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Horse Prod > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic needs of a horse

A

Water, forage, shelter, social interactions, and exercise

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2
Q

What are the three main places to house horses

A

Stall, drylot, and pasture

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3
Q

Can a stall be used for 24/7 use

A

Yes, as long as other requirements are met

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4
Q

What is the avg stall size

A

12’x12’

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5
Q

How big does a drylot have to be if you are expecting the horse to get enough exercise

A

1 acre/horse

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6
Q

How big should a pasture be per horse

A

2-3 acres/horse

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7
Q

What is the cheapest option for housing

A

Pasture when looking at providing forage, social interactions, and exercise

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8
Q

How are gates typically designed

A

To be centralized to the barn

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9
Q

About how big should a gate be

A

Approximately 14-16ft

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10
Q

Why is a bigger gate better

A

The larger the gate the easier it will be to get farm equipment through

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11
Q

Why is it not ideal to have a water source in a corner

A

To avoid conjugation and to avoid an unsafe situation that a horse cant escape from

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12
Q

Why should waters be placed near the barn

A

For visualization

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13
Q

What is the down fall of having a water source between pastures

A

There is a compromise in biosecurity

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14
Q

What is important to keep in regards to trailers

A

They need a place to turn around (circle drive)

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15
Q

How are trees utilized in a pasture

A

As more shelter options but they must be fenced around

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16
Q

How do horses eat in a natural setting

A

With their head down towards the ground

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17
Q

What does feeding on a fence line lead to

A

Erosion due to an increase in fences pressure

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18
Q

What is fence pressure

A

How much the horses can push or rub the fence before it leans and wears down

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19
Q

What is the avg height for a fence

A

Approximately 5’

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20
Q

When is fence pressure high

A

Young horses, stallions, small areas, around any type of feeder/water, and in corners

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21
Q

What are the four things that we use to evaluate a fence

A

Safety, durability, expense, and visibility

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22
Q

What does an electric component do for a fence

A

Makes it safer and lasts longer

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23
Q

On which side of the fence are posts

A

On the outside of the fence to increase its strength

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24
Q

What side is the fencing material on if it is shared between two pastures

A

They will be placed on the field that will have the most fence pressure

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25
Q

What are all the different fence types

A

Pipe, pipe&cable, board, board&wire, no climb fence, vinyl, plastic coated wire, electric tape, field fence, high tensile, and centaur fencing

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26
Q

What is the most expensive type of fencing but is very reliable

A

Pipe

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27
Q

What is the pipe used for in pipe and cable fencing

A

Visibility

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28
Q

What can happen if a pipe and cable fence gets too loose

A

The horse can get legs thru it

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29
Q

What do clasps in a pipe and cable fence present with

A

A safety risk to cause a cut injury

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30
Q

How many boards is a typical board fence

A

4

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31
Q

What is the safety risk w/ a board fence

A

The fence will break easily and cause splintering

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32
Q

What are maintenance steps that will keep boards from splintering

A

Treating it and painting w/ tar

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33
Q

What is the cost range for board fencing

A

Mid to high

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34
Q

Is board and wire fence more durable than wood

A

No

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35
Q

What kind of wire is used in a board and wire fence

A

Woven

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36
Q

What is no climb fence similar to

A

board and wire fencing

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37
Q

What are the good qualities of no climb fence

A

It has good visibiliy is very safe and durable

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38
Q

How is no climb fence designed

A

Metal posts go into the ground and woven wire is used

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39
Q

How many boards does vinyl come in

A

3 and 4

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40
Q

What material is vinyl

A

White plastic fencing that looks like board fence but has less maintenance

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41
Q

Can vinyl fencing splinter

A

Yes cheap product can but it is not very common

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42
Q

Which is more expensive vinyl or wooden fencing

A

Vinyl

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43
Q

What is the biggest challenge with vinyl fencing

A

Horses can push it making it lean or fall over primarily only works if electrified

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44
Q

Is plastic coated wire as sharp as tensile

A

No and is more visible

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45
Q

What are the qualities of electric tape fencing

A

Very safe and cheap but is not durable

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46
Q

What is the width recommended for electric tape for visibility

A

2 inches

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47
Q

Why is electric tape twisted

A

So the wind doesnt catch it

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48
Q

Is electric tape meant to be permenant or temporary

A

Temporary

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49
Q

What is a field fence

A

T posts w/ a grid fence that is wider at the top and smaller at the bottom w/ each junction welded and the top strand is barb wire

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50
Q

What is the advantages of field fencing

A

It is very cheap

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51
Q

What are the disadvantages of field fencing

A

The metal wears down, the barb wire has large openings, is not visible, and can be dangerous

