Exam 2 Flashcards
define schedules of reinforcement
RATES OF PAYOFF
what is the prefrontal cortex?
EXPERIENCE SIMULATOR
all reinforcement ?
all reinforcement (positive or negative) INCREASES behavior
what’s negative reinforcement?
encouragement of certain behaviors by REMOVING or AVOIDING a negative outcome or stimuli
what’s positive reinforcement?
ADDING REWARDS to a positive behavior in order to encourage it to happen again in the future
addictions will?
turn into a NEGATIVE feedback loop
no matter WHAT
define learning
relatively PERMANENT change of behavior based on EXPERIENCE
unconditioned = un?
unLEARNED
conditioned = ?
LEARNING
example of CS?
lab assistants, seeing in n out SIGN
example of UCS?
meat powder, ballon POP, fries
example of NS?
door opening lab assistants, WHISTLE/balloon pop, in n out SIGNS
example of UCR?
salivate , FLINCH, professor salivates
example of CR?
LEARNED salivation, FLINCH AT EXPECTED, stomach rumble/prof gets hungry
what’s stimulus discrimination?
cop car lights vs regular car lights
describe generalization in stimulus discrimination *acronyms
looks enough like the cop car/STIMULUS = CR
define operant conditioning
you the human OPERATE on your environment based on the rate of payoff (voluntary)
a conditioned stimulus leads to what?
a CR
define acquisition
a CR gradually INCREASES in strength
define extinction *(acronyms
if the CS is presented WITHOUT the UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE, the CR will
FADE !!!!! with time
define spontaneous RECOVERY
after a PAUSE in time, the behavior spontaneously RETURNS. usually followed by EXTINCTION again
who made a quote for short term memory?
GEORGE MILLER - magic number 7 PLUS OR MINUS 2 !!
short term memory is?
WORKING MEMORY!!!
3 parts of working memory?
- VISUAL STORE - visual and spatial materia
- VERBAL STORE - speech, words, or NUMBERS!!
- EPISOOOOODIC BUUUUFERRRR - episodes or occurrences!!
3 diff types of MEMORY?
sensory
short term
long term!!
who is pavlov?
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - Russian neurologist and physiologist
badura ?
ALBERT BADURA - creator of SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
define extinction
gradual DISAPPEARING/DECREASING of a behavior.
define generalization
tendency to respond the same to DIFFERENT but SIMILAR STIMULI.
define stimulus discrimination
ability to DISTINGUISH between one STIMULUS and siiiiimmillarrrr STIMULI.
define classical conditioning
involves associating an INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE and a stimulus
what experiment did pavlov do?
DOG SALIVATION EXPERIMENT
define operant conditioning
associating VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR and a CONSEQUENCE. learner is REWARDED w incennnntivvessss
define pos reinforcement
stimulus ADDED to INCREASE a (good) behavior
ADDING GOOD STIMULUS
define neg reinforcement
stimulus REMOVED to INCREASE a (good) behavior
REMOVAL OF NEGATIVE STIMULUS
define positive punishment
stimulus is ADDED to DEEEECREEEEASEEE a behavior
ADDING NEG STIMULUS
define neg punishment
stimulus is REMOVED to DEEEEECREEEEAASSEEEE a behavior.
REMOVING a POSITIVE stimulus (no tv)
define fixed ratio
SPECIFIC NUMBER NEEDED, (high responding)
define variable ratio
AVERAGE NUMBER (subject to change etc) —> high and steady response rate
define fixed interval
FIXED TIME PERIOD NEEDS TO PASS —> lower rates of response
define variable interval
TIME VARIES AROUND AN AVERAGE —> produces STEADY amount of responses
define thorndikes law of effect
responses that lead to SATISFYING CONSEQUENCES are more likely to be REPEATED
organism makes DIRECT CONNECTION between response WITHOUT ANY AWARENESS that the connection exxxxiiisssttttsss
conditioning behavior =?
RULES OF LIFE
who is bf skinner?
DEVELOPED SKINNER BOX (operant VOLUNTARY conditioning) w lab animals
define reinforcers
any STIMULUS that INCREASES the probability that a behavior will OCCUR AGAIN
define continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcing a behavior EVERYTIME it occurs
define partial/intermittent reinforcement schedule
reinforcing of a behavior only SOME of the time (not all)
define shaping
process of teaching a COMPLEX BEHAVIOR by rewarding CLOSER & CLOSER approximations of the desired behavior
what are the 4 things that damage a relationship and by WHO?
GOTTMAN
- criticism
- contempt (judgement)
- STONEWALLING
- defensiveness!!
define cognitive learning theory
an approach to the study of LEARNING that focuses on the THOUGHT PROCESSES that UNDERLIE LEARNING. —> onion ice cream
define latent learning
LEARNING in which a NEW BEHAVIOR is not demonstrated until some INCENTIVE is provided for DISPLAYING IT. (occurs withOUT reinforcement)
who was albert baDURA?
psychologist w OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING. (bobo doll experiment)
what is memory?
to BE(SER) = encoding, STORE, RETRIEVING (information) aka recollection
what is encoding?
RECORDING info in a form usable to memory
what is storage?
the MAINTENANCE of material SAVED in memory
what is retrieval?
LOCATING material and BRINGING IT INTO AWARENESS to be USED
define sensory memory
initial MOMENTARY storage of info, lasting only an INSTANT
what are the parts of SENSORY MEMORY?
ICONIC - reflects info from visual system
ECHOIC - stores auditory info coming from ears !
define short term memory (numbers)
memory that holds info for 15-25 SECONDS
7+/-2 CHUNKS
short term memory is?
