Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the basic needs of a horse
A
Water, forage, shelter, social interactions, and exercise
2
Q
What are the three main places to house horses
A
Stall, drylot, and pasture
3
Q
Can a stall be used for 24/7 use
A
Yes, as long as other requirements are met
4
Q
What is the avg stall size
A
12’x12’
5
Q
How big does a drylot have to be if you are expecting the horse to get enough exercise
A
1 acre/horse
6
Q
How big should a pasture be per horse
A
2-3 acres/horse
7
Q
What is the cheapest option for housing
A
Pasture when looking at providing forage, social interactions, and exercise
8
Q
How are gates typically designed
A
To be centralized to the barn
9
Q
About how big should a gate be
A
Approximately 14-16ft
10
Q
Why is a bigger gate better
A
The larger the gate the easier it will be to get farm equipment through
11
Q
Why is it not ideal to have a water source in a corner
A
To avoid conjugation and to avoid an unsafe situation that a horse cant escape from
12
Q
Why should waters be placed near the barn
A
For visualization
13
Q
What is the down fall of having a water source between pastures
A
There is a compromise in biosecurity
14
Q
What is important to keep in regards to trailers
A
They need a place to turn around (circle drive)
15
Q
How are trees utilized in a pasture
A
As more shelter options but they must be fenced around
16
Q
How do horses eat in a natural setting
A
With their head down towards the ground
17
Q
What does feeding on a fence line lead to
A
Erosion due to an increase in fences pressure
18
Q
What is fence pressure
A
How much the horses can push or rub the fence before it leans and wears down
19
Q
What is the avg height for a fence
A
Approximately 5’
20
Q
When is fence pressure high
A
Young horses, stallions, small areas, around any type of feeder/water, and in corners
21
Q
What are the four things that we use to evaluate a fence
A
Safety, durability, expense, and visibility
22
Q
What does an electric component do for a fence
A
Makes it safer and lasts longer
23
Q
On which side of the fence are posts
A
On the outside of the fence to increase its strength
24
Q
What side is the fencing material on if it is shared between two pastures
A
They will be placed on the field that will have the most fence pressure
25
What are all the different fence types
Pipe, pipe&cable, board, board&wire, no climb fence, vinyl, plastic coated wire, electric tape, field fence, high tensile, and centaur fencing
26
What is the most expensive type of fencing but is very reliable
Pipe
27
What is the pipe used for in pipe and cable fencing
Visibility
28
What can happen if a pipe and cable fence gets too loose
The horse can get legs thru it
29
What do clasps in a pipe and cable fence present with
A safety risk to cause a cut injury
30
How many boards is a typical board fence
4
31
What is the safety risk w/ a board fence
The fence will break easily and cause splintering
32
What are maintenance steps that will keep boards from splintering
Treating it and painting w/ tar
33
What is the cost range for board fencing
Mid to high
34
Is board and wire fence more durable than wood
No
35
What kind of wire is used in a board and wire fence
Woven
36
What is no climb fence similar to
board and wire fencing
37
What are the good qualities of no climb fence
It has good visibiliy is very safe and durable
38
How is no climb fence designed
Metal posts go into the ground and woven wire is used
39
How many boards does vinyl come in
3 and 4
40
What material is vinyl
White plastic fencing that looks like board fence but has less maintenance
41
Can vinyl fencing splinter
Yes cheap product can but it is not very common
42
Which is more expensive vinyl or wooden fencing
Vinyl
43
What is the biggest challenge with vinyl fencing
Horses can push it making it lean or fall over primarily only works if electrified
44
Is plastic coated wire as sharp as tensile
No and is more visible
45
What are the qualities of electric tape fencing
Very safe and cheap but is not durable
46
What is the width recommended for electric tape for visibility
2 inches
47
Why is electric tape twisted
So the wind doesnt catch it
48
Is electric tape meant to be permenant or temporary
Temporary
49
What is a field fence
T posts w/ a grid fence that is wider at the top and smaller at the bottom w/ each junction welded and the top strand is barb wire
50
What is the advantages of field fencing
It is very cheap
51
What are the disadvantages of field fencing
The metal wears down, the barb wire has large openings, is not visible, and can be dangerous