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52
Q

What can improve safety of field fencing

A

Plastic tops to avoid impalement

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53
Q

What is a disadvangate of tensile fencing

A

You can barely see it so it is very unsafe

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54
Q

What are the advantages of tensile fencing

A

It is very cheap and durable

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55
Q

What can be done to improve the visibility of tensile fencing

A

Flagging

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56
Q

What is centaur fencing

A

3 electric boards that are wrapped by rubber coating and is covered by a vinyl board

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57
Q

Why should a run in shed have an opening on the long side

A

It gives more opportunities to leave if there is a herd dynamic issue

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58
Q

What size should a run in shed be

A

120ft^2 for the first two horses then 60ft^2 for each additional horse

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59
Q

What is smart to install in high traffic areas

A

All weather paddock footing

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60
Q

What are the steps for installing all weather paddock footing

A

Get rid of all packed down organic material, put in a layer of large gravel, place geotextile fabric, and place layer of fine gravel

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61
Q

How large do concrete pads have to be around waterers

A

Large enough for all 4 feet to be on the pad

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62
Q

What type of waterers are common for horse farms

A

Automatic waterers and troughs

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63
Q

What are common hay feeding strategies

A

Hay feeders and troughs

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64
Q

What are the two primary uses for a barn

A

Convenience and health monitoring

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65
Q

What are basic things that need to be stored in a barn

A

Grain, hay, supplies, and tack

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66
Q

What is the min height requirment for stalls

A

10 ft

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67
Q

How much space do horses need above their ears when they stand straight up

A

1ft

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68
Q

What type of walls work well for disinfection

A

PVC

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69
Q

What are the typical partitions

A

Solid on bottom open on top, bars, open stall partitions

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70
Q

What is the advantage of having a solid bottom stall partition

A

It avoids issues w/ kicking

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71
Q

Why should stall bars be about 4 ins apart

A

To legs getting stuck when they are rearing up

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72
Q

How are open stall partitions advantageous

A

Ventilation and socialization

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73
Q

What is the advantage of sliding doors

A

They will never block the isle way

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74
Q

What is the disadvangate of sliding doors

A

They require more maintenance

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75
Q

How wide should sliding doors be

A

4ft wide

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76
Q

What are the two main types of floors

A

Mats and concrete

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77
Q

What are the bedding types

A

Saw dust, shavings, straw, and pellets

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78
Q

What are the two types of feeders used

A

Removable or permanent

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79
Q

Why is feeding horses hay on the ground better for their respiratory system

A

There is not as much dust or mucus being able to move down into their system

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80
Q

How much venilation does a horse need

A

4-8 air exchage/hour

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81
Q

What is air exchange

A

When all the air comes out of the area and is completely replaced

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82
Q

Why cant home heating and air conditioning be used in horse barns

A

Because peoples homes need 1/2 air exchange is done per hour

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83
Q

How high should electric be

A

4-5ft off the ground

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84
Q

How many outlets ideally should be in the barn

A

One for every two stalls

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85
Q

What is really important to keep in mind with wiring

A

Having a conduit and something to contain the wire in

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86
Q

Why cant bare lightbulbs be used around animls

A

Because animals and water can damage them or making them explode

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87
Q

What is general/dining room lighting

A

10 foot candles

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88
Q

What is work areas/shop light lighting

A

30 foot candles

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89
Q

What is vet stocks/supermarket lighting

A

70 foot candles

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90
Q

What are dutch doors useful for

A

Ventilation

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91
Q

What is the disadvantage of dutch doors

A

They need frequent maintenance

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92
Q

Why are latches not recommended in barns

A

Because horses can open most latches

93
Q

What are the advantagous of windows

A

Enrichment and socialization

94
Q

What is the concept of flashing

A

Anywhere you have wood you should have a piece of metal that goes over the edge

95
Q

What is the benefit of flashing

A

Prevents the horse from chewing the wood

96
Q

What makes concrete less slick

A

Grooves

97
Q

How high do lined walls need to be

A

5ft

98
Q

How wide should aisles be

A

12’-14’

99
Q

What are the unique aspects of the horses digestive anatomy

A

Hind gut fermenters, small stomach capacity, no vomiting, and no gallbladder

100
Q

What lives in the hind gut

A

Its where microbes that are capable of breaking down cellulose and hemicellulose that produces VFA to be absorbed

101
Q

What is the advantage of the horse having a small stomach capacity

A

Their is a quick rate of passage for food material making it easier for them to run away from predators and allows them to eat more

