What is the reciprocal apparatus
Something with the back legs that makes the fetlock, hock, and stifle joint all flex at the same time
35
What are the three pieces of the hoof are the primary weight barring structures
The wall, bars, and frog
36
What are the anatomical peices of the hoof
Sole, wall, bars, frog, heels, collateral grooves, white line, and collateral cartilage
37
What does walking on the sole cause
Soreness
38
What is the white line
Where the sole and the hoof wall meet
39
What are the three parts of the hoof wall
The heel, quarter, and toe
40
Where is phalanx 3 located
Hanging from the top of the hoof capsule and is suspended by the lamina
41
What does the horse lack in the leg from the knees and hocks down
Muscle
42
What allows for venous return from the leg
Movement
43
What is the process for compression of digital cushion
Directly above the frog the swing phase of motion allows for blood to enter the digital arteries, the impact phase sucks blood into the digital cushion, and the loading phase forces blood up the leg
44
What is laminae
periosteum that has modified itself and is like velcro that allows phalax 3 to descend from the hoof wall
45
What is laminitis
Inflammation of the laminae
46
What part of the laminae is along phalanx 3
The dermal laminae "sensitive laminae"
47
What is the part of the laminae that connects to the hoof wall
The epidermal laminae "insensitive laminae"
48
Where is the primary laminae
Perpendicular to the inner surface
49
What is secondary laminae
Additional laminae that go up into the primary laminae they are perpendicular to the primary laminae and branch off. Present in the dermal and epidermal
50
Where is the digital cushion located
Under the frog
51
Where does hoof growth originate from
The coronary band grows 1/4 inch per month and takes a year to replace
52
What are important things to keep in mind w/ farrier care
Symmetry, hoof angle, break over, and seasonal changes
53
What is the ideal hoof angle
45 degrees
54
How are abnormal used in farrier care
They can help w/ proper hoof care and should not cause additional stress on other joints
55
What is break over
The amount of movement w/in the horses foot that they need to take a step and pivot their weight to their toe. Essentially this is how the toe rolls over to take a stride.
56
During what season do hooves grow the fastest
The spring due to the increased nutrients in the grass
57
What are some examples of distorted hoof growth an be distorted
Curled up, bull nose, underrun heel, not being symmetric
58
Why arent hoof structures symmetrical
Due to an abnormailty in the internal structures such as the laminae
59
What can cause atrophy of the frog
Lack of mobilization and usage of the frog
60
What is lameness
An abnormailty in the gate due to pain/discomfort or mechanical
61
What is an unsoudness
A lameness that results in permanent impacts to performance that vary in prognosis depending on severity
62
What is a blemish
Permanent scar or abnormality that has no impact on performance that impacts value of the horse
63
What is congenital defects
Defect that they were born w/ or has been there since birth but is not always hereditary and are mostly due to formation errors or position in the uterus and can be corrected
64
What are aquired defects
Defect that was developed and can be corrected
65
What is arthritis
Articular cartilage is broken down and the amount of fluid w/in that joint is lessened that can cause calcification of the cartilage and boney build ups around joints
66
Where is articular arthritis
In the joint space
67
Where is periarticular arthritis
Near the joint
68
What are causes of arthritis
Concussion, trauma, or uneven loading
69
How does concussion occur
When horses walk on really hard ground all the time
70
When does uneven loading occur
When there is uneven weight distrubtion down the horses leg
71
Is arthritis an unsoundness or blemish
Progressive unsoundness
72
What is arthritis in the hock joint
Bone spavin
73
What is arthritis in the fetlock joint
Osselets
74
What is arthritis in the pastern joint
High ringbone
75
What is arthritis in the coffin joint
Low ringbone
76
What is ossification
Structure that is not bone becomes bone by osteoblasts
77
What are causes of ossification
Concussion or trauma to some type of soft tissue structure is up against the bone and the bone tries to heal can also occur in horses that have an uneven weight distrubution on legs
78
Is ossification an unsoundness or blemish
Splint is a blemish other ossifications are unsoundness
79
Are splints progressive
No and they typically occur in horses younger than 2 years of age
80
Where does splint occur
Interosseous ligament
81
Where does sidebone occur
Collateral cartilage
82
Where are soft tissue abnormalities typically found
Tendons, tendon sheath, ligaments, and bursa
83
What is the tendon sheath
Goes around the tendon for protection and allows the tendon to shorten as the muscle extends
84
What is the bursa
Bumper around the joints that are close to the surface of the skin, is fluid filled, and is not involved in movement because it is on the outside of the bones and joints
85
What is a bowed tendon
Injury to a tendon that can range anywhere from swelling to a ruptured tendon
