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PSY101** > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define schedules of reinforcement

A

RATES OF PAYOFF

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2
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex?

A

EXPERIENCE SIMULATOR

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3
Q

all reinforcement ?

A

all reinforcement (positive or negative) INCREASES behavior

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4
Q

what’s negative reinforcement?

A

encouragement of certain behaviors by REMOVING or AVOIDING a negative outcome or stimuli

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5
Q

what’s positive reinforcement?

A

ADDING REWARDS to a positive behavior in order to encourage it to happen again in the future

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6
Q

addictions will?

A

turn into a NEGATIVE feedback loop
no matter WHAT

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7
Q

define learning

A

relatively PERMANENT change of behavior based on EXPERIENCE

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8
Q

unconditioned = un?

A

unLEARNED

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9
Q

conditioned = ?

A

LEARNING

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10
Q

example of CS?

A

lab assistants, seeing in n out SIGN

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11
Q

example of UCS?

A

meat powder, ballon POP, fries

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12
Q

example of NS?

A

door opening lab assistants, WHISTLE/balloon pop, in n out SIGNS

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13
Q

example of UCR?

A

salivate , FLINCH, professor salivates

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14
Q

example of CR?

A

LEARNED salivation, FLINCH AT EXPECTED, stomach rumble/prof gets hungry

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15
Q

what’s stimulus discrimination?

A

cop car lights vs regular car lights

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16
Q

describe generalization in stimulus discrimination *acronyms

A

looks enough like the cop car/STIMULUS = CR

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17
Q

define operant conditioning

A

you the human OPERATE on your environment based on the rate of payoff (voluntary)

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18
Q

a conditioned stimulus leads to what?

A

a CR

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19
Q

define acquisition

A

a CR gradually INCREASES in strength

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20
Q

define extinction *(acronyms

A

if the CS is presented WITHOUT the UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE, the CR will

FADE !!!!! with time

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21
Q

define spontaneous RECOVERY

A

after a PAUSE in time, the behavior spontaneously RETURNS. usually followed by EXTINCTION again

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22
Q

who made a quote for short term memory?

A

GEORGE MILLER - magic number 7 PLUS OR MINUS 2 !!

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23
Q

short term memory is?

A

WORKING MEMORY!!!

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24
Q

3 parts of working memory?

A
  1. VISUAL STORE - visual and spatial materia
  2. VERBAL STORE - speech, words, or NUMBERS!!
  3. EPISOOOOODIC BUUUUFERRRR - episodes or occurrences!!
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25
Q

3 diff types of MEMORY?

A

sensory
short term
long term!!

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26
Q

who is pavlov?

A

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - Russian neurologist and physiologist

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27
Q

badura ?

A

ALBERT BADURA - creator of SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

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28
Q

define extinction

A

gradual DISAPPEARING/DECREASING of a behavior.

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29
Q

define generalization

A

tendency to respond the same to DIFFERENT but SIMILAR STIMULI.

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30
Q

define stimulus discrimination

A

ability to DISTINGUISH between one STIMULUS and siiiiimmillarrrr STIMULI.

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31
Q

define classical conditioning

A

involves associating an INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE and a stimulus

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32
Q

what experiment did pavlov do?

A

DOG SALIVATION EXPERIMENT

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33
Q

define operant conditioning

A

associating VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR and a CONSEQUENCE. learner is REWARDED w incennnntivvessss

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34
Q

define pos reinforcement

A

stimulus ADDED to INCREASE a (good) behavior

ADDING GOOD STIMULUS

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35
Q

define neg reinforcement

A

stimulus REMOVED to INCREASE a (good) behavior

REMOVAL OF NEGATIVE STIMULUS

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36
Q

define positive punishment

A

stimulus is ADDED to DEEEECREEEEASEEE a behavior

ADDING NEG STIMULUS

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37
Q

define neg punishment

A

stimulus is REMOVED to DEEEEECREEEEAASSEEEE a behavior.

REMOVING a POSITIVE stimulus (no tv)

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38
Q

define fixed ratio

A

SPECIFIC NUMBER NEEDED, (high responding)

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39
Q

define variable ratio

A

AVERAGE NUMBER (subject to change etc) —> high and steady response rate

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40
Q

define fixed interval

A

FIXED TIME PERIOD NEEDS TO PASS —> lower rates of response

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41
Q

define variable interval

A

TIME VARIES AROUND AN AVERAGE —> produces STEADY amount of responses

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42
Q

define thorndikes law of effect

A

responses that lead to SATISFYING CONSEQUENCES are more likely to be REPEATED
organism makes DIRECT CONNECTION between response WITHOUT ANY AWARENESS that the connection exxxxiiisssttttsss

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43
Q

conditioning behavior =?