WORKING MEMORY
what are the parts to WORKING MEMORY?
VVE = visual store, verbal store, EPISODIC BUFFER
what are the 3 portions of the WORKING MEMORY?
verbal store
visual store
EPISODIC buffer
define flashbulb memory
very CLEAR DETAIL (could be an important/life changing event like 911 or wedding day)
in the first ? minutes of recollection, you lose?
20 MINUTES
40% of ur ability to recall!!
proactive interference does what?
OLD affects the NEW
RETROactive interference does what?
NEW affects the OLD
what does the central executive do?
coordinates material (VVE)
what does alzheimer’s do?
SHRINKS brain and turns to swiss
progressive brain disorder that leads to GRADUAL and IRREVERSIBLE decline in COGNITIVE abilities
what does amnesia do?
memory loss that occurs WITHOUT other MENTAL DIFFICULTIES
(retro and anterograde)
retrograde amnesia
no OLD memories
anterograde amnesia
no NEW memories (no ENCODING)
50 first dates
what’s semantic memory?
GENERAL knowledge
what’s EPISODIC memory?
events that occur in a particular TIME PLACE OR CONTEXT
define declarative memory
FACTUAL INFO, sometimes called EXPLICIT MEMORY (divided into S&E)
define procedural memory
SKILLS AND HABITS (also referred to as NONDECLARATIVE/IMMMMPLICIT memory)
loftus?
false memory syndrome!!!
elizabeth loftus
define working memory
memory system that holds info TEMPORARILY while actively MANIPULATING and REHEARSING that info.
what causes failures in remembering?
- tip of the tongue phenomenon
- failure to pay attention to material
define retrieval cues
STIMULI that allow us to more easily RECALL info that is in LONG TERM memory.
define levels of processing theory
THEORY of MEMORY that emphasizes the degree to which NEW MATERIAL is MENNNTALLLLYYYY anaaaalyzed.
shallow lvls of processing?
processed merely in terms of its PHYSICAL and SENSORY aspects.
deepest lvls of processing?
info is ANALYZED in terms of its MEANING
define explicit memory
INTENTIONAL or CONSCIOUS recollection of information
define implicit memory
memories of which people are NOT CONSCIOUSLY aware. (related to prejudice etc)
define schemas
organized BODIES of info stored in memory that BIIIAAAAASSSS the way NEW INFO is INTERPRETED, stored, and RECALLED!
define repressed memories
apparent recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind PUSHED THEM INTO THE UNCONSCIOUS.
define autobiographical memory
recollection of our OWN life experiences
- encompasses EPISODIC MEMORIES we hold ab ourselves
according to dr hinitz, the brain is?
a DELICATE PHARMACY
the student flinch is?
BOTH a conditioned and unconditioned RESPONSE
ENCODING memory is the memory process primarily concerned with?
getting info INTOOOOOO memory
what do we know about memory?
it is an ACT OF CONSTRUCTION, not merely just a playback.
what is positive punishment?* exam question
APPLICATION of something AVERSIVE to the subject
which schedule of reinforcement produces a LOWRATE of responding due to an organism learning a SPECIFIC SMOUNT OF TIME must pass before reinforcement?
FIXED - interval
sensory has a very LOW precision (T/F)
FALLLSEEEE
three subsystems of working memory?
visual store
verbal store
episodic buffer
the most rapid forgetting occurs in the first ? and then drastically slows down
9 HOURS
in which memory dysfunction does AMNESIA also play a role?
korsakoff’s syndrome !!!!!
in lec example of 3 students putting matches in their mouth demonstrate episodic memory; however, he also said those paying attention to the demonstration had what?
HIGHER LEVEL OF ACTIVATION (mirror neurons)
using SPECIFIC info and data to make GENERAL CONCLUSIONS about a broader population = what type of reasoning?
INDUCTIVE REASONING !!
define thinking
brain activity in which we MENTALLY MANNNNIPULATE information, including WORDS, VISUAL IMAGES, or other data.
define concepts
mental groupings of similar OBJECTS, EVENTS, or PEOPLE
define prototype
typical, HIGHLY REPRESENTATIVE examples of a concept that correspond to our mental image or BEST EXAMPLE of the concept
define heuristic
THINKING STRATEGY that may lead us to a SOLUTION to a PROBLEM or decision but, may sometimes lead to errors.
availability heuristic?
judging the LIKELIHOOD of an event occurring on the basis of how EASY it is to think of EXAMPLES
familiarity heuristic?
leads us to PREFER FAMILIAR objects, people, and things rather than those unfamiliar or STRANGE to us.
define functional fixedness
tendency to THINK of an object only in terms of the way it is most FREQUENTLY/TYPICALLY used!!
define divergent thinking
thinking that generates MULTIPLE & UNUSUAL appropriate responses to problems or QUESTIONS
define convergent thinking
thinking in which a problem is viewed as having a SINGLE ANSWER and produces a solution that is based primarily on KNOWLEDGE & LOGIC.
what is the mind like during trauma?
CAMERA W THE SHUTTER. OPEN!!
nativist approach?
humans are genetically PREWIRED to learn language at CERTAIN PERIODS in their lives and in a particular way.
learning theory approach?
language acquisition followed the principles of REINFORCEMENT & CONDITIONING
linguistic relativity hypothesis?
language SHAPES and helps determine the way people PERCEIVE AND UNDERSTAND the world!
whorf?
BENJAMIN LEE WHORF & edward sapir
language influences THINKING (not the reverse).