86
What are causes of a bowed tendon
Most are caused by athletic injury or strain
87
What is a bandage bow
Caused by a bandage that is applied to the leg incorrectly and provides uneven pressure
88
Is a bowed tendon a unsoundness or blemish
Unsoundness that prognosis varies on severity
89
What causes soft tissue abnormalities of the hock
Due to athletic use on the back legs and is common in all aged performance horses
90
Is soft tissue abnormality of the hock a unsoundness or blemish
Blemish
91
What is curb
Soft tissue abnormality below hock on the back or inflammation of plantar ligament
92
What is thoroughpin
soft tissue abnormality above hock in web or swelling of DDFT sheath
93
What is bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
94
What are causes of bursitis
Trauma to the fluid filled bursa that is overlaying the joint, capped elbow is rubbing on the elbow on something such as a shoe that creates a rub spot when the horse lays down, and capped hock typically by kicking a stall wall or trailer
95
Is bursitis an unsoundness or blemish
Blemish
96
What is capped hock
Inflammation of hock bursa
97
What is capped elbow or shoe boil
Inflammation of elbow bursa
98
What is joint effusion
Excessive synovial fluid that doesnt directly cause lameness but indicates underlying unsoundness
99
What are causes of joint effusion
Joint defect and previous joint capsule hyperextension
100
Is joint effusion an unsoundness or blemish
Blemish but can be an indication of an underlying unsoundness
101
What part of a prepurchase physical exam will show if there is an underlying unsoundness with joint effusion
Flexation tests and rads
102
What is joint effusion in the hock joint
Bog spavin
103
What is effusion in the fetlock joint
Windpuff
104
What hoof or foot problems are unsoundnesses
Laminits/founder and navicular diseases
105
What are common temporary hoof or foot problems
Sole bruise, abscess, quarter crack, and thrush
106
What are causes of horse bruises
Getting a big rock stuck or abnormal underlying anatomy
107
What is the treatment for hoof bruises
Stall rest or anti inflammatory
108
How does a hoof abscess occur
Small microscopic cracks in the hoof wall allows for a wet muddy anerobic bacteria breeding ground that produces a soft fluid filled pocket
109
What is the movement of a hoof abscess
As it gets bigger it moves to the softest area it can find leading it to the cornet band
110
What is the most common cause of sudden severe lameness in horses w/ no other injuries
Hoof abscesses
111
How can we speed up how long it takes the hoof to rupture
Since the abscess works from the bottom up if you create an area for it to rupture on the bottom of the hoof it will speed up the process
112
What is a quarter crack
A crack that develops in the quarter of the horses hoof that develops when the horses foot is unbalanced creating extra force in one area that allows the crack to keep going up
113
How is quarter crack treated
It can grow out w/ proper farrier care w/ glue or staples
114
What is thrush
An anerobic bacterial infection in the collateral grooves, frog, and heel area that can eat away the frog from a damp environmet often really dirty stalls that can be treated w/ medication. Horses arent usually lame in the early stage of infection but there is a distinctive smell
115
What is founder
Rotation or sinking of phalanx 3
116
What is the cause of founder
When a horses has laminitis leading to a decrease in blood flow to the laminae which leads to necrosis of the laminae allowing them to pull apart while the DDFT pulls the bone away causing rotation of phalanx 3
117
What can happen if founder gets severe enough
Phalanx 3 can puncture thru the sole or a bruis of phalanx 3 can occur if it gets severe enough
118
When does acute laminits occur
From initial cellular change to the start of rotation of phalanx 3
119
When does chronic laminits occur
When phalanx 3 begins to rotate or sink this is the same thing as founder
120
What are the common causes of laminitis
CHO overload and being on a lush pasture
121
What horses are at the highest risk of getting laminitis
Overweight or horses that have already had laminitis
122
What are other causes of laminitis
Hormone abnormalities, digestive disturbances, retained fetal membranes, concussion, black walnut toxicity, and sepsis/endotoxemia
123
What is endotoxemia
Massive amounts of toxins in the body the horse pulls of its resources to the core body leaving the limbs to fend for themselves causing necrosis
124
What are early acute symptoms of laminitis
Restlessness, increase, DP, and heat in feet
125
What are later acute and chronic symptoms of laminitis
Founder stance and unwillingness to stand
126
What are chronic hoof changes seen w/ laminitis
Wide white lines, hoof rings, curled toes, and sole bruising
127
When is laminitis so severe that you are looking at long term management
When there are chronic hoof changes present
128
What are treatment steps for laminitis
Treat or remove trigger, decrease inflammation, decrease DDFT tension, and cushion sole
129
How do you decrease inflammation w/ laminitis
Giving anti-inflammatories or applying ice boots
130
How do you decrease the DDFT tension