102
Q

About how much grass do horses have to eat

A

Around 150 lbs

103
Q

How are the horses unable to vomit

A

They have a long one way moving esophagus that does not have the muscular capabilities to hurl

104
Q

How do horses secrete bile since they have no gallbladder

A

They constantly trickle bile from the liver into the SI that can gradually build up over time

105
Q

How much fat can a horse consume

A

No more than 12%

106
Q

What does consuming more than 12% do

A

Kills the microbes in the hindgut causing diarrhea

107
Q

What is diastema

A

Gap in the teeth

108
Q

What does the distema separate

A

The incisors from the premolars and molars

109
Q

What is the advantage of the diastema

A

It elongates their head making their eyes farther from the ground allowing them to graze and being able to watch for predators

110
Q

How are the top and bottom jaw different

A

The bottom jaw is more narrow than the top

111
Q

What is the advantages to the bottom jaw being more narrow than the top

A

It increases SA and allows them to spend equal time grinding their feed in both directions

112
Q

What do horses teeth do that is different from other species

A

They continue to erupt out of the jaw line making the root smaller and smaller until they fall out

113
Q

What is apart of the foregut

A

Esophagus, stomach, and SI

114
Q

How long is the esophagus

A

About 4ft

115
Q

How much can the stomach hold

A

2-4 gallons

116
Q

What is the function of the stomach

A

Breaks down min/v, sugars, proteins from grass, and grain components

117
Q

About how long is the SI

A

About 70ft

118
Q

What is the functions of the SI

A

Absorbs the material that is broken down in the stomach and grain

119
Q

Why cant a horse eat mold

A

Because the mold gets absorbed in the SI prior to getting broken down by the microbes in the cecum

120
Q

What is in the hindgut

A

Cecum, large colon, and small colon

121
Q

How big is the cecum

A

As big as a king sized pillow case

122
Q

What is the rate of food passage

A

Stomach is about 15 mins, SI is about 30-45 mins, and LI 2.5-3 days

123
Q

What are common feeding concerns with horses

A

Missing/poor teeth, choke, ruptured stomach, gastric ulcer, colic, and laminitis

124
Q

How do missing/poor teeth impact digestion

A

it impacts how they are able to graze and weight loss

125
Q

What is choke

A

Food that is stuck in the esophagus that the muscle will try to force it down but sometimes surgery is required because the longer the food is stuck in the esophagus the more scaring occurs

126
Q

What are symptoms for choke

A

Drooling/saliva coming out the nose, holding head down low, stretching neck, lip curl, and shaking head

127
Q

Why should you w/ hold food and water if the horse has choke

A

Because it could go into their airway causing pneumonia

128
Q

When is choke more common in horses

A

When they have bad teeth and cant chew food as well or when they eat their food too fast

129
Q

How does a ruptured stomach occur

A

When a blockage occurs there is increased pressure allowing a rupture to occur in any part of the GIT

130
Q

What is a gastric ulcer

A

Erosion of the lining of the stomach

131
Q

Why doesnt the bottom part of the stomach get gastric ulcers

A

Because it has a mucosa layer to protect from the acid

132
Q

What can cause gastric ulcers

A

Decrease in roughages and an increase in grains

133
Q

What type of horses have an increase chance in getting gastric ulcers

A

Performance horses

134
Q

What is colic

A

Abdominal pain

135
Q

What is the common cause of colic

A

Dehydration decreases the lubrication in the LI increasing the chance of impaction

136
Q

What is laminitis

A

Inflammation of the feet caused by decreasing blood flow weaking the lamina

137
Q

What is the most common reason horses get euthanized

A

laminitis due to welfare

138
Q

What is a sign of laminitis

A

If the horse acting like it is walking on egg shell

139
Q

What are the 6 essential nutrients

A

Water, vitamin, minerals, protein, fats&oils, and CHO

140
Q

How much water should a horse get

A

10-12 gallons

141
Q

What is the best practice when suppling horses w/ water

A

Free access to water

142
Q

When does water consumption increase

A

Increase in temp, working, and lactating

143
Q

When does water consumption decrease

A

Rabid temp changes and stress

144
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K that are absorbed with the fats that are eaten

145
Q

Where is vitamin A found in

A

Green forage and is good for vision

146
Q

Where can vitamin D obtained

A

Synthesized from sunlight and is found in green forage, is good for calcium absorption

147
Q

Where is vitamin E found

A

Found in grains and green plants

148
Q

Where is vitamin K found

A

In microbes in the cecum and is good for clotting

149
Q

What are water soluble vitmains

A

B complex and C

150
Q

Where is vitamin B produced

A

By the microbes of the cecum, commonly given biotin, and is a factor in hoof strength/growth