52
What can improve safety of field fencing
Plastic tops to avoid impalement
53
What is a disadvangate of tensile fencing
You can barely see it so it is very unsafe
54
What are the advantages of tensile fencing
It is very cheap and durable
55
What can be done to improve the visibility of tensile fencing
Flagging
56
What is centaur fencing
3 electric boards that are wrapped by rubber coating and is covered by a vinyl board
57
Why should a run in shed have an opening on the long side
It gives more opportunities to leave if there is a herd dynamic issue
58
What size should a run in shed be
120ft^2 for the first two horses then 60ft^2 for each additional horse
59
What is smart to install in high traffic areas
All weather paddock footing
60
What are the steps for installing all weather paddock footing
Get rid of all packed down organic material, put in a layer of large gravel, place geotextile fabric, and place layer of fine gravel
61
How large do concrete pads have to be around waterers
Large enough for all 4 feet to be on the pad
62
What type of waterers are common for horse farms
Automatic waterers and troughs
63
What are common hay feeding strategies
Hay feeders and troughs
64
What are the two primary uses for a barn
Convenience and health monitoring
65
What are basic things that need to be stored in a barn
Grain, hay, supplies, and tack
66
What is the min height requirment for stalls
10 ft
67
How much space do horses need above their ears when they stand straight up
1ft
68
What type of walls work well for disinfection
PVC
69
What are the typical partitions
Solid on bottom open on top, bars, open stall partitions
70
What is the advantage of having a solid bottom stall partition
It avoids issues w/ kicking
71
Why should stall bars be about 4 ins apart
To legs getting stuck when they are rearing up
72
How are open stall partitions advantageous
Ventilation and socialization
73
What is the advantage of sliding doors
They will never block the isle way
74
What is the disadvangate of sliding doors
They require more maintenance
75
How wide should sliding doors be
4ft wide
76
What are the two main types of floors
Mats and concrete
77
What are the bedding types
Saw dust, shavings, straw, and pellets
78
What are the two types of feeders used
Removable or permanent
79
Why is feeding horses hay on the ground better for their respiratory system
There is not as much dust or mucus being able to move down into their system
80
How much venilation does a horse need
4-8 air exchage/hour
81
What is air exchange
When all the air comes out of the area and is completely replaced
82
Why cant home heating and air conditioning be used in horse barns
Because peoples homes need 1/2 air exchange is done per hour
83
How high should electric be
4-5ft off the ground
84
How many outlets ideally should be in the barn
One for every two stalls
85
What is really important to keep in mind with wiring
Having a conduit and something to contain the wire in
86
Why cant bare lightbulbs be used around animls
Because animals and water can damage them or making them explode
87
What is general/dining room lighting
10 foot candles
88
What is work areas/shop light lighting
30 foot candles
89
What is vet stocks/supermarket lighting
70 foot candles
90
What are dutch doors useful for
Ventilation
91
What is the disadvantage of dutch doors
They need frequent maintenance
92
Why are latches not recommended in barns
Because horses can open most latches
93
What are the advantagous of windows
Enrichment and socialization
94
What is the concept of flashing
Anywhere you have wood you should have a piece of metal that goes over the edge
95
What is the benefit of flashing
Prevents the horse from chewing the wood
96
What makes concrete less slick
Grooves
97
How high do lined walls need to be
5ft
98
How wide should aisles be
12'-14'
99
What are the unique aspects of the horses digestive anatomy
Hind gut fermenters, small stomach capacity, no vomiting, and no gallbladder
100
What lives in the hind gut
Its where microbes that are capable of breaking down cellulose and hemicellulose that produces VFA to be absorbed
101
What is the advantage of the horse having a small stomach capacity
Their is a quick rate of passage for food material making it easier for them to run away from predators and allows them to eat more
102
About how much grass do horses have to eat
Around 150 lbs
103
How are the horses unable to vomit
They have a long one way moving esophagus that does not have the muscular capabilities to hurl
104
How do horses secrete bile since they have no gallbladder