By utilizing first aid such as applying foam or lilly pad to support the hoof or provide long term care w/ a wooden shoe if needed
131
How can you cushion the sole to decrease laminitis
By decreasing the weight bearing on the laminae and providing deep bedding
132
What are other management steps for avoiding or treating laminitis
Preventing obesity, avoiding any triggers of laminitis such as taking off pasture and feeding low starch diets, and possibly putting the horse in therapeutic shoes
133
Why are horses that had laminitis more likely to get it again
Because there are some subtly abnormailites to the blood vessels that occur after laminitis
134
What is navicular syndrome or caudal heel pain
Pain that originates in the navicular bone and region surrounding it
135
What are causes of navicular syndrome
Concussion, anatomical abnormalities, or trauma
136
What can navicular syndrome cause
Atrophy because they do not put full weight on the heel
137
How do you dianosis a horse w/ navicular syndrome
Any horse that has pain/discomfort that is isolated in the heel/navicular region is termed navicular this typically occurs in the front feet
138
What are management steps for treating navicular disease
Shoeing, medication, joint/bursa injections, and surgery
139
What does shoeing do for navicular horses
Decreases pull on DDFT and reduces coffin joint movement
140
What type of medications are used for navicular horses
NSAIDS specifically isoxuprine
141
What injections are given for navicular horses
Steroids specifically hyaluronic acid
142
What joint supplements are given to navicular horses
MSM and glucosamine
143
What kind of surgery can be done for navicular horses
Neurectomy takes the feeling form their foot but nerves do regenerate
144
What is the definition of colic
General term for abdominal pain
145
What is the number one cause of death in horses
Colic
146
What are symptoms of colic
Not eating/drinking, laying down not wanting to get up, stretching out, biting at sides, rolling, kicking at belly, and lip curl
147
What do you do when your horse is colicy
Call vet, do not medicate the horse, do not feed horse, and potentially walk the horse
148
What is a bad idea to medicate a horse when its colicly
The gut is not absorbing correctly so meds will last longer
149
Why does walking benefit a colicly horse
prevents rolling that could lead to torsion and could distract the horse
150
When do you not need to walk a colicy horse
When they are quiet or approaching exhaustion
151
What would a veterinarian do for a colicy horse
Take vitals, put a nasal gastric tube, rectal palpation, and +/- abdominal ultrasound
152
What does putting in a gastic tube do for colic
Checks the quality of the stomach contents and checks reflex
153
What does rectal palpation do for colic
Allows to check and see if there any abnormalities in the GIT
154
What are treatments for colic
Hydrating the animal via NG tube or IV fluids as a bolus, giving pain relief, or surgery
155
How do you get a good prognosis for colic
Get treatment faster
156
What are causes of impaction and obstruction colic
Dehydration, poor quality roughage, bad teeth, sand, parasites, foreign body, displacement, or enteroliths
157
What are causes of spasmodic or flatulent colic
Stress, gas, diarrhea, or changes in feed
158
What are causes of strangulation colic
Hernia, twist (volvulus), intussusception, adhesions, displacement, or stangulating lipoma
159
What are causes of inflammation colic
Parasites, stomach ulcer, colon ulcer, toxins, GI rupture, or abdominal foreign body
160
What is enteroliths
Horse ingests some type of mineral that builds up over time and causes an obstruction
161
How to prevent colic
Hydration, forage based diet, dental care, deworming, changing feed slowly, identifying early, and checking/remove hazards in field
162
What are tactics to improve biosecurity
Knowing the incubation period of a disease, quarantine, vaccinations, isolate traveling herds, ventilation, hygiene, decrease nose to nose touching, and avoid sharing water w/ unknown horses
163
When is knowning how long an incubation period is especially important
When working w/ contagious diseases
164
How long are most incubation periods
10-14 days
165
When do you quarantine horses
When they are sick or if they are new
166
What are most contagious disesases and the most common way to spread them
Most are aerosolized and are spread via nasal discharge
167
When is a coggins required annual
Change of ownership, traveling, showing, breeding, or boarding
168
What is Equine Infectious Anemia
Immunodeficiency virus where the RBCs attack themselves
169
What are sympoms of EIA
Fever, anemia, edema, and/or weight loss
170
How is EIA spread
Blood to blood transfer via needle or horse flies
171
How is EIA treated, cured, or prevented
No vaccine to prevent and there is no treatment horses are generally euthanized
172
How do you reduce spread of EIA
Coggins testing
173
What are core vaccines
WNV, EEE/WEE, tetanus, and rabies
174
What are risk based vaccines
Flu, EHV, and strangles
175
Feeling the horses leg from front to back what anatomical structures whould you feel
Common digital extensor tendon, suspensory ligament, deep digital flexor tendon, and superficial digital flexor tendon