151
Q

What is vitamin C used for

A

Immune function

152
Q

What are homeostatic minerals

A

Na, Cl, K they impact hydration status and heart function and are electrolytes

153
Q

What are structural minerals

A

Ca, P, Mg that are important for bone and cartilage generation and health also has an importance for young horses

154
Q

What is the Ca:P ratio for an adult horse

A

1.1:1 to 5:1 and ideal 1.5:1

155
Q

What is the Ca:P range in younger horses

A

1.1:1 to 3:1 ideal is 2:1

156
Q

How are trace minerals given

A

In blocks utilized in pastures

157
Q

What is mineral bioavailability

A

Organic minerals are easily utilized by the body and is recommended for a higher performing horse

158
Q

Where is protein found

A

In forage and grains

159
Q

What is 1st limiting AA

A

The general AA that runs out first in the body for horses this is lysine

160
Q

What type of animals have the highest protein requirement

A

Lactating and late gestation

161
Q

What is the upper limit

A

The most that their digestive system can utilize fats and oils

162
Q

What percentage of fats and oils are unsafe for a horse

A

20%

163
Q

What are structured CHO

A

Aka insoluble CHO cellulose, hemicellulose, and resistant starch

164
Q

What do structured CHO requires

A

Microbial population to break it down

165
Q

What type of CHO are horses hard wired to eat

A

Structured CHO

166
Q

What type of CHO contains VFA

A

Structured CHO

167
Q

What are non structured CHO

A

Sucrose, maltose, starch contains sugar and starches

168
Q

What has more NSCs

A

Grain and if these get to the hindgut they upset the microflora

169
Q

What energy source is utilized in starvation mode

A

Protein

170
Q

Where do most calories come from

A

Structural CHO aka fiber

171
Q

How much of a maintenance horses enery needs are met by fiber alone

A

80%

172
Q

What is NCS a great source of

A

Concentrated calories

173
Q

What does NCS increase the chances of

A

Obeses, founder, and laminitis

174
Q

How much NSC can an adult have

A

<10-12% NSC

175
Q

What type of grass has lots of sugar and starch

A

Fresh spring grass and fall grass

176
Q

What feedstuffs that are high in NSC

A

Grain, green grass, and introduced grasses

177
Q

What do high levels of NSC do to the horses body

A

Decrease cellulolytic bacteria increase in anaerobic bacteria in the cecum, increase lactic acid concentration, decrease VFA, and decrease pH of cecum/colon

178
Q

What is an inexpensive way to reduce some NSC in hay

A

Soaking it, removing it from the water, then rinsing it again

179
Q

What are the geneal feeding guidelines for a horse

A

Forage based diet, free choice water, no moldy feed or ionophores, add grain PRN, multiple small meals, use BCS to fine tune calorie needs

180
Q

Forage red flags

A

Foxtail/related weeds, blister beetles, and endophyte infected fescue

181
Q

What is dangerous about foxtail and other related weeds

A

The seed heads get stuck together and ingested causing physical trauma such as ulcers on gums, lips, and tongue

182
Q

How do blister beetles get in hay

A

The grasshopper feeds on alfalfa bloom, blister beetles feed on grasshopper larvae, blister beetle baled in hay & released cantharidin causes ulcerations, colic, and rapid death blistering as soon as it touches any and all mucosa

183
Q

What is the identifying piece of a blister beetles

A

They have a little neck piece

184
Q

What does an increase in maturity cause

A

An increase in lignin which leads to a decrease in digestibility

185
Q

What is the basic diet for maintenance horses

A

They have lower nutritional needs so roughage, minerals, and water are often sufficient

186
Q

What are hard keepers

A

Horses that are fed appropriately but underweight

187
Q

What do hard keepers need more of

A

Energy, highly digestible fiber, fats, and oils

188
Q

What do you have to rule out prior to determining a horse is a hard keeper

A

Food competition, teeth issues, internal parasites, and illness

189
Q

How do you decrease calories in an easy keeper

A

Feed less fiber, fat, and NSC as well as being cautious about NSC (grain and grass)

190
Q

When are breeding stock maintained like maintenance

A

During non breeding season

191
Q

What are breeding animals fed like during breeding season

A

Working animals depending activity

192
Q

What do you increase in broodmares during the last 3-4 months of gestation

A

Protein and energy

193
Q

What is the important in growing horses

A

Ca:P and protein

194
Q

What is the CP requirement in weanlings

A

16%-18%

195
Q

What is the CP requirement for yearlings

A

12%-14%

196
Q

What do you want to provide a lot of in a growing horse diet

A

Easily digested fiber

197
Q

What do you have to monitor for in growing horses

A

Growing too fast

198
Q

What is physitis

A

Inflammation in the growth plates that is properly managed by slowing their growth rate