A

RULES OF LIFE

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44
Q

who is bf skinner?

A

DEVELOPED SKINNER BOX (operant VOLUNTARY conditioning) w lab animals

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45
Q

define reinforcers

A

any STIMULUS that INCREASES the probability that a behavior will OCCUR AGAIN

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46
Q

define continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing a behavior EVERYTIME it occurs

47
Q

define partial/intermittent reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing of a behavior only SOME of the time (not all)

48
Q

define shaping

A

process of teaching a COMPLEX BEHAVIOR by rewarding CLOSER & CLOSER approximations of the desired behavior

49
Q

what are the 4 things that damage a relationship and by WHO?

A

GOTTMAN

  1. criticism
  2. contempt (judgement)
  3. STONEWALLING
  4. defensiveness!!
50
Q

define cognitive learning theory

A

an approach to the study of LEARNING that focuses on the THOUGHT PROCESSES that UNDERLIE LEARNING. —> onion ice cream

51
Q

define latent learning

A

LEARNING in which a NEW BEHAVIOR is not demonstrated until some INCENTIVE is provided for DISPLAYING IT. (occurs withOUT reinforcement)

52
Q

who was albert baDURA?

A

psychologist w OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING. (bobo doll experiment)

53
Q

what is memory?

A

to BE(SER) = encoding, STORE, RETRIEVING (information) aka recollection

54
Q

what is encoding?

A

RECORDING info in a form usable to memory

55
Q

what is storage?

A

the MAINTENANCE of material SAVED in memory

56
Q

what is retrieval?

A

LOCATING material and BRINGING IT INTO AWARENESS to be USED

57
Q

define sensory memory

A

initial MOMENTARY storage of info, lasting only an INSTANT

58
Q

what are the parts of SENSORY MEMORY?

A

ICONIC - reflects info from visual system

ECHOIC - stores auditory info coming from ears !

59
Q

define short term memory (numbers)

A

memory that holds info for 15-25 SECONDS

7+/-2 CHUNKS

60
Q

short term memory is?

A

WORKING MEMORY

61
Q

what are the parts to WORKING MEMORY?

A

VVE = visual store, verbal store, EPISODIC BUFFER

62
Q

what are the 3 portions of the WORKING MEMORY?

A

verbal store
visual store
EPISODIC buffer

63
Q

define flashbulb memory

A

very CLEAR DETAIL (could be an important/life changing event like 911 or wedding day)

64
Q

in the first ? minutes of recollection, you lose?

A

20 MINUTES

40% of ur ability to recall!!

65
Q

proactive interference does what?

A

OLD affects the NEW

66
Q

RETROactive interference does what?

A

NEW affects the OLD

67
Q

what does the central executive do?

A

coordinates material (VVE)

68
Q

what does alzheimer’s do?

A

SHRINKS brain and turns to swiss

progressive brain disorder that leads to GRADUAL and IRREVERSIBLE decline in COGNITIVE abilities

69
Q

what does amnesia do?

A

memory loss that occurs WITHOUT other MENTAL DIFFICULTIES

(retro and anterograde)

70
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

no OLD memories

71
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

no NEW memories (no ENCODING)

50 first dates

72
Q

what’s semantic memory?

A

GENERAL knowledge

73
Q

what’s EPISODIC memory?

A

events that occur in a particular TIME PLACE OR CONTEXT

74
Q

define declarative memory

A

FACTUAL INFO, sometimes called EXPLICIT MEMORY (divided into S&E)

75
Q

define procedural memory

A

SKILLS AND HABITS (also referred to as NONDECLARATIVE/IMMMMPLICIT memory)

76
Q

loftus?

A

false memory syndrome!!!

elizabeth loftus

77
Q

define working memory

A

memory system that holds info TEMPORARILY while actively MANIPULATING and REHEARSING that info.

78
Q

what causes failures in remembering?

A
  • tip of the tongue phenomenon
  • failure to pay attention to material
79
Q

define retrieval cues

A

STIMULI that allow us to more easily RECALL info that is in LONG TERM memory.