They constantly trickle bile from the liver into the SI that can gradually build up over time
105
How much fat can a horse consume
No more than 12%
106
What does consuming more than 12% do
Kills the microbes in the hindgut causing diarrhea
107
What is diastema
Gap in the teeth
108
What does the distema separate
The incisors from the premolars and molars
109
What is the advantage of the diastema
It elongates their head making their eyes farther from the ground allowing them to graze and being able to watch for predators
110
How are the top and bottom jaw different
The bottom jaw is more narrow than the top
111
What is the advantages to the bottom jaw being more narrow than the top
It increases SA and allows them to spend equal time grinding their feed in both directions
112
What do horses teeth do that is different from other species
They continue to erupt out of the jaw line making the root smaller and smaller until they fall out
113
What is apart of the foregut
Esophagus, stomach, and SI
114
How long is the esophagus
About 4ft
115
How much can the stomach hold
2-4 gallons
116
What is the function of the stomach
Breaks down min/v, sugars, proteins from grass, and grain components
117
About how long is the SI
About 70ft
118
What is the functions of the SI
Absorbs the material that is broken down in the stomach and grain
119
Why cant a horse eat mold
Because the mold gets absorbed in the SI prior to getting broken down by the microbes in the cecum
120
What is in the hindgut
Cecum, large colon, and small colon
121
How big is the cecum
As big as a king sized pillow case
122
What is the rate of food passage
Stomach is about 15 mins, SI is about 30-45 mins, and LI 2.5-3 days
123
What are common feeding concerns with horses
Missing/poor teeth, choke, ruptured stomach, gastric ulcer, colic, and laminitis
124
How do missing/poor teeth impact digestion
it impacts how they are able to graze and weight loss
125
What is choke
Food that is stuck in the esophagus that the muscle will try to force it down but sometimes surgery is required because the longer the food is stuck in the esophagus the more scaring occurs
126
What are symptoms for choke
Drooling/saliva coming out the nose, holding head down low, stretching neck, lip curl, and shaking head
127
Why should you w/ hold food and water if the horse has choke
Because it could go into their airway causing pneumonia
128
When is choke more common in horses
When they have bad teeth and cant chew food as well or when they eat their food too fast
129
How does a ruptured stomach occur
When a blockage occurs there is increased pressure allowing a rupture to occur in any part of the GIT
130
What is a gastric ulcer
Erosion of the lining of the stomach
131
Why doesnt the bottom part of the stomach get gastric ulcers
Because it has a mucosa layer to protect from the acid
132
What can cause gastric ulcers
Decrease in roughages and an increase in grains
133
What type of horses have an increase chance in getting gastric ulcers
Performance horses
134
What is colic
Abdominal pain
135
What is the common cause of colic
Dehydration decreases the lubrication in the LI increasing the chance of impaction
136
What is laminitis
Inflammation of the feet caused by decreasing blood flow weaking the lamina
137
What is the most common reason horses get euthanized
laminitis due to welfare
138
What is a sign of laminitis
If the horse acting like it is walking on egg shell
139
What are the 6 essential nutrients
Water, vitamin, minerals, protein, fats&oils, and CHO
140
How much water should a horse get
10-12 gallons
141
What is the best practice when suppling horses w/ water
Free access to water
142
When does water consumption increase
Increase in temp, working, and lactating
143
When does water consumption decrease
Rabid temp changes and stress
144
What are fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K that are absorbed with the fats that are eaten
145
Where is vitamin A found in
Green forage and is good for vision
146
Where can vitamin D obtained
Synthesized from sunlight and is found in green forage, is good for calcium absorption
147
Where is vitamin E found
Found in grains and green plants
148
Where is vitamin K found
In microbes in the cecum and is good for clotting
149
What are water soluble vitmains
B complex and C
150
Where is vitamin B produced
By the microbes of the cecum, commonly given biotin, and is a factor in hoof strength/growth
151
What is vitamin C used for
Immune function
152
What are homeostatic minerals
Na, Cl, K they impact hydration status and heart function and are electrolytes
153
What are structural minerals
Ca, P, Mg that are important for bone and cartilage generation and health also has an importance for young horses
154
What is the Ca:P ratio for an adult horse
1.1:1 to 5:1 and ideal 1.5:1
155
What is the Ca:P range in younger horses
1.1:1 to 3:1 ideal is 2:1
156
How are trace minerals given
In blocks utilized in pastures
157
What is mineral bioavailability
Organic minerals are easily utilized by the body and is recommended for a higher performing horse
158
Where is protein found
In forage and grains
159
What is 1st limiting AA
The general AA that runs out first in the body for horses this is lysine
160
What type of animals have the highest protein requirement
Lactating and late gestation
161
What is the upper limit
The most that their digestive system can utilize fats and oils
162
What percentage of fats and oils are unsafe for a horse
20%
163
What are structured CHO
Aka insoluble CHO cellulose, hemicellulose, and resistant starch
164
What do structured CHO requires
Microbial population to break it down
165
What type of CHO are horses hard wired to eat
Structured CHO
166
What type of CHO contains VFA
Structured CHO
167
What are non structured CHO
Sucrose, maltose, starch contains sugar and starches
168
What has more NSCs
Grain and if these get to the hindgut they upset the microflora
169
What energy source is utilized in starvation mode
Protein
170
Where do most calories come from
Structural CHO aka fiber
171
How much of a maintenance horses enery needs are met by fiber alone
80%
172
What is NCS a great source of
Concentrated calories
173
What does NCS increase the chances of
Obeses, founder, and laminitis
174
How much NSC can an adult have
<10-12% NSC
175
What type of grass has lots of sugar and starch
Fresh spring grass and fall grass
176
What feedstuffs that are high in NSC
Grain, green grass, and introduced grasses
177
What do high levels of NSC do to the horses body
Decrease cellulolytic bacteria increase in anaerobic bacteria in the cecum, increase lactic acid concentration, decrease VFA, and decrease pH of cecum/colon
178
What is an inexpensive way to reduce some NSC in hay
Soaking it, removing it from the water, then rinsing it again
179
What are the geneal feeding guidelines for a horse
Forage based diet, free choice water, no moldy feed or ionophores, add grain PRN, multiple small meals, use BCS to fine tune calorie needs
180
Forage red flags
Foxtail/related weeds, blister beetles, and endophyte infected fescue
181
What is dangerous about foxtail and other related weeds
The seed heads get stuck together and ingested causing physical trauma such as ulcers on gums, lips, and tongue
182
How do blister beetles get in hay
The grasshopper feeds on alfalfa bloom, blister beetles feed on grasshopper larvae, blister beetle baled in hay & released cantharidin causes ulcerations, colic, and rapid death blistering as soon as it touches any and all mucosa
183
What is the identifying piece of a blister beetles
They have a little neck piece
184
What does an increase in maturity cause
An increase in lignin which leads to a decrease in digestibility
185
What is the basic diet for maintenance horses
They have lower nutritional needs so roughage, minerals, and water are often sufficient
186
What are hard keepers
Horses that are fed appropriately but underweight
187
What do hard keepers need more of
Energy, highly digestible fiber, fats, and oils
188
What do you have to rule out prior to determining a horse is a hard keeper
Food competition, teeth issues, internal parasites, and illness
189
How do you decrease calories in an easy keeper
Feed less fiber, fat, and NSC as well as being cautious about NSC (grain and grass)
190
When are breeding stock maintained like maintenance
During non breeding season
191
What are breeding animals fed like during breeding season
Working animals depending activity
192
What do you increase in broodmares during the last 3-4 months of gestation
Protein and energy
193
What is the important in growing horses
Ca:P and protein
194
What is the CP requirement in weanlings
16%-18%
195
What is the CP requirement for yearlings
12%-14%
196
What do you want to provide a lot of in a growing horse diet
Easily digested fiber
197
What do you have to monitor for in growing horses
Growing too fast
198
What is physitis
Inflammation in the growth plates that is properly managed by slowing their growth rate
198
What are the two cases where senior horses have special dietary needs
Poor teeth and low BCS
198
How do you address feeding senior horses w/ dietary needs
Add more easily digestible fiber
199
What are the three main ways you add fiber to a senior horses diet
Chopped hay, complete feed, and soaked forage cubes
199
What is monitored and addressed in the winter
Decrease water consumption is typically addressed with free choice salt and keeping water around 45 degrees
200
What is increased in winter
Hay to meet new energy requirements and for fermentation
201
What dietary changes occur in the summer
Provide more water and addressing electrolye loss
202
What is an annual forage
Grasses only live one season and must be replaced every year
203
What are perennials forage
They grow and spread for many years
204
What are cool season grasses
Tall fescue, orchardgrass, smooth bromegrass, kentucky bluegrass, and timothy
205
What are warm season grasses
Bermudagrass, old world bluestem, crabgrass, native big bluestem, native indian grass, and native eastern gamagrass
206
What are legumes
Alfalfa, lespedeza, birdsfoot trefoil, red clover, and white clover
207
What is the ideal maturity for performance growing animals
NDF is 40%-50% and ADF 30%-35%
208
How is color variant
Color varys based on baling conditions, storage, and plant species
209
Qualities for tall fescue endophyte infected
Med to high yield, excellent persistence, good tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, drought, heat stress, cold temps, and has endophyte
210
Qualities for tall fescue endophyte free
Med to high yield, med persistence, good tolerance to cold temps and poor drainage, and fair tolerance to low soil fertility, drought, and heat stress
211
Qualities of orchardgrass
Med to high yield, medium persistence, early maturation, good tolerance to cold temps, and fair tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, drought, and heat stress
212
Qualities of smooth bromegrass
Med yield, good persistence, good tolerance to cold and drought, and fair tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, and heat stress
213
Kentucky bluegrass
Low yield, good persistence, good tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, cold temp, and poor tolerance to drought and heat stress
214
Qualities of timothy
Med yield, fair persistence, good tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, cold temps, and poor tolerance to drought and heat stress
215
Qualities of bermudagrass
High yield, fair to good persistence depending on vultivar, most types sprigged, good tolerance to heat stress, and fair tolerance to drought, poor soild fertility, poor drainage, and cold temps
216
Qualities of old world bluestem
Med yield, good persistence, good tolerance to heat stress, drought, poor soil fertility, and cold temps, and poor tolerance to poor drainage
217
Qualities for crabgrass
Med yield, good persistence, good tolerance to heat stress, poor drainage, and poor soil fertility, and fair tolerance to drought
218
Qualities for native big bluestem
Med to high yield, good persistence, slower to establish, graze no shorter than 6 in, and good tolerance to heat stress, drought, poor soil fertility, poor drainage, and cold temp
219
Qualities of native indian grass
Med to high yield, good persistence, slower to establish, graze no shorter than 6 in, fair tolerance to poor drainage, and good tolerance to heat stress, drought, poor soild fertility, and cold temps
220
Qualities of native eastern gamagrass
High yield, good persistence, very slow to establish, graze no shorter than 6 in, fair tolerance to low soil fertility, and good tolerance to heat stress, drought, poor drainage, and cold temps
221
Qualities of alfalfa
High yield, good persistence, good tolerance to heat stress, drought, cold temps, poor tolerance to poor drainage and low soil fertility, an d not usually grazed by horses
222
Qualities of lespedeza
Med to low yield, good persistence if reseeding is managed properly, good tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, heat stress, and drought
223
Qualities of birdsfoot trefoil
Med to low yield, fair to poor persistence, good tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, and cold temps, and fair tolerance to drought and heat stress
224
Qualities of red clover
Med to high yield, fair to good persistence, good tolerance to cold temps, and fair tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, drought, and heat stress
225
Qualities of white clover
Low to med yield, good persistence, good tolerance to cold temps and poor drainage, fair tolerance to low soil fertility, and poor tolerance to drought and heat stress