198
Q

What are the two cases where senior horses have special dietary needs

A

Poor teeth and low BCS

198
Q

How do you address feeding senior horses w/ dietary needs

A

Add more easily digestible fiber

199
Q

What are the three main ways you add fiber to a senior horses diet

A

Chopped hay, complete feed, and soaked forage cubes

199
Q

What is monitored and addressed in the winter

A

Decrease water consumption is typically addressed with free choice salt and keeping water around 45 degrees

200
Q

What is increased in winter

A

Hay to meet new energy requirements and for fermentation

201
Q

What dietary changes occur in the summer

A

Provide more water and addressing electrolye loss

202
Q

What is an annual forage

A

Grasses only live one season and must be replaced every year

203
Q

What are perennials forage

A

They grow and spread for many years

204
Q

What are cool season grasses

A

Tall fescue, orchardgrass, smooth bromegrass, kentucky bluegrass, and timothy

205
Q

What are warm season grasses

A

Bermudagrass, old world bluestem, crabgrass, native big bluestem, native indian grass, and native eastern gamagrass

206
Q

What are legumes

A

Alfalfa, lespedeza, birdsfoot trefoil, red clover, and white clover

207
Q

What is the ideal maturity for performance growing animals

A

NDF is 40%-50% and ADF 30%-35%

208
Q

How is color variant

A

Color varys based on baling conditions, storage, and plant species

209
Q

Qualities for tall fescue endophyte infected

A

Med to high yield, excellent persistence, good tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, drought, heat stress, cold temps, and has endophyte

210
Q

Qualities for tall fescue endophyte free

A

Med to high yield, med persistence, good tolerance to cold temps and poor drainage, and fair tolerance to low soil fertility, drought, and heat stress

211
Q

Qualities of orchardgrass

A

Med to high yield, medium persistence, early maturation, good tolerance to cold temps, and fair tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, drought, and heat stress

212
Q

Qualities of smooth bromegrass

A

Med yield, good persistence, good tolerance to cold and drought, and fair tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, and heat stress

213
Q

Kentucky bluegrass

A

Low yield, good persistence, good tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, cold temp, and poor tolerance to drought and heat stress

214
Q

Qualities of timothy

A

Med yield, fair persistence, good tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, cold temps, and poor tolerance to drought and heat stress

215
Q

Qualities of bermudagrass

A

High yield, fair to good persistence depending on vultivar, most types sprigged, good tolerance to heat stress, and fair tolerance to drought, poor soild fertility, poor drainage, and cold temps

216
Q

Qualities of old world bluestem

A

Med yield, good persistence, good tolerance to heat stress, drought, poor soil fertility, and cold temps, and poor tolerance to poor drainage

217
Q

Qualities for crabgrass

A

Med yield, good persistence, good tolerance to heat stress, poor drainage, and poor soil fertility, and fair tolerance to drought

218
Q

Qualities for native big bluestem

A

Med to high yield, good persistence, slower to establish, graze no shorter than 6 in, and good tolerance to heat stress, drought, poor soil fertility, poor drainage, and cold temp

219
Q

Qualities of native indian grass

A

Med to high yield, good persistence, slower to establish, graze no shorter than 6 in, fair tolerance to poor drainage, and good tolerance to heat stress, drought, poor soild fertility, and cold temps

220
Q

Qualities of native eastern gamagrass

A

High yield, good persistence, very slow to establish, graze no shorter than 6 in, fair tolerance to low soil fertility, and good tolerance to heat stress, drought, poor drainage, and cold temps

221
Q

Qualities of alfalfa

A

High yield, good persistence, good tolerance to heat stress, drought, cold temps, poor tolerance to poor drainage and low soil fertility, an d not usually grazed by horses

222
Q

Qualities of lespedeza

A

Med to low yield, good persistence if reseeding is managed properly, good tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, heat stress, and drought

223
Q

Qualities of birdsfoot trefoil

A

Med to low yield, fair to poor persistence, good tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, and cold temps, and fair tolerance to drought and heat stress

224
Q

Qualities of red clover

A

Med to high yield, fair to good persistence, good tolerance to cold temps, and fair tolerance to poor drainage, low soil fertility, drought, and heat stress

225
Q

Qualities of white clover

A

Low to med yield, good persistence, good tolerance to cold temps and poor drainage, fair tolerance to low soil fertility, and poor tolerance to drought and heat stress

Horse Prod (3 decks)

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