80
Q

define levels of processing theory

A

THEORY of MEMORY that emphasizes the degree to which NEW MATERIAL is MENNNTALLLLYYYY anaaaalyzed.

81
Q

shallow lvls of processing?

A

processed merely in terms of its PHYSICAL and SENSORY aspects.

82
Q

deepest lvls of processing?

A

info is ANALYZED in terms of its MEANING

83
Q

define explicit memory

A

INTENTIONAL or CONSCIOUS recollection of information

84
Q

define implicit memory

A

memories of which people are NOT CONSCIOUSLY aware. (related to prejudice etc)

85
Q

define schemas

A

organized BODIES of info stored in memory that BIIIAAAAASSSS the way NEW INFO is INTERPRETED, stored, and RECALLED!

86
Q

define repressed memories

A

apparent recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind PUSHED THEM INTO THE UNCONSCIOUS.

87
Q

define autobiographical memory

A

recollection of our OWN life experiences

  • encompasses EPISODIC MEMORIES we hold ab ourselves
88
Q

according to dr hinitz, the brain is?

A

a DELICATE PHARMACY

89
Q

the student flinch is?

A

BOTH a conditioned and unconditioned RESPONSE

90
Q

ENCODING memory is the memory process primarily concerned with?

A

getting info INTOOOOOO memory

91
Q

what do we know about memory?

A

it is an ACT OF CONSTRUCTION, not merely just a playback.

92
Q

what is positive punishment?* exam question

A

APPLICATION of something AVERSIVE to the subject

93
Q

which schedule of reinforcement produces a LOWRATE of responding due to an organism learning a SPECIFIC SMOUNT OF TIME must pass before reinforcement?

A

FIXED - interval

94
Q

sensory has a very LOW precision (T/F)

A

FALLLSEEEE

95
Q

three subsystems of working memory?

A

visual store
verbal store
episodic buffer

96
Q

the most rapid forgetting occurs in the first ? and then drastically slows down

A

9 HOURS

97
Q

in which memory dysfunction does AMNESIA also play a role?

A

korsakoff’s syndrome !!!!!

98
Q

in lec example of 3 students putting matches in their mouth demonstrate episodic memory; however, he also said those paying attention to the demonstration had what?

A

HIGHER LEVEL OF ACTIVATION (mirror neurons)

99
Q

using SPECIFIC info and data to make GENERAL CONCLUSIONS about a broader population = what type of reasoning?

A

INDUCTIVE REASONING !!

100
Q

define thinking

A

brain activity in which we MENTALLY MANNNNIPULATE information, including WORDS, VISUAL IMAGES, or other data.

101
Q

define concepts

A

mental groupings of similar OBJECTS, EVENTS, or PEOPLE

102
Q

define prototype

A

typical, HIGHLY REPRESENTATIVE examples of a concept that correspond to our mental image or BEST EXAMPLE of the concept

103
Q

define heuristic

A

THINKING STRATEGY that may lead us to a SOLUTION to a PROBLEM or decision but, may sometimes lead to errors.

104
Q

availability heuristic?

A

judging the LIKELIHOOD of an event occurring on the basis of how EASY it is to think of EXAMPLES

105
Q

familiarity heuristic?

A

leads us to PREFER FAMILIAR objects, people, and things rather than those unfamiliar or STRANGE to us.

106
Q

define functional fixedness

A

tendency to THINK of an object only in terms of the way it is most FREQUENTLY/TYPICALLY used!!

107
Q

define divergent thinking

A

thinking that generates MULTIPLE & UNUSUAL appropriate responses to problems or QUESTIONS

108
Q

define convergent thinking

A

thinking in which a problem is viewed as having a SINGLE ANSWER and produces a solution that is based primarily on KNOWLEDGE & LOGIC.

109
Q

what is the mind like during trauma?

A

CAMERA W THE SHUTTER. OPEN!!

110
Q

nativist approach?

A

humans are genetically PREWIRED to learn language at CERTAIN PERIODS in their lives and in a particular way.

111
Q

learning theory approach?

A

language acquisition followed the principles of REINFORCEMENT & CONDITIONING

112
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis?

A

language SHAPES and helps determine the way people PERCEIVE AND UNDERSTAND the world!

113
Q

whorf?

A

BENJAMIN LEE WHORF & edward sapir

language influences THINKING (not the reverse).

PSY101** (3 decks)

